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fEB 940 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DEPARTME NT FE DE RATED MALA Y STATES THE GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF RAUB, PAHANG, FEDERATED MALAY STATES, WITH ..... AN Ae COUNT OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE RAUB AUSTRALIAN GOLD MINE By J. A. RICHARDSON, A .R .C.S., B.SC., F .G.S. Geologist, Geological Survey Department, Federated Malay States. A C OL OURED GEOLOGICAL MAP (TOPOGRAPHICAL SHEET S CALE J. A. ONE INCH TO A MILE, BY E. S. RICHARDSON, I S CONTAINED IN THE POCKET ATTACHED TO T HE BACK COVER. Price : THREE DOLLARS, Straits. SINGAPORE: M.N 555.95123 R 3 B/4) WILLBOURN AND PRINTERS, LTD. 1939 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DEPARTMENT F E DE R ATED MALA Y STATE S THE GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF RAUB, PAHANG, FEDERATED MALAY STATES, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE RAUB AUSTRALIAN GOLD MINE By J. A. RICHARDSON, A .R. C .S. , B .se . , F .G.S. Geologist, Geological Survey Department , Feder ated Malay States. A COLOU RED SCALE ] . A. ONE GEOLOGICAL MAP (TOPOG RAPHI CAL SHEET I NCH TO A MILE, BY E. S. 3 B/4) WILL BO URN AND R I CHARDSON , IS CONTAI NED I N T H E POCKET AT TACHED TO THE BACK COVER. CONTENTS Page . CHAPTER Summary. 1 I. 3 INTRODUCTION II. TOPOGRAPHY III. IV. V. VI. STRATIGRAPHY OF THE AREA CONSIDERED IN RELATION TO THAT OF THE MALAY PENINSULA AS A WHOLE THE CALCAREOUS FORMATION Distribution of the Calcareous Formation Petrology of the Argillaceous Facies . . Petrology of the Calcareous Facies Thickness of the Calcareous Formation. Metamorphism of the Calcareous Formation Metamorphism of the rocks flanking the Main Range Granite Distribution of the Amphibole Schist Series Petrology of the Amphibole Schist Series Petrology of the Schist Petrology of the Hornfels Petrogenesis of the Amphibole Schist Series Metamorphism of the rocks flanking the Gunong Benom Range Intrusion 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 14 14 15 16 16 18 THE ARENACEOUS FORMATION Distribution of the Arenaceous Formation Petrology of the Arenaceous Formation The Irregular Distribution, and Inter-relationships, of the several facies of the Arenaceous Formation Thickness of the Arenaceous Formation Palaeontology of the Arenaceous Formation Metamorphism of the Arenaceous Formation Petrology of the Schist and Phyllite Petrology of the Hornfels and Slate 22 22 23 24 24 25 THE PAHANG VOLCANIC SERIES 26 VII . SERPENTINE Distribution of the Serpentine. . Petrology of the Serpentine Petrogenesis of the Serpentine The Age of the Serpentine Lateritization of the Serpentine VIII. 6 GRANITE AND ALLIED ROCKS THE MAIN RANGE GRANITE Distribution of the Main Range Granite Petrology of the Main Range Granite Petrology of the Granite Porphyry associated with the Main Range Granite Petrology of the Dykes and Veins in the Main Range Granite 19 19 20 26 26 27 32 33 33 33 33 33 34 36 36 VI Page. CHAPTER VlII.-contd. Tourmalinization of the Main R a nge Granite Mineralization of the Main Range Gra nite Intrusive History of the Main R a nge Granite Age of the Main Range Granite Hybridization of the Main Range Granite The Effects of the Assimilation of Sedimentary Material on the Composition of the Granite IX. X. XL GRANITE AND ALLIED ROCKS---(continued). THE BUKIT KA]AJ.'<G GRANITE PORPHYRY Distribution of the Bukit Kajang Granite Porphyry. Petrology of the Bukit K a jang Granite Porphyry THE GALl AND DONG GRANITE PORPHYRY AND QUARTZ PORPHYRY Distribution of the Gali and Dong Granite Porphyry and Quartz Porphyry Petrology of the Gali Granite. Porphyry Petrology of the Dong Quartz Porphyry THE QUARTZ-MICA ROCK Distribution of the Quartz-mica Roc k Petrology of the Q u a rtz-mica Rock Petrogenesis of the Quartz-mica Rock THE GUNONG BEN OM INTRUSION .. THE GUNONG BE -OM GRANITE Petrology of the Sungei Keloi Granite P etrology of the Granite exposed b etween Kampong Tulang Padang and the Sungei Dong Petrology of the Quartz Porphyry exposed in the