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University of Hartford
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Dedication
To Tracey and Seth: The two great loves of my life
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Contents
CHAPTER 1
Communication: A Broad Introduction 1
PART 1 WHY STUDY COMMUNICATION?
Objectives 1
Key Terms 1
Introduction 1
What Is the Impact of Communication Study Beyond Skills? 4
What Are the Themes of This Text? 7
Summary 8
Notes 8
PART 2: WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
Objectives 9
Key Terms 9
Introduction 9
What Is the Nature of Communication Theory? 10
How Is Communication Defined? 11
How Have the Conceptions of Communication Evolved? 12
What Are the Models of Communication? 12
What Do the Terms Mean? 19
Summary 21
Notes 21
References 22
CHAPTER 2
Creating Your Message 23
Objectives 23
Key Terms 23
Introduction 24
What Two Decision Strategies Aid in Constructing
My Message? 25
How Do I Construct the Body of the Message? 32
What Goes into a Compelling Introduction? 37
How Do I Conclude the Speech? 42
How Do I Use Connectives to Bridge Main Ideas? 42
Summary 43
Notes 45
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viContents
CHAPTER 3
Delivering Your Message 46
Objectives 46
Key terms 46
Introduction 46
What Method of Delivery Is Most Appropriate? 48
What Strategies Make Up Effective Delivery? 51
How Do I Speak to Create Understanding? 52
How Does My Physical Delivery Affect Understanding? 55
How Can Presentational Aids Affect Delivery? 59
Summary 68
Notes 68
CHAPTER 4
Communication and the Self 70
Objectives 70
Key Terms 70
Overview 71
Definition of Self 72
The Impact of Individual Differences on Social Interaction 83
A Comparison of Trait and State Approaches to Research 84
Communication Apprehension and Willingness to
Communicate 85
Aggressive Behavior 88
Constructive Aggressive Behavior 90
Summary 95
Applications 95
Discussion Questions 95
Activities 96
References 97
CHAPTER 5
Perception of Yourself and Others 102
Objectives 102
Key Terms 102
Heider’s Interpersonal Impression Formation and
Attribution 103
Kelley’s Attribution Theory 104
Self-Perception Theory 106
Research with Self-Perception Theory 109
Encouraging Others to Make Dispositional Attributions 112
Should We Start Big or Little? Sequential Request
Strategies 113
Applying Self-Perception Theory 116
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Contents
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Strengths and Limitations 117
Summary 118
Review Questions 120
Discussion Questions 120
References 121
CHAPTER 6
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication 122
Objectives 122
Key Terms 122
Introduction 123
Verbal Communication 124
Nonverbal Communication 134
Types of Nonverbal Communication 138
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication in the Digital Age 146
Developing Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
Competence 150
Summary and Resources 153
Critical Thinking and Discussion Questions 154
CHAPTER 7
Communication and Culture 156
Objectives 156
Key Terms 156
Introduction 157
Culture and Communication 158
Cultural Identity and Communication 164
Cultural Membership and Interpersonal Communication 169
Developing Intercultural Communication Competence 177
Summary and Resources 180
Critical Thinking and Discussion Questions 181
CHAPTER 8
Interpersonal Communication 183
PART 1:
INITIATING RELATIONSHIPS
Objectives 183
Key Terms 183
Overview 184
The Role of Communication in Relationship Development 184
Relationship Defined 185
Defining Interpersonal Attraction 187
Interpersonal Communication Theories: How We Initiate
Relationships 195
Summary 207
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viiiContents
Applications 207
Discussion Questions 207
References 208
PART 2:
CASE STUDY: A PLACE FOR CONNECTING AND
DISCLOSING: FACEBOOK AND FRIENDSHIPS AT
THE DAWN OF COLLEGE LIFE
Key Terms 211
For Further Thought and Reflection 217
References 218
CHAPTER 9
Group Communication 219
Objectives 219
Key Terms 219
Introduction 219
What Is the Nature of Small Groups? 221
What Are the Types of Groups? 223
What Are the Benefits of Groups? 225
What Are the Drawbacks of Groups? 228
