Download Chapter 7: Biodiversity and Conservation

Chapter 7:
Biodiversity and
Conservation
Chapter 7 Goals and Objectives
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Differentiate the components of biodiversity
Explain two ways in which biodiversity varies
across groups or geography
Describe the economic benefit of biodiversity
Describe how biodiversity is monitored and explain
current biodiversity trends
List the major causes of biodiversity loss
Explain legal actions nations can take to protect
biodiversity
Explain the goal of species survival plans
Describe three strategies for managing whole
ecosystems and habitats
Chapter 7 Biodiversity Big Ideas
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There is a huge diversity of life
on Earth that is critical to all
species. .
There are some factors about
species that make them prone to
extinction.
Human activities are causing
large numbers of species to go
extinct.
Chapter 7: Biodiversity
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How many species live on Earth?
Describe the types of biodiversity.
Explain why biodiversity is important.
What does it mean when a species is threatened or
endangered?
What makes some species more prone to extinction?
What are the largest threats to biodiversity?
What areas are likely to have high biodiversity?
List and describe efforts to save individual species.
Explain the advantages of protecting entire ecosystems
rather than individual species.
Define the following terms: biodiversity, genes, keystone
species, ecotourism, endangered species, threatened
species, exotic species, endemic species, poaching
Endangered Species Act, habitat conservation plans,
CITES
Chapter 7: Biodiversity page 200 1.
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What does it mean when a species is threatened
or endangered?
What makes some species more prone to
extinction?
What are the largest threats to biodiversity?
What areas are likely to have high biodiversity?
List and describe efforts to save individual
species.
Explain the advantages of protecting entire
ecosystems rather than individual species.
Define the following terms: endangered species,
threatened species, exotic species, endemic
species, poaching Endangered Species Act,
habitat conservation plans, CITES
Answer these 3 questions and define
the terms. Chapter 7 page 200
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How many species live on Earth?
Describe the types of biodiversity.
Explain why biodiversity is
important.
Terms: biodiversity, genes,
keystone species, ecotourism
• About 1.7 million species are known
•Estimates vary from greater than 10
million
•Why so many unknown?
Biodiversity
Which species rule the world?
Biodiversity
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Biodiversity: the
number of
different species
in a given area
3 Types of Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity:
number of different
species in an area
Ecosystem Diversity:
how many types of
habitats in an area
Genetic Diversity: the
number of genes in
all members of a
population
3 Types of Biodiversity
Genetic
diversity:
Differences
in DNA
among
individuals
Species
diversity:
Variety of
species in a
given area
Ecosystem
diversity:
Variety of
habitats,
ecosystems,
communities
Ecosystem
diversity often
leads to species
diversity and
often genetic
diversity
Did You Know? In
general,
biodiversity
increases toward
the equator.
What is a gene?
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Gene: a piece of
DNA code for a
specific trait
inherited
Tall, short,
brown eyes, etc.
Genetic Diversity among
corn
Benefits of Diversity
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Genetic Diversity
Key To Survival
small isolated
populations
unlikely to survive
Genetic mutations
from inbreeding
can occur
More diversity = more likely to survive
Benefits of Diversity
Keystone Species:
species that is
critical to
ecosystem
survival
 Sea otter
 Grey Wolf
 Beaver
 Krill
Keystone Species
KRILL
This
Food
Web
Depends
Upon
Krill
Benefits of Diversity: Ecosystem
Services
Intact environments provide ecosystem
services, such as water purification and pest
control.
 High biodiversity increases stability of
communities and ecosystems, enabling them
to perform services.
 Stable ecosystems are resistant and resilient.
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Ecosystem Services
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Medicine
Industrial
Agricultural
Ecotourism
Ethics
Aesthetics
Recreation
Ecosystem Services
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See table 1 pages 261
Medical,
Industrial,
Agricultural uses
Food, cloths,
shelter, chemicals
and medicine
often comes from
variety of
organisms
Ecosystem Services: Medical
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Medicine:
Organisms
contain
compounds
that are useful
for treating
disease.
The yew tree, an original source
of Taxol, a cancer-fighting drug
Did You Know? Of the
150 most prescribed drugs
in the United States,
118 originated in nature.
Ecosystem Services
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Ethics,
Aesthetics and
Recreation
Moral, religious
purposes for all
species
Personal
enjoyment
Dolphin Tour
Ecosystem Services
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Ecotourism:
tourisms that
supports
conservation
Wildlife, birding,
wilderness hiking
People make $ by
having people
view wildlife
Section 1 Review
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How many species live on Earth?
Describe the types of biodiversity.
Explain why biodiversity is
important.
Terms: biodiversity, genes, keystone
species, ecotourism
Section 2: Biodiversity at Risk
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What does it mean when a species is
threatened or endangered?
What makes some species more prone to
extinction?
What are the largest threats to
biodiversity?
What areas are likely to have high
biodiversity?
Terms: endangered species, threatened
species, exotic species, endemic species,
poaching
Biodiversity has increased over time, but mass
extinctions are also natural events (5 major events)
How do we get this data?
Extinctions
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Species gone forever
NORMAL
Mass Extinction:
short period of time
when large number of
species go extinct (65
MYA)
Currently in mass
extinction…caused by
humans
Rapid climate change
• There have been five mass extinctions in Earth’s
history.
• Each time, more than 1/5 of all families and 1/2 of all
species have gone extinct.