Sungei Sibirah and the Sungei Pulai History of the Investigation of the H y brid Basic Rocks of the Gunong B enom Intrusion The Hybrid Basic Rocks of the Gunong Benom R a nge. Distribution of the Hybrid B asic Rocks Petrology of the Perknites Petrology of the Hybrids formed by the Assimilation of Perknite by Feldspar-rich Rock a. H ybrids of the Alkali-series b. H y brids of the Monzonite-series c. Hybrids of the Calc-alkali -series Petrology of the F low-banded Rocks Petrology of the Minor Igneous Roc ks of the Gunoug Benom Intru sion Petrology of the rock s exposed in the P ublic ' ;V orks D epartment Q uarries nea r Benta Mineralogy of the H y brid Basic Rocks of t he Gunoug Benom Intru sion Composition and Petrogenesis of the Hybrid Basic Rocks of the Gunong B enom Intrusion .. Age a nd Intru sive History of the Gunong Benom Granite and of the H ybrid Basic Rocks of the Foothills DOLERITE Distribution of the Dole rite Petrology of the Dolerite Age of the Dolerite 37 37 38 38 38 42 44 44 44 45 45 45 47 47 47 47 48 49 50 50 51 51 51 52 53 53 54 54 55 55 55 57 58 61 63 74 75 75 75 75 Vll Page. CHAPTEK XII . XIII. XIV. SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS F lood Plain Alluvium Age of the Flood Plain Alluvium Recent Rhyolite Tuff Alluvial Fans ASSEMBLAGES OF HEAVY MINERALS Mineral Assemblages derived from Igneous Rocks Mineral Assemblages derived from Sedimentary Rocks Mineral Assemblages derived from Metamorphic Rocks Main Characteristics of the petrital Mineral Assemblages STRUCTURE 76 76 77 77 79 79 80 80 -81 81 81 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. INTRODUCTION Minerals and Rocks of Economic Importance present in the Raub Area. . Old Land Conc~ssions of Ulu Pahang The Smallness of the Areas given up to Mining and Prospecting Distribution of Gold in the Malayan Gold Belt Production of Gold in Pahang. . History of Lode Gold Mining 84 GENESIS OF THE GOLD. . 90 THE RAUB AUSTRALIAN GOLD MINING COMPANY, LIMITED History of Mining at the Raub Australian Gold Mine. The Eastern Lode Raub Syndicate Production from the Raub Mine Milling at the Raub Mine Dredging at the Raub Mine 92 92 94 95 96 96 THE GEOLOGY OF THE RAUB AUSTRALIAN GOLD MINE SUMMARY OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE RAUB AUSTRALIAN GOLD MINE . . The Country at the Raub Australian Gold Mine Igneous Rocks at the Raub Mine STRUCTURE OF THE RAUB MINE Compressional Folding The Pitch of the Folds .. Faulting . . Compression Faults (Strike faults) Tension Faults Time Relationships of the Compression and Tension faults Oblique Faults How the Lode-channels have been affected by Oblique Faults .. .. . .. .. .. .. 8485 85 86 88 88 97 \17 98 99 100 100 104 105 106 107 107 108 108 Vill Page. CHAPTER XVIII.-contd. The Extent of the Vertical movement along oblique post-mineralization faults . Its influence on Mining Policy llO THE COMPRESSIONAL LODE-CHANNELS AT THE RAUB MINE The Eastern Lode-channel The Western Lode-channel 111 112 113 THE ORE-BODIES AT THE RAUB MINE The shape of the Ore-bodies in the Eastern Lodechannel 113 113 THE STRUCTURE OF THE COMPRESSIONAL LODECHAN ELS AT THE RAUB MINE 117 ORE-SHOOTS IN THE COMPRESSIONAL LODECHANNELS 120 THE TENSION FISSURE FIlLINGS AT RAUB HOLE 121 XIX. MINERALIZATION AT THE RAUB AUSTRALIAN GOLD MINE. 123 COMPOSITION OF THE ORE IN THE RAUB MINE. 123 PARAGENESIS OF THE GOLD AT THE RAUB MINE. The Association of Gold "ith Quartz The Association of Gold with Shale The Association of Gold with Sulphides The occurrence of Gold at the Contact of one type of gangue with another Paint Gold Relationships of the Sulphide Minerals Scheelite in the Raub Ore The Sequence of Mineral Deposition in the Raub Ore. 126 127 127 127 SURFACE ORE AT THE RAUB MINE 129 XX. POSSIBILITIES AT THE RAUB AUSTRALIAN GOLD MINE XXI. XXII. XXIII. 