Download PowerPoint Presentation - Egypt Lecture

Ancients we will cover:
Egypt
Greece
Rome
Ancients we will not cover:
The Dawn of Man (“cave men”)
Crete / Minoan
Mesopotamia
Mycanae
Etrusca
Hittite Empire
Assyria
Babylonia
ANCIENT EGYPT…
“You’re never going to find 2 Egyptologists who agree on
this period.”
—Nicholas Reeves
www.modahtravel.com
“The minute you begin to write about those people, you
begin to write fiction.”
—Barry Kemp
ancientegyptamania.com
www.nga.gov
Maps of Ancient Egypt
The Old Kingdom
The Nile River
history.howstuffworks.com
www.drinking-water.org
tigtail.org
EGYPT 4000BCE - 31CE
(date Roman armies conquered)
30 dynasties (little or no change until 18th dynasty)
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Influential People
Cleopatra
Hatshepsut (considered the "Queen Elizabeth" of Egypt)
Akhenaton and Nefertiti (1st to use the term Pharaoh)
Tutankhamen (18th Dynasty)
Ramses II - 1301 BCE
Numerous geographic advantages:
Located where 2 rivers meet
Nile very predictable good for planting
(good black soil)
Many ores metals, and stones in earth
(more gold than any country on earth)
Surrounded by desert (safety from intruders)
Events/ Dates
• 4400-3200BC--- Pre-dynastic period
• 3100BC--- Upper and Lower Egypt
united
• 3200-2200BC--- Ancient Kingdom
(I-X)
• 2100-1600BC--- Middle Kingdom
(XI-XVII)
• 1600-332BC--- New Empire
(XVIII-XXX)
Most Representative Statements
of Period
• Most consistent culture in history
• One of the cleanest (hygiene)
cultures in history
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Discoveries/ Inventions
Hieroglyphics
Writing Material (Papyrus)
365-day Calendar
Art and Literature
Surgery
Embalming/ Mummification
Beer (most popular beverage)
The Ramp and the Lever
Contraceptives
Geometry
More precious ores than any other
country
Farming major form of employment
Everyday Life/ Society
Family unit important
Women had options
Upper Classes
Royalty and Nobles
Artisans, Craftsman, and Merchants
Lower Classes
Workers
Slaves
Other
Priests
Army
Philosophy
Religion & gods took part in every human activity from birth to death
King was god
Extremely interested in the quality of life and death:
Pyramids to ensure ”comfort” on the ”other side”
Recorded everyday habits on walls of tombs
Extremely advanced embalming techniques
Egyptian Codes and mysteries
Left messages behind
Symbolism and deeper meaning behind many things
VISUAL STYLE
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Architecture
Pyramids and Temples
Cheaops c.2500BC
Giza c.2560BC
Luxor c.1375BC
Colors
White
Gold
Natural ores: lapis lazuli, turquoise,
coral, onyx, sardonyx
disliked red
Motifs
Lotus
Papyrus
• Animals
Architecture
The Great Sphinx
Giza Plateau, Egypt
Pyramids
Pyramids at Giza
Sphinx and Pyramid
Step Pyramid
Pyramids
Luxor Temple
Luxor, Egypt
Luxor Hotel
Las Vegas, NE
Statue of Horus
At Edfu
The Great Hypostyle Hall
of Karnak Temple
Temple of Ramses II
Located in Abu Simbel
Temple of Ramses II
Fragment of a painted floor
Plaster, pigment
1352-1336 BC
Tell el-Amarna
Capitals from Vivant Denon
Relief from Menena’s tomb
ca. 670-650 B.C.E.
Found in Thebes, Egypt
Colors, Motifs
Tutankhamun’s burial mask
Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt
Tutankhamun on a Lotus, ca. 1354 BC.
The Tutankhamun Collection
Howard Carter’s
Expedition and discovery
and excavation of Tut’s
tomb 1924
Howard Carter’s discovery and
excavation of Tut’s tomb 1924
French fashion plate from 1922
showing the influence of the Carter
discovery on aesthetics
1977: Lines waiting out side of the City of New Orleans
Museum for the “Treasures of Tutankhamen” Exhibit
Scarab (Beetle)
A Common Motif
Pectoral of Kheper Scarab
The Tutankhamun Exhibit
Scarab Bracelet
The Tutankhamun Exhibit
Scarab Hieroglyphic Temple of Karnak
Photo by Janet Kass
Taken from website: imagesofanthropology.com
Ankh Shaped Mirror Box
The Tutankhamun Exhibit
Amenemipet’s openwork
pectoral of Isis and
Nephtys with a scarab
Egyptian Museum, Cairo.
