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University of Hartford Desmond_158523_FM.indd 1 30/06/15 10:08 pm Cover image © 2015, Shutterstock, Inc. www.kendallhunt.com Send all inquiries to: 4050 Westmark Drive Dubuque, IA 52004-1840 Copyright © 2015 by Kendall Hunt Publishing Company ISBN 978-1-4652-7489-1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Printed in the United States of America Desmond_158523_FM.indd 2 30/06/15 10:08 pm Dedication To Tracey and Seth: The two great loves of my life Desmond_158523_FM.indd 3 30/06/15 10:08 pm Desmond_158523_FM.indd 4 30/06/15 10:08 pm Contents CHAPTER 1 Communication: A Broad Introduction 1 PART 1 WHY STUDY COMMUNICATION? Objectives 1 Key Terms 1 Introduction 1 What Is the Impact of Communication Study Beyond Skills? 4 What Are the Themes of This Text? 7 Summary 8 Notes 8 PART 2: WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? Objectives 9 Key Terms 9 Introduction 9 What Is the Nature of Communication Theory? 10 How Is Communication Defined? 11 How Have the Conceptions of Communication Evolved? 12 What Are the Models of Communication? 12 What Do the Terms Mean? 19 Summary 21 Notes 21 References 22 CHAPTER 2 Creating Your Message 23 Objectives 23 Key Terms 23 Introduction 24 What Two Decision Strategies Aid in Constructing My Message? 25 How Do I Construct the Body of the Message? 32 What Goes into a Compelling Introduction? 37 How Do I Conclude the Speech? 42 How Do I Use Connectives to Bridge Main Ideas? 42 Summary 43 Notes 45 v Desmond_158523_FM.indd 5 30/06/15 10:08 pm viContents CHAPTER 3 Delivering Your Message 46 Objectives 46 Key terms 46 Introduction 46 What Method of Delivery Is Most Appropriate? 48 What Strategies Make Up Effective Delivery? 51 How Do I Speak to Create Understanding? 52 How Does My Physical Delivery Affect Understanding? 55 How Can Presentational Aids Affect Delivery? 59 Summary 68 Notes 68 CHAPTER 4 Communication and the Self 70 Objectives 70 Key Terms 70 Overview 71 Definition of Self 72 The Impact of Individual Differences on Social Interaction 83 A Comparison of Trait and State Approaches to Research 84 Communication Apprehension and Willingness to Communicate 85 Aggressive Behavior 88 Constructive Aggressive Behavior 90 Summary 95 Applications 95 Discussion Questions 95 Activities 96 References 97 CHAPTER 5 Perception of Yourself and Others 102 Objectives 102 Key Terms 102 Heider’s Interpersonal Impression Formation and Attribution 103 Kelley’s Attribution Theory 104 Self-Perception Theory 106 Research with Self-Perception Theory 109 Encouraging Others to Make Dispositional Attributions 112 Should We Start Big or Little? Sequential Request Strategies 113 Applying Self-Perception Theory 116 Desmond_158523_FM.indd 6 30/06/15 10:08 pm Contents vii Strengths and Limitations 117 Summary 118 Review Questions 120 Discussion Questions 120 References 121 CHAPTER 6 Verbal and Nonverbal Communication 122 Objectives 122 Key Terms 122 Introduction 123 Verbal Communication 124 Nonverbal Communication 134 Types of Nonverbal Communication 138 Verbal and Nonverbal Communication in the Digital Age 146 Developing Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Competence 150 Summary and Resources 153 Critical Thinking and Discussion Questions 154 CHAPTER 7 Communication and Culture 156 Objectives 156 Key Terms 156 Introduction 157 Culture and Communication 158 Cultural Identity and Communication 164 Cultural Membership and Interpersonal Communication 169 Developing Intercultural Communication Competence 177 Summary and Resources 180 Critical Thinking and Discussion Questions 181 CHAPTER 8 Interpersonal Communication 183 PART 1: INITIATING RELATIONSHIPS Objectives 183 Key Terms 183 Overview 184 The Role of Communication in Relationship Development 184 Relationship Defined 185 Defining Interpersonal Attraction 187 Interpersonal Communication Theories: How We Initiate Relationships 195 Summary 207 Desmond_158523_FM.indd 7 30/06/15 10:08 pm viiiContents Applications 207 Discussion Questions 207 References 208 PART 2: CASE STUDY: A PLACE FOR CONNECTING AND DISCLOSING: FACEBOOK AND FRIENDSHIPS AT THE DAWN OF COLLEGE LIFE Key Terms 211 For Further Thought and Reflection 217 References 218 CHAPTER 9 Group Communication 219 Objectives 219 Key Terms 219 Introduction 219 What Is the Nature of Small Groups? 221 What Are the Types of Groups? 