127 127 127 128 128 130 OTHER LODE GOLD PROSPECTS The Cheroh Gold Prospect The Bukit Tersang Gold Prospect 132 132 133 ALLUVIAL GOLD MINI TG History of Alluvial Gold Mining The Tersang Gold Mining Syndicate The Chun Chok Gold Mine 134 134 136 137 TIN MINING History of Tin Mining Production of Tin in Uiu Pahang The Liang Concession The Sempam Valley and Uiu Gapis Areas The Gunong Gapis Area The Sempam Valley Hydraulic Tin Mine 138 138 139 140 140 141 141 IX Page. CHAPTER XXIV. XXV. XXV I. X XVI£. OTHER RESOURCES-METALLIFEROUS Iron and Manganese P latinum, Chromium and Nickel Ilmenite Tungsten Cinnabar 10nazite 143 143 143 143 144 144 144 OTHER RESOURCES-NON-METALLIFE R OUS Roadmetal B uilding Stone and Ornamental Stone Abrasives. . Lime and Cement Fuel Wat er Supply 144 144 145 145 145 146 146 T H E FUTURE The F utu,e The Futu re The Future 147 147 149 150 FOR MINING IN THE RAUB AREA. for Lode Gold Mining for Alluvia l Gold Mining for Tin Mining BIBLIOGRAPHY 151 INDEX 155 3 since the year 1889, and in these fifty years has produced 700,000 ounces of gold. The lodes occur in steeply dipping, north-trending fissures located between bedding planes adjacent to the axial planes of isoclinal folds in shale. Such lode-channels originated from the fracturing ,of fissile shale along a well defined zone at right angles to the above mentioned compressional forces, and there is no reason to suppose that their extent is limited to the three-mile-long zone which the Raub Australian Gold Mining Company has explored. Payable deposits of eluvial and alluvial tin ore are likely to be found in the Main Range, the mining of which may uncover lodes and disseminations of cassiterite in the granite. CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION. This account deals with that part of the Raub and Lipis Districts covered by the Federated Malay States Topographical Survey Sheet 3 B/4, about three hundred square miles of country enclosed between lines of latitude 3° 45' north and 4° 00' north, and lines of longitude, 101 ° 45' east and 102° 00' east. Except for thirteen square miles that belong to the Lipis District, the whole of it lies in the Administrative District of Raub. The position of the area is shown in the Index Map, figure 1. The coloured geological map published with this memoir comprises the work of two geologists, that of Mr. E. S. Willbourn in 1933 and 1934, and that of the writer, in 1937, 1938 and 1939. The writer has had access to the unpublished field notes written by Mr. Willbourn, summaries of which are contained in the , Reports of the Federated Malay States Geological Survey for the years 1933 and 1934, and to his draft geological map also. These results have been incorporated in the present memoir, amended to some extent in the light of new information obtained by the writer. The writer wishes to express his gratitude to Mr. Willbourn for the loan of these records, and also for his invaluable assistance in writing the memoir. During 1937, 1938 and 1939, an investigation of the detailed geology of a much larger portion of Ulu Pahang has also been 4 in progress outside the area at present under consideration, and this has helped to solve some of the problems of Raub geology, notably the structure of the outcrop of the amphibole schistserIes. Some important conclusions have been made possible as a result of the large number of chemical analyses undertaken by the chemists of the Federated Malay States Geological Survey quoted in this pUblication. The majority were done, by Mr. G. M. Harral. Some were undertaken by Mr. W . A. Tooke, and Mr. ' J. C. Shenton, who retired in September, 1938, was responsible for others. Valued help was given by the Mineral Resources Department of the Imperial Institute, London, in estimating minute quantities of gold in various igneous rocks of the district. Dr. H. F. Harwood of the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, carried out one analysis, also. Acknowledgments are due to a number of Malay rockcollectors and to one Chinese, members of the Federated Malay States Geological Survey Department, for giving competent assistance on many jungle expeditions, and for making some short journeys unaccompanied by geologists to obtain preliminary information. Those called upon to help most have been Che Mayah bin Latib, Che