Download Overview of Antimicrobials

Overview of Antimicrobials
Dr W.D. Colby
Microbiology & Immunology
Classes of Antimicrobials
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ß-lactams
Aminoglycosides
Extended macrolide family
Glycopeptides
Quinolones
Tetracyclines
Miscellaneous
ß-lactams
• Inhibit cell wall synthesis by
blocking peptidoglycan cross
linking enzymes (PBPs)
• Penicillins
• Cephalosporins
• Cephamycins
• Carbapenems (thienamycins)
• Monobactams
Penicillins
• Natural
• Aminopenicillins
• Penicillinase-resistant
semisynthetic penicillins
• Antipseudomonal penicillins
Cephalosporins
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1st generation
2nd generation
3rd generation
4th generation
Carbapenems
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Very broad spectrum
ß-lactamase resistant
Imipenem/cilastatin
Meropenem
The Extended Macrolide
Family
• Bind to 50 S ribosomal subunit and
inhibit protein synthesis
• Macrolides
• Azalides (azithromycin)
• Ketolides (telithromycin)
• Oxazolidinones (linezolid)
• Quinupristin/dalfopristin
• Clindamycin
Tetracyclines
• Bind to 30 S ribosomal subunit and
inhibit protein synthesis
• Tetracycline
• Doxycycline
• Minocycline
Aminoglycosides
• Drugs of fear: ototoxic,
vestibulotoxic, nephrotoxic
• Bind to 30 S ribosomal unit
• Gentamicin
• Tobramycin
• Amikacin
Glycopeptides
• Inhibit synthesis of cell wall
phospholipids and peptidoglycan
polymerization
• Effective against Gram positives
• Vancomycin
• Teichoplanin
Quinolones
• Bind to DNA gyrase and
topoisomerase II
• 1st generation
• 2nd generation
• 3rd generation
• 4th generation
Evolution of Quinolones
Class
Quinolone
1st generation
Nalidixic acid
2nd generation
Ciprofloxacin
Norfloxacin
Ofloxacin
3rd generation
Levofloxacin
4th generation
Gatifloxacin
Moxifloxacin
Increasing
activity vs
Gram +ve,
atypicals
and
anaerobes
Miscellaneous
• Co-trimoxazole
• Metronidazole
• Fusidic acid