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#402- 08 LELAND HAYES' FREE GAMEBIRD eZINE ATTENTION: If you would like to subscribe to this FREE Gamebird eZine just click the link below! mailto:[email protected]?Subject=Subscribe ******************************************** AS I SEE IT … NEW PARTRIDGE LETTER ANNOUNCED Beginning next Fall, I will be publishing a New Partridge Letter. This will be a monthly thing running for 12 months. You can get a FREE First Issue by going to: http://www.lelandhayes.com and clicking in the left upper corner to get your free First Issue sample. You can download it (PDF format) and read how you can subscribe by following the Links. If you like Partridges and Francolins, you will want to get this publication. It will not only be informative, but will give specific help on how to raise the various species of these birds. The Second Issue will contain: Philby’s Partridge; Incubating Partridge Eggs; What is a Francolin?; How to Raise Partridge – Part I plus other articles about Partridges and Francolins. *********** RE-DESIGNED HOME PAGE We have added new things and re-designed the format of my Home Page. I think you will like it as it has all the information organized right on the front page. Please visit: http://www.lelandhayes.com and send me your comments. If you do not like some feature, please let us know. ************** A NEW PROJECT I am working hard to put my book, Upland Game Birds, Their Breeding and Care, on a searchable PDF CD which will be put in the back of the books. This electronic version is designed to be read on your computer screen and has large type and lots of white-space. It can also be printed out if so desired. This CD will keep the information contained in the book available to bird breeders when the book is out of print. I only have a few hundred copies left of the second Printing and I have no plans to reprint a Third Edition. The CD should be ready sometime in June, watch the Gamebird eZine for release date. Dr. Leland ********************************************* Life in Twenty-one Days One of the greatest miracles of nature is the transformation of the egg into the chick. A chick emerges after a brief three weeks of incubation. The complexity of the development cannot be understood without training in embryology. Cell division begins soon after fertilization, even while the rest of the egg is being formed. Cell division will continue if the egg is kept warmer than 67ºF. The first cell division is completed about the time the egg enters the isthmus. Additional cell divisions take place about every 20 minutes; so, by the time of lay, several thousand cells form two layers of cells called a "gastrula." At this time the egg is layed, it cools, and embryonic development usually stops until proper environmental conditions are established for incubation. After incubation begins, the cellular growth resumes. At first, all the cells are alike, but as the embryo develops, cell differences are observed. Some cells may become vital organs; others become a wing or leg. Soon after incubation is begun, a pointed thickened layer of cells becomes visible in the caudal or tail end of the embryo. This pointed area is the primitive streak, and is the longitudinal axis of the embryo. Before the first day of incubation is through, many new organs are forming. The head of the embryo becomes distinguishable; a precursor of the digestive tract, the fore-gut, is formed; blood islands appear and will develop later into the vascular or blood system; the neural fold forms and will develop into the neural groove; and the eye begins. On the second day of incubation, the blood islands begin linking and form a vascular system, while the heart is being formed elsewhere. By the 44th hour of incubation, the heart and vascular systems join, and the heart begins beating. Two distinct circulatory systems are established, an embryonic system for the embryo and a vitelline system extending into the egg. In later stages of embryonic development, there are two distinct extra-embryonic blood systems. One system, the vitelline system, transports nutrients from the yolk to the growing embryo. Before the fourth day, it oxygenates blood. The other blood system, made of allantoic vessels, is concerned with respiration and the storage of waste products in the allantois. When the chick hatches, both circulatory systems cease to function. On the second day, the neural groove forms and the head portion develops into the parts of the brain. The embryo is developed enough that flexion and arching of the embryo begins, the ears begin development, and the lens in the eyes are forming. At the end of the third day of incubation, the beak begins developing and limb buds for the wings and legs are seen. Three visceral clefts (gills) have formed on each side of the head and neck. These formations are important in the development of the arterial system, eustachian tube (in the ear), face, jaw, and some ductless glands. The fluid-filled amnion has surrounded the embryo to protect it: it helps maintain proper embryonic development. The tail appears, and the allantois is seen. The allantoic vesicle is a respiratory and excretory organ. Nourishment from the albumen and calcium from the shell are transported to the embryo through the allantois. Torsion and flexion continue through the fourth day. The chick's entire body turns 90º and lies down with