Stierlin, Henri. The Gold of the
Pharaohs. Bayard Presse
Gold Cloisonne Earrings
The Tutankhamun Exhibit
Recovered stolen Tut artifact
A lapis lazuli sphinx bracelet inlay
AESTHETICS
• Admired clean pure refined lines.
• Believed compatibility necessary within all forms.
including art, architecture, furniture, clothing etc.
• Nakedness considered beautiful.
• White, which was then combined with the natural earth
colors of ore, turquoise, coral, lapis lazuli and
gold etc, was the unified color system (more gold than any
other country in the world).
• Importance of maintaining the line of the human body (only
foreigners depicted as fat)--although idealized in art, the
Egyptian figure was quite slender and most
Egyptians were in good shape.
• Mummies have been found padded with sawdust to insure life after death
with a good figure.
Indications of the ideal
body proportions in
Egyptian art
“In both art and architecture the
ancient Egyptians favored the
rectilinear geometric outline”
touregypt.net
Relief depicting the rulers of Punt
in the Temple of Hatshepsut
Foreigners were often depicted as fat or at least
Very different from the Egyptian ideal
FABRICS
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Linen most commonly used fiber
Made from flax, difficult to grow
Could weave extremely fine and sheer
Generally a plain weave
Eventually crimped fibers
Some wool worn as outer wear
Garments were layered, and often had more sheer layers
over
Flax
Painting on stucco in tomb of Sennedjem Deir el
Medina, West Thebes, 19th Dynasty. Shows
Sennedjem and his wife Iynefert ploughing and
reaping flax and wheat in the mythical fields of Inru.
Flax
The world’s
oldest extant
dress from
Tarkhan.
First Dynasty.
Hall—Egyptian
Textiles
http://www.mus
ee-destissus.com/en/02
_02/col01/tis01/i
ma.gif
This rare linen tunic is from the Middle Empire c 2000-1960 BC.
It is in 3 pieces, pleated, and probably never worn. No
representations of this kind of tunic have been found in extant
Egyptian art. This item is in the collection at Lyon, an identical
tunic is exhibited at the Louvre.
Condensed from text on website of Musees des Tissus in Lyon
Fish Tapestry
Antinoe Middle Egypt
2d-3d century AD
This is a well-preserved and incomplete
example of a textile that is exceptional
because it is such a huge fragment.
(Another fragment is in the Louvre)
Condensed from the text on the website
Musees des Tissus at Lyon
Textile Fragments
In the collection of extant fabric (all CE)
From Musees des Tissus et des Arts Decoratifs
de Lyon
Note the
Layering
in varying
degrees of
sheerness
touregypt.net
On a side note………..
New Discovery 2009
Four thousand years ago Egyptians had mastered the process of making
madder, a red dye, according to a researcher who uncovered the earliest known
example of the color still used today.
Refining a technique that allows the study of microscopic bits of pigment,
Marco Leona of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York was able to
analyze the color of a fragment of leather from an ancient Egyptian quiver.
The discovery that the color was madder is the earliest evidence for the
complex chemical knowledge needed to extract the dye from a plant and turn it
into a pigment, Leona reports in Tuesday's edition of Proceedings of the
National Academy of Science.
***The find is some 700 years earlier than any previously known use of madder.
By Randolph E. Schmid for AP
WIGS
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Commonly worn by men and women.
Often worn over shaved head.
Generally blunt cut and pyramidal in shape.
Generally had bangs
Could be very elaborate
Cakes of fragrant oil often set on top
Pharaohs wore false beard known a POSTICHE (Hatshepsut reported
to have worn, also)
• Men grew beards only in mourning.
14th century BCE
The canopic jars of Pharaoh Tutankhamun
The Tutankhamun Exhibit
The Sphinx
Note the “thickness”
Of the “wig” shape
Ankhesenamun
www.kingtutone.com
Tutankhamen
Statuette of the Late New Kingdom
www.4to40.com
Large Crimped Wigs
touregypt.net
Limestone relief of nobleman
Ca. 1295-1070 B.C.E.
Perhaps from Saqqara, Egypt
touregypt.net
Portrait of Lady Tjepu
ca. 1390 – 1353 B.C.E.
Nebamun’s Tomb; Thebes, Egypt
Crimped hair
Earrings and Headdress
in gold, turquoises,
faience and carnelians,
from the tomb of the
Three Ladies
Thebes, 18th dynasty.