Group Development: How Do Collections of People Turn into
Groups? 230
Group Culture: Why Are All Groups Different? 231
What Should My Role Be in Small Groups? 233
Summary 240
Notes 240
CHAPTER 10
Organizational Communication 242
Objectives 242
Key Terms 242
Defining Organizational Culture 242
Factors Associated with an Organization’s Culture 244
Organizational Socialization 248
Organizational Cultures as Enabling and Constraining 251
Summary 254
Questions for Discussion and Review 255
References 255
CHAPTER 11
Communication with New Media 257
Objectives 257
Key Terms 258
Introduction 258
Mediated Channels 259
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Contents
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Print and Text-Based Media 262
Telephonic Media 267
Video-Based Media 269
Computer Media 271
Mobile Media 274
Media Convergence 275
Summary 279
Discussion Questions 279
CHAPTER 12
The Internet versus Traditional Media 281
Objectives 281
Key Terms 281
Introduction 281
Weaving “the Net” 282
Consequences to Other Mass Media 285
One-To-Many, Many-To-Many 290
Controversy and Concerns 293
Social Aspect of the Internet 295
Careers in the Field 297
Summary 297
Discussion Questions 298
References 298
Notes 298
CHAPTER 13
Journalism in the Digital Age 301
Objectives 301
Why Journalism? 301
Bell, California: An Example 302
What is News? 303
News Platforms 305
Mobile News Platforms 308
The Role of Reporter in the Digital Age 309
Content-Beyond Bells and Whistles 310
Investigative Reporting 312
Other Categories of News 313
Conclusion: Your Future in Journalism 316
References 317
CHAPTER 14
Advertising 318
Objectives 318
Key Terms 318
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xContents
Introduction 318
Advertising Before the 21st Century 319
A Culture of Consumerism 320
The Many Faces of Advertising 322
Monitoring Advertising Information 325
The Future of Advertising: Keeping Current 332
Careers in the Field 334
Summary 334
Discussion Questions 335
Notes 335
CHAPTER 15
Public Relations 337
Objectives 337
Key Terms 337
Introduction 337
Early Public Relations: A Historical Overview 338
Modern Public Relations: Models, Concepts, and Program
Basics 340
The Roles and Functions of Public Relations in Today’s Global
Marketplace 344
Skills and Tactics of the PR Professional 348
Careers in the Field 351
Summary 352
Discussion Questions 352
Notes 353
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About the Author
Dr. Roger Desmond is Professor of Communication at the University of Hartford. He teaches a variety of courses in journalism as well as the basic course
for all communication majors. He grew up in Los Gatos, California and received his Ph.D. from the University of Iowa. He has published research articles and book chapters on media and children for more than thirty years. He
was awarded the Roy E. Larsen Award for excellence in teaching in the spring
of 2015.
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Foreword
This volume represents a broad sweep of the communication field for the student who is just meeting the discipline. By definition a book in the digital universe is somewhat outdated even before it is published. As in many academic
fields, every day brings new thinking and research in communication that can’t
possibly be captured on paper bound into a volume. But what changes much
more slowly are the sub-disciplines of a field, the ways that we divide an area
of study into many pieces so that we can investigate them more easily.
The authors of the individual chapters are all experts, in many cases, nationally known research professionals who represent all of the major sub-disciplines in the field of communication. My chapter on journalism is a distilled
version of my own thinking, research and practice that in my judgment introduces the student of communication to the major elements of journalism in
the digital age.
My hope is that these readings will stimulate you and help you to decide if
a major in the field is a good fit for you. Most universities offer entire courses
centered on the major ideas of each chapter. Hopefully, this book will help you
to decide where you might fit in the growing enterprise that is communication
study.
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