223 What Are the Benefits of Groups? 225 What Are the Drawbacks of Groups? 228 Group Development: How Do Collections of People Turn into Groups? 230 Group Culture: Why Are All Groups Different? 231 What Should My Role Be in Small Groups? 233 Summary 240 Notes 240 CHAPTER 10 Organizational Communication 242 Objectives 242 Key Terms 242 Defining Organizational Culture 242 Factors Associated with an Organization’s Culture 244 Organizational Socialization 248 Organizational Cultures as Enabling and Constraining 251 Summary 254 Questions for Discussion and Review 255 References 255 CHAPTER 11 Communication with New Media 257 Objectives 257 Key Terms 258 Introduction 258 Mediated Channels 259 Desmond_158523_FM.indd 8 30/06/15 10:08 pm Contents ix Print and Text-Based Media 262 Telephonic Media 267 Video-Based Media 269 Computer Media 271 Mobile Media 274 Media Convergence 275 Summary 279 Discussion Questions 279 CHAPTER 12 The Internet versus Traditional Media 281 Objectives 281 Key Terms 281 Introduction 281 Weaving “the Net” 282 Consequences to Other Mass Media 285 One-To-Many, Many-To-Many 290 Controversy and Concerns 293 Social Aspect of the Internet 295 Careers in the Field 297 Summary 297 Discussion Questions 298 References 298 Notes 298 CHAPTER 13 Journalism in the Digital Age 301 Objectives 301 Why Journalism? 301 Bell, California: An Example 302 What is News? 303 News Platforms 305 Mobile News Platforms 308 The Role of Reporter in the Digital Age 309 Content-Beyond Bells and Whistles 310 Investigative Reporting 312 Other Categories of News 313 Conclusion: Your Future in Journalism 316 References 317 CHAPTER 14 Advertising 318 Objectives 318 Key Terms 318 Desmond_158523_FM.indd 9 30/06/15 10:08 pm xContents Introduction 318 Advertising Before the 21st Century 319 A Culture of Consumerism 320 The Many Faces of Advertising 322 Monitoring Advertising Information 325 The Future of Advertising: Keeping Current 332 Careers in the Field 334 Summary 334 Discussion Questions 335 Notes 335 CHAPTER 15 Public Relations 337 Objectives 337 Key Terms 337 Introduction 337 Early Public Relations: A Historical Overview 338 Modern Public Relations: Models, Concepts, and Program Basics 340 The Roles and Functions of Public Relations in Today’s Global Marketplace 344 Skills and Tactics of the PR Professional 348 Careers in the Field 351 Summary 352 Discussion Questions 352 Notes 353 Desmond_158523_FM.indd 10 30/06/15 10:08 pm About the Author Dr. Roger Desmond is Professor of Communication at the University of Hartford. He teaches a variety of courses in journalism as well as the basic course for all communication majors. He grew up in Los Gatos, California and received his Ph.D. from the University of Iowa. He has published research articles and book chapters on media and children for more than thirty years. He was awarded the Roy E. Larsen Award for excellence in teaching in the spring of 2015. xi Desmond_158523_FM.indd 11 30/06/15 10:08 pm Desmond_158523_FM.indd 12 30/06/15 10:08 pm Foreword This volume represents a broad sweep of the communication field for the student who is just meeting the discipline. By definition a book in the digital universe is somewhat outdated even before it is published. As in many academic fields, every day brings new thinking and research in communication that can’t possibly be captured on paper bound into a volume. But what changes much more slowly are the sub-disciplines of a field, the ways that we divide an area of study into many pieces so that we can investigate them more easily. The authors of the individual chapters are all experts, in many cases, nationally known research professionals who represent all of the major sub-disciplines in the field of communication. My chapter on journalism is a distilled version of my own thinking, research and practice that in my judgment introduces the student of communication to the major elements of journalism in the digital age. My hope is that these readings will stimulate you and help you to decide if a major in the field is a good fit for you. Most universities offer entire courses centered on the major ideas of each chapter. Hopefully, this book will help you to decide where you might fit in the growing enterprise that is communication study. xiii Desmond_158523_FM.indd 13 30/06/15 10:08 pm Desmond_158523_FM.indd 14 30/06/15 10:08 pm