Uda Mat Win bin Manas, Che Yeop bin Uda Rasit and Che Kassim bin Majid. Acknowledgments and thanks are also due to the management and members of the undtrground Staff at the Raub Australian .Gold Mine for facilitating the geological investigation carried out on the property. The topographical details of the geological map had all been published previously by the Surveyor General, Federated Malay States and Straits Settlements, as topographical sheet 3 B /4. When the pioneer work of Mr. J. B. Scrivenor was published in 1911 as "The Geology and Mining Industries of Ulu Pahang, with a coloured geological sketch map, scale 8 miles to an inch "., no topographical sheets were available, and so the recording and collecting of geological facts then was more difficult than now. The investigation now being described had Mr. Scrivenor's geological map to start from , and had also the topographical map with its double benefit of providing an accurate basis on which the geology could be plotted, and of indicating where 5 traverses would be likely to afford information. In this connection, Mr. Scrivenor's own words may be quoted from the introduction to this 1911 publication: [3, p. viii] " . . . . . . although the jungle certainly is a great hindrance, covering up " much that we would like to see, the network of streams alone affords abundant " material for examination: it would , in fact, be absurd for me to claim that I " have exhausted it in the three years or more devoted to the work. " On the other hand, what might rightly be advanced as a serious drawback " to geological mapping in Ulu Pahang is the absence of topographical maps, similar " to those which made possible the fine work carried out in the Netherlands Indies. " Over most of the country I had to make my own rough topographical ma~s as I " went along. " Many of the rock exposures in the rivers are very good, but it is not pre" tended that this is the case everywhere, or that gathering geological information in " jungle is not an arduous proceeding. The method of work employed was to obtain " as many traverses as possible across the strike of the rocks, and to fill in as much " detail between the traverses as was consistent with the necessary expenditure of " time and money and the probable value of the results to be expected. The scale " of the map eight miles to an inch, made it impossible to plot all the detailed " information obtained. " The map cannot be called more than a sketch-map, and compared with " maps produced by the staffs of geological surveys in other countries, it is doubtless " a rough sketch-map. The main object, however, has, I think, been attained" namely, a clear idea of the broad outlines of the structure of Ulu Pahang. "Geologists will realise how near a map prepared under such conditions " can be expected to approach to accuracy, but it is advisable for the author of " it to point out, for others, its shortcomings, and how, if time permitted, it " could be improved." The coloured geological map now published on the scale of one inch to a mile is more accurate than Mr. Scrivenor's, but it still has its short-comings, for although good exposures occur in many rivers, they are generally too small and too infrequent to permit of an accurate solution of the geological structure. The dearth of critical exposures showing the contacts of the various rock-formations in this area is in striking contrast to conditions which obtain in the Kinta, Batang Padang and Kuala Lumpur tinfields where continuous observation spread over many years has enabled abundant data to have been obtained from the opencast mines. However, very great assistance has been obtained from the many miles of underground workings in the Raub Australian Gold Mine, where several 'months of detailed work have provided a wealth of information regarding the geological structure of the area. A dense cover of jungle, of the products of deep weathering of the rocks in the hills, and of superficial deposits in the plains obscures most of the geology, and renders difficult the detailed