The Huntley Bequest,
Metropolitan Museum of Art,
New York. Gregorietti, Guido.
Jewelry Through the Ages.
Crescent Books
homepage.powerup.com.au
Perfumed cones on wigs
touregypt.net
Perfumed cones on wigs
Postiche
Akhnaton
from a pillar statue in the Temple of Aten. c. 1360 B.C.
Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Postiche
touregypt.net
Tutankhamun’s burial mask
Tutankhamen
MAKEUP
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Commonly worn by men and women
Full body makeup common (earth colored)
Elongated eye achieved through KOHL
Women sometimes painted nipples gold
Varicose veins considered beautiful - would darken
the blue/green--especially on breasts
touregypt.net
The Egyptian EYE
ACCESSORIES
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Jewelry worn extensively by both men and women.
Jewelry was very elaborate and intricately crafted.
Jewelry commonly worn at "edges”.
The 2 most common necklace shapes were the traditional
rounded collar (USEKH) and the PECTORAL which was
trapezoidal in shape and often depicted an event.
• Egyptians commonly went barefoot but some sandals were
worn.
• Headdresses - were often elaborate, and depicted location.
• Khat - Scarf (pyramidal-shaped)
Bust of Nefertiti
http://www.toure
gypt.nefeaturest
ories/beauty6.jp
g
1345BC
Egyptian Museum of
Berlin
Limestone relief
The Royal Tomb at Amarna
Ramses 11 as a child
19th dynasty
Painting on Nefertari’s tomb
Louvre
Khat
Footwear
Mostly barefoot, but some
leather and straw
Archaeologists discovered seven shoes,
that appear to be made out of bovine,
within a jar in an Egyptian temple. The
shoes date back more than 2,000 years
and this picture shows the inside of the
jar before the shoes were removed.
Grass and bead Sandals
on a side note……………………………
World’s Oldest Shoe Discovered
Preserved in Sheep Dung
The size 7-woman's leather lace-up moccasin, with straw padding, could have been worn by a
farmer.
THE GIST
* A 5,500-year-old shoe was found in a cool, dry cave in Armenia.
* The right-footed moccasin was buried in sheep dung, which likely helped preserve it.
* The shoe is roughly the size of an American size 7 woman's shoe.
Discovery.com
From Tut
18th Dynasty
Egyptian Museum
Cairo
Vulture Collar
Gold uraeus of Senusert II
12th dynasty, Egypt
5 Gold Rings
From Tut 18th Dynasty
Gold necklace of Psusennes
21st dynasty, Egypt
Necklace with Lunar Pectoral
From Tut 18th Dynasty
Pectoral with Solar and Lunar Emblems
From Tut 18th Dynasty
Openwork Gold Buckle
From Tut 18th Dynasty
Bracelet with Carnelian Udjat
From Tut 18th Dynasty
Gold earrings of Seti II
19th dynasty, Egypt
Vulture Pendant
From Tut 18th Dynasty
Ramses 11 Gold and Lapis Bracelets
19th Dynasty, Egypt
CLOTHING
• In addition to the animal skins, jewelry, wigs, and
shoes—there were many fabric drape variations in
Ancient Egypt. I have divided them into 3 distinct
categories:
• SCHENTI
• PROCARDIUM
• KALASIRIS
Wall painting in Tutankhamen’s Tomb
heritage-key.com
SCHENTI (Shendot)
• (also called loincloth and kilt)--a rectangular loincloth
worn by men only. It was wrapped around and under the
body similarly to a diaper. There was much variety in
wrapping techniques, and the length and width varied
greatly. These were generally girdled at the waist and
some later ones had the triangular girdle end that could be
stiffened and decorated. When these were worn, the man
was generally naked above the waist save jewelry, etc.
• Distinctively, they tend to ride higher at the back waist and
dip at the Center Front (you can really see this in a “side view”).
Schenti
Statues ofMetjetji
ca. 2371-2288 B.C.E.
Currently located at
The Brooklyn Museum
Troops
Egyptian Museum
Tut The Harpooner
From Tut 18th Dynasty
Egyptian Museum Cairo
Wall painting showing
Neb-Aman’s gratitude for
his wealth.
XVII Dynasty
Metropolitan Address Book
PROCARDIUM
• a long rectangular sheath which fit the wearer
snugly
• worn by both men and women. It could vary in
length and size and often had a strap, particularly
when worn by women. This strap (or straps)
provided tremendous variety, the single diagonal
one is quite common. On women, the top of the
garment often fell below the nipple line therefore
exposing the breast. These could be worn in
layers.
