Download Polymers composed of a large number of repeating units. Isomers

Polymers
composed of a large number of repeating units.
Isomers
molecules with the same molecular formula but different chemical structures.
Malleable
can be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breakin
Ceramic materials
Composite
strong, stiff, brittle, and non-conductors of heat and electricity,
materials made from two or more constituent materials
Vacancy
the interchange
an adjacent vacant lattice site
Frenkel defects
in the lattice,
of
an
atom
from
a
normal
different structural modifications of an element
Amorphous
mineral having no real or apparent crystalline form
Crystallites
position
to
occur due to thermal vibrations when an atom or cation leaves its place
Allotropes
Polymorphism
or crystal structure.
lattice
ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form
microscopic crystals that held together through highly defective boundaries
Van der Waals forces holds molecules together in crystals
10.5% Chromium plus steel the resultant alloy is classified as "stainless steel".
Vanadium Steel
lighter, stronger, and more durable than other types of steel alloys.
Molybdenum steel
stronger and harder, and highly resistant to heat and corrosion.
Magnesium alloys
high strength-weight ratios, excellent machinability, and relatively low
cost on a piece basis.
Silicon steel high electrical resistance, improves the ability of magnetic fields to penetrate it,
and reduces the steel’s hysteresis loss.
Beryllium
rigid, resists corrosion, and has a high melting point.
Neodymium used to make very powerful magnets beacause of its high coercivity
Yttrium
used to remove impurities,
Crystalline
matter with particles arranged in a regular, 3D, repeating pattern.
Amorphous
metal with a disordered atomic structure
Soaking
the process of subjecting glass to a steady temperature
Case hardening
process for hardening steel that only affects the exterior of the steel.
Carburizing process that adds carbon to the surface of metal that has a low carbon content
to increase the hardness of the metal.
Muntz metal comprised of about 60 percent copper and about 40 percent zinc.
Monel needs to be turned and worked at slow speeds and low feed rates. It is resistant to
corrosion and acids and hardens very quickly.
Miller indices notation system in crystallography for planes in crystal lattices.
Schottky defect
two oppositely charged ions leave their normal lattice positions forming
two vacancies in the lattice structure.
Corrosion
process of deterioration after exposure to the elements.
Oxidation
interaction between oxygen molecules and other substances.
Elastic limit
deforms.
upper limit for the stress that can be applied to a material before it permanently
Yield point
point at which there is an appreciable deformation of the material without any
corresponding increases of load.
Ultimate tensile strength (UTS)
maximum resistance that a material has to being fractured
Stress ratio of applied load to the area of an element in tension
Strain measure of the deformation of the material that is dimensionless.
Proportional limit
the greatest stress at which a material is capable ofsustaining the applied
load without deviating from the proportionality of stress to strain.
Elastic limit point on the stress-strain curve beyond which the material permanently deforms
after removing the load .
Yield strength
point at which material exceeds the elastic limit and will not return to its
origin shape or length if the stress is removed.
Poisson's ratio
ratio of the lateral to longitudinal strain is Poisson's ratio.
Torque\moment of force
the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis
Bending moment
the average internal stress induced in a structural element when an
external force or moment is applied to the element causing the element to bend
Axial force
acts directly on an object's center axis.
Axial load
load that creates a force parallel to the axis of an object.
Nickel plating process that deposits a thin layer of nickel onto an underlying metal.
Specific modulus is a materials property consisting of the elastic modulus per mass density of a
material.
Covalent bond
sharing of electron pairs between atoms
Tangent modulus of elasticity
the slope of the stress-strain diagram at any point.
Secant modulus of elasticity
strain.
stress divided by strain at any given value of stress or
Modulus of resilience
applied.
Phosphorus
maximum elastic energy absorbed by a material when a load is
needed to improve the ductility of nickel
Pyroelectricity
ability to generate a temporary voltage when heated or cooled
Ferroelectricity
property of certain materials that have a spontaneous electric
polarization that can be reversed by the application of an external electric field.
Hypoeutectiod steel having below the 0.8% carban and
Hypereutectiod steel having above the 0.8% carbon
Bainite
acicular microstructure that forms in steels at temperatures of 250–550 °C
Cavitation
formation of vapour cavities or bubbles in a liquid by means of mechanical force
Metal Matrix
composites with at least two constituent parts, one being a metal.
Polymer-matrix
composites made from a polymer resin and are valued in the aerospace
industry for their stiffness, lightness, and heat resistance.
Ceramic Matrix
strength of metal.
composites that combines the heat resistance of ceramics with the
Fatigue strength
maximum stress a material can endure for a given number of stress
cycles or cyclic load without breaking.
Rupture strenght
measure of the force necessary to break a given substance across
Point defect missing of the atoms in the crystal, from the lattice site.
German/Nickel silver
Cemented carbide
Martensite
alloys of copper, zinc, and nickel,
also called widia, is a hard material used in machining tough materials
refers to a very hard form of stainless steel crystalline structure,
Ferrite or alpha iron materials science term for pure iron, with a BCC crystal structure.
Austenitic steels
have austenite or gamma phase iron as their primary phase (FCC crystal).