Current Extinctions
•Endangered: At
serious risk of
extinction
•Threatened:
Likely to become
endangered
soon through all
or part of its
range
Biodiversity at Risk
The current extinction rate is
100 to 1000 times greater
than the natural
background rate.
In 2009, 1321; Currently
there are 2141 species in
the U.S. were classified as
endangered or threatened.
Extinctions
Certain traits make
some species more
vulnerable:
 Small populations
 Specialized
 Need large range
 Migration
 Valuable to humans
Species squeezed into smaller and smaller fragmented habitat
Current Extinctions
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TNC estimates 1/3rd
of 21,000 identified
U.S. animal and plant
species are vulnerable.
30,000 of the world’s
species and 1,200 in
U.S. are officially
endangered.
Types of endangered species worldwide
How do humans cause extinctions?
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“HIPPO”
Habitat
destruction
Invasive
species
Population
(humans)
growth
Pollution
Overharvesting
Habitat Loss/Fragmentation
Habitat
Fragmentation
Habitat fragmentation:
Patches of suitable habitat
surrounded by unsuitable
habitat
In general, larger habitat
fragments can support
greater biodiversity than
smaller fragments
Humans Causing Extinctions
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Habitat Destruction
causes 75-80%
Large creatures
need lot of land
Invasive Species:
exotic species not
native to area can
destroy an
ecosystem
Invasive Species
Invasive species can outcompete and displace
native species.
Humans Causing Extinction
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Over-harvesting
excessive hunting
(bison in U.S., fish)
Poaching: illegal
hunting
Common in poor
countries for food,
medicines, income
Pollution air, water,
land
Causes of Extinction Climate
Change
Increasingly becoming a factor in
biodiversity loss
 Unlike the other factors, climate change
will have a potentially global effect on
biodiversity.
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Areas of Critical Biodiversity
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Hotspots: areas
threatened that
contain high
biodiversity
Roughly 25
worldwide
Madagascar
Parts of California
Hotspots
Large numbers of endemic species – An
endemic species is a species native to
that specific area.
US Hotspots
Areas of Critical Biodiversity
Tropical Rain
Forests
 Coral Reefs
 Coastal
Ecosystems
 Islands
Why these
areas????
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THINK about THIS
Just 2.3% of the planet’s land
surface is home to 50% of the
world’s plant species and
42% of its vertebrate animal
species.
Section 2 Review
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What does it mean when a species is
threatened or endangered?
What makes some species more prone to
extinction?
What are the largest threats to biodiversity?
What areas are likely to have high
biodiversity?
Terms: endangered species, threatened
species, exotic species, endemic species,
poaching
Section 3: Future of Biodiversity
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List and describe efforts to save
individual species.
Explain the advantages of protecting
entire ecosystems rather than
individual species.
Describe the main parts of the
Endangered Species Act.
Terms: Endangered Species Act,
habitat conservation plans, CITES
Saving Individual Species
Captive Breeding
Programs: breeding
species in captivity
with hopes of
reintroducing into
native habitats
Germ Plasm: saving
genetic material for
possible future use
(seeds, eggs, DNA)
Zoos and Aquariums
Saving Individual Species
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Does little to
preserve species
Captive individuals
may not survive in
wild
Small populations
have difficult time
with inbreeding,
diseases
Last resorts
Preserving Habitat and Ecosystems
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Most effective way
to save a species is
protect its habitat.
Some species
require large areas
What about when
they leave
protected areas?
(Wolves in
Yellowstone
Legal Protections
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Many countries
have laws to
protect wildlife
Some weak some
strong
U.S. law
Endangered
Species Act (ESA)
ESA
Endangered Species
Act
 Passed 1973
 Protect plant and
animals in danger
of extinction
 List created of
those threatened
and endangered
 Currently 1,300+
listed
ESA
•Forbids
governments
and citizens
from harming
listed species
and habitats
•Forbids
trade in
products
made from
listed species
ESA
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Spotted Owl
Protects listed
species from harm
No development
that harms listed
species
Can a Shopping
Mall be built where
listed species lives?
ESA
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Species recovery plan
must be made
Habitat Conservation
Plans: plans to protect
species habitat
Why do you think ESA
may be controversial?
Who would not like
this law?
ESA
ESA:
 1973-2004: 92 to
1,300+ species listed
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37 Species removed
(14 recovery, 8
extinctions, rest
discovered more)
60% plants, 40%
animals
TNC says 1/3rd of all
U.S. species…30,000
not 1,260
Wildlife Corridors
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Connect habitat
fragments
enabling onceisolated
populations to
interbreed
Interbreeding
increases genetic
diversity.
Yellowstone to Yukon
Internationally
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CITES
(Convention on
International
Trade of
Endangered
Species) illegal
to trade
endangered
species
Ivory Tusks
Internationally
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Much more difficult
among may poorer
countries
International treaties
hard to ratify, verify
Oceans of particular
concern
http://animal.discove
ry.com/tv/whalewars/
Section 3 Review
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List and describe efforts to save
individual species.
Explain the advantages of protecting
entire ecosystems rather than
individual species.
Describe the main parts of the
Endangered Species Act.
Terms: Endangered Species Act,
habitat conservation plans, CITES
Chapter 7 Biodiversity Review
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There is a huge diversity of life
on Earth that is critical to all
species. .
There are some factors about
species that make them prone to
extinction.
Human activities are causing
large numbers of species to go
extinct.
Chapter 7 Test Tuesday
Turn it in TODAY
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17, 18, 19
Page 223:
21-26