Maid-servants attending to ladies at a banquet
Tomb of Vizier Rekhmire
King Horemheb before the Goddess Hathor
Wall painting in the Tomb of Horemheb
c.a. 1348 – 1320 B.C.E.
Maidservant carrying
vases. White sheath is
covered with net,
which probably was
multi-colored cut
leather.
Batterberry
KALASIRIS
• a rectangle twice the length of the wearer with a
slit for the head. It was generally fairly wide so
when one put it on and girdled it, a natural sleeve
was formed, and it could hang open at the side.
This was primarily worn by women and could be
worn in conjunction with either of the other two
types of drapes.
Kalasiris
Wall painting in Tutankhamen’s Tomb
heritage-key.com
All 3 Basic shapes worn in one painting
Wall painting of the hired mourners
c. 1411-1375 B.C.E.
The Tomb of Ramose, Valley of the Nobles, Egypt
Prince Rahotep and Nofret
Ca. 2160 B.C.E.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.
Known as “The Last Pharoah”
FORMER!!!
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.
Known as “The Last Pharoah”
Prince Rahotep and Nofret
Carved wood coated with
gesso and gilded. The god is
wrapped in a featherpatterned garment with
details in bronze and gold.
He weras a wide collar, and
his skull cap is dark blue
faience, the eyes and
eyebrows are inlaid glass. He
holds a scepter with both
hands
Statue of Ptah,
Tutankhamun Shawabty Figure
god of artists and craftsmen
(Tutankhamen Exhibit)
Gold Dagger
From Tut 18th Dynasty
Egyptian Museum Cairo
A necklace of Ahhotep decorated
with three gold flies
Egyptian Museum, Cairo.
Stierlin, Henri. The Gold of the
Pharaohs. Bayard Presse
Necklace with a pendant
depicting the symbol of
the god Nekhbet, from
Tutankhamen’s
treasure, Egyptian, 18th
dynasty.
Large collar with
pectoral in gold, faience
and cornelian, from
Tutankhamen’s treasure,
Egyptian, 18th dynasty.
Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Gregorietti, Guido
Jewelry Through the Ages. Crescent Books
Egypt in pop culture
Lost Egyptian city
discovered
Egypt in pop culture
Ramses 11’s modern journey…
19th dynasty (approx 1400 BCE)…..Ramses 11 is known as
the Warrior King and ruled for 60 yrs. During this time,
a statue is erected at
approx 36 ft tall
and
weighing 82 tons.
in 1882 …..The 3,200 yr old statue
was first discovered.
Postcard from 1800’s
in 1955 ……The statue was placed
in the square in Cairo
Photograph from 1955
of statue being transported
(was cut into 5 pieces!)
In August 2006 …..It was determined that pollution was causing the statue to
deteriorate rapidly so it was moved to a new location in the desert on the CairoAlexandria road. A park giving the statue it’s visual “due” is planned to open in 2013
www.arabworldbooks.com
Campbell logger story
www.touregypt.net
2006….. A plan was hatched to move the statue to a new location in the desert on
the Cairo-Alexandria road. It was to be at the location of a “grand” museum planned
on the Giza Plateau that lines up with the pyramids. A park giving the statue it’s visual
“due” along with the (nearly 800 million dollar) GRAND EGYPTIAN MUSEUM is
planned to open in 2012, oops-2013, oops- 2014, oops-2015….
The adventure began before dawn…
When Ramses moved to the square in 1955, the statue was cut into 8 sections. This
time, they decided to leave him intact, so a large scaffolding was built around him. He
was then loaded on to a specially designed flatbed truck. The journey of 35 kilometers
took 10 hours. An atmosphere of celebration ensued, as thousands of citizens lined the
streets to bid Ramses farewell as he paraded to his new location.
More info at: http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/ramsessquare.htm
www.egiptologia.com
www.egy.com
www.arabworldbooks.com
All pictures from
www.arabworldbooks.com
Design for Grand Egyptian Museum
(Scheduled to open 2013)
http://www.gem.gov.eg/
2011 Egyptian Revolution
www.zimbio.com
blog.cleveland.com
2011 Egyptian Revolution
A magnificent necklace
belonging to Psusennes I
Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Stierlin,
Henri. The Gold of the Pharaohs. Bayard Presse
Rings of the great
Ramessides
Musée du Louvre,
Paris. Stierlin, Henri.
The Gold of the Pharaohs. Bayard
Presse