Ferritic and Martensitic
stainless steels are magnetic.
Austenitic stainless steels
are non-magnetic.
Isoelectronic equal numbers of electrons or the same electronic configuration.
Copolymer A polymer derived from more than one species of monomer.
A thermoplastic is a material which becomes soft when heated and hard when
cooled.Thermoplastic materials can be cooled and heated several times.
THERMOSETTING. : capable of becoming permanently rigid when heated or cured
The Fermi energy is the maximum energy occupied by an electron at 0K.
Bending stress is the normal stress that is induced at a point in a body subjected to loads that
cause it to bend. When a load is applied perpendicular to the length of a beam (with two
supports on each end), bending moments are induced in the beam.
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is the growth of cracks in a corrosive environment
Galvanic corrosion is an electrochemical process in which one metal corrodes preferentially to
another when both metals are in electrical contact and immersed in an electrolyte.
Localized corrosion is defined as the selective removal of metal by corrosion at small areas or
zones on a metal surface in contact with a corrosive environment,
Chloride stress corrosion corrosion in stainless alloys occurs in neutral-to-acid solutions with
chloride or ions containing chlorine
An edge dislocation is a defect where an extra half-plane of atoms is introduced mid way
through the crystal, distorting nearby planes of atoms.
A screw dislocation is much harder to visualize. Imagine cutting a crystal along a plane and
slipping one half across the other by a lattice vector, the halves fitting back together without
leaving a defect.
In many materials, dislocations are found where the line direction and Burgers vector are
neither perpendicular nor parallel and these dislocations are called mixed dislocations,
consisting of both screw and edge characte
Dislocations can decompose into partial dislocations in order to facilitate movement through a
crystal lattice.
in a coordinate system with axes
, the stress tensor is a diagonal matrix, and has only
the three normal components
the principal stresses. If the three eigenvalues are
equal, the stress is an isotropic compression or tension, always perpendicular to any surface;
there is no shear stress, and the tensor is a diagonal matrix in any coordinate frame.
quenching is the rapid cooling of a workpiece to obtain certain material properties.
.
Full annealing is accomplished by heating a hypoeutectoid steel to a temperature above the
UCT (Upper Critical Temperature).
Annealing is the process of bringing a piece of steel up to its critical temperature, and then
letting it cool very, very slowly (many hours to cool to room temperature).
Burgers vector the quantity needed to closed a circuit around a crystalline dislocations
Poynting vector represents the directional energy flux density (the rate of energy transfer per
unit area, in watts per square metre (W·m−2)) of an electromagnetic field.
Grain structure arrangement of grain in metals
polymorphism is the ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal
structure.
Isomerism the phenomenon whereby two or more polymer molecules or mer units have the
same composition but different structural arrangements and properties.
interstitial solid solution
a solid solution wherein relatively small solute atoms occupy interstitial positions between the
solvent or host atoms.
Substitutional solid solution strengthening occurs when the solute atom is large enough that it
can replace solvent atoms in their lattice positions.
diamagnetism
a weak form of induced or nonpermanent magnetism for which the magnetic susceptibility is
negative.
ferrimagnetism
permanent and large magnetizations found in some ceramic materials; it results from
antiparallel spin coupling and incomplete magnetic moment cancellation.
antiferromagnetism
a phenomenon where complete magnetic moment cancellation occurs as a result of antiparallel
coupling of adjacent atoms or ions; the macroscopic solid possesses no net magnetic moment.
isotactic
Materials Science and Engineering Dictionary
a type of polymer chain configuration where all side groups are positioned on the same side of
the chain molecule.
atactic
Materials Science and Engineering Dictionary
a type of polymer chain configuration where side groups are randomly positioned on one side
of the chain or the other.
viscosity
Materials Science and Engineering Dictionary
coefficient of resistance to flow
Cassiterite chief tin ore
Bauxite is an aluminium ore
Galena lead ore
Ilmenite is a weakly magnetic titanium-iron oxide mineral which is iron-black or steel-gray.
Sphalerite zinc ore
alloy
Materials Science and Engineering Dictionary
a
metallic
substance
that
is
composed
of
two
or
more
elements.
extrusion
Materials Science and Engineering Dictionary
a forming technique whereby a material is forced, by compression, through a die orifice.
Thermoforming is a manufacturing process where a plastic sheet is heated to a pliable forming
temperature, formed to a specific shape in a mold
Lithography is a method of printing originally based on the fundamental antipathy of oil and
water.
The bulk modulus of a substance measures the substance's resistance to uniform compression
Volume Stress The stress that occurs in a material when it is subjected to compression from all
sides.
Volumetric strain is the ratio of change in volume to the original volume.
Monel metal A nickel-copper alloy with high fatigue strength and excellent corrosion resistance
in a range of media
Nichrome is a 80% nickel and 20% chromium non-magnetic alloy usually used as a resistance
wire. Patented in 1905, it is the oldest documented form of resistance heating alloy
The resulting strain in the three directions would be the principal strains.
The three-moment equation is widely used in finding the reactions in a continuous beam.