its left side on the yolk. The head and tail come close together so the embryo forms a "C" shape. The mouth, tongue, and nasal pits develop as parts of the digestive and respiratory systems. The heart continues to enlarge even though it has not been enclosed within the body. The other internal organs continue to develop. By the end of the fourth day of incubation, the embryo has all organs needed to sustain life after hatching, and most of the embryo's parts can be identified. The chick embryo cannot, however, be distinguished from that of mammals. By the seventh day, digits appear on the wings and feet, the heart is completely enclosed in the thoracic cavity, and the embryo looks more like a bird. After the tenth day of incubation, feathers and feather tracts are visible, and the beak hardens. On the fourteenth day, the claws are forming and the embryo is moving into position for hatching. The supply of albumen is exhausted by the sixteenth day, so the yolk is the sole source of nutrients. After twenty days, the chick is in the hatching position, the beak has pierced the air cell, and pulmonary respiration has begun. The yolk sac is contained completely within the body cavity in preparation for hatching. The normal position of the chick for hatching is with the head in the large end of the egg, under the right wing, with the legs drawn up toward the head. If the head is positioned in the small end of the egg, the chick's chances of survival are reduced by at least one-half. This is a serious malposition, or wrong position, for hatching. Just as a wrong position makes birth more difficult in mammals, a wrong position of the chick makes hatching more difficult, or impossible. After 21 days of incubation, the chick finally begins its escape from the shell. The chick begins by pushing its beak through the air cell. The allantois, which has served as its lungs, begins to dry up as the chick uses its own lungs. The chick continues to push its head outward. The sharp horny structure on the upper beak (egg tooth) and the muscle on the back of the neck help cut the shell. The chick rests, changes position, and keeps cutting until its head falls free of the opened shell. It then kicks free of the bottom portion of the shell. The chick is exhausted and rests while the navel openings heal and its down dries. Gradually, it regains strength and walks. The incubation and hatching is complete. The horny cap will fall off the beak within days after the chick hatches. Newly-hatched chicks can be shipped long distances (up to 72 hours travel time) without food. The yolk is largely unused by the embryo and is deposited within the chick's body on the 19th day, just before it hatches. The yolk is highly nourishing and provides proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water for several hours after hatching. The yolk is consumed gradually during the first ten days of the chick's life. ******************************************** QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS … Could you please sign me up for the e-zine. I really have enjoyed it but when i got a new e-mail about a while ago I stop getting it for some reason, it might of been labeled as junk mail. Anyway you have a Great service to all of the gamebird raisers, Thank you sooooo MUCH! Thanks for Your Time, Forrest ANSWER: Thanks for the kind words. Many people are having trouble getting the eZine because their ISP’s are seeing it as SPAM and blocking it. Your problem is not unique. If you can’t get the Gamebird eZine delivered to your mail-box you can always go to the Archives and download any of the issues for the past couple of years. This is a free service offered to anyone. Please visit: http://www.lelandhayes.com/ezines ************** Dear Dr. Hayes, I enjoy your Ezine, has tons of good information. Like one of the readers in this email, I too, would be interested in pen designs / quail hutches. I have many different breeds of quail, pheasant, and partridge, and always looking for new pen designs. Thank you, Doug Iowa ANSWER: Your point is well-taken, Thanks! I have written an article will photos of a quail pen I designed and used with Mearn’s quail several years ago. Detailed information is given about how to build the pen. It can be used for any species of quail and can even be used a;s a grow-out, holding pen, or any other need you might have during the year. You can get this article in the February Issue of the Quail Breeders’ Newsletter along with 11 other issues packed full of information. It is not too late to subscribe as you get all Past issues plus the ;three that will come out this Summer. You can find more information (and a Sample Issue) by visiting: http://www.lelandhayes.com/Intro.html . The Fourth Issue (December) of the Partridge Letter will have an article on Partridge Pens. I will discuss principles of pen construction and give some actual examples of pens that I have seen or built. (You can get a Free first Issue of this New Partridge Letter by going to my website: http://www.lelandhayes.com and clicking on the Link in the upper right hand corner.) Thanks for writing. ********************************************* ADVERTISEMENTS … We are offering Free Ads for our readers. If you would like to participate in the free feature, just eMail your ad in 50 words or less. You can run your ads for 4 issues of the Gamebird eZine for free! Send them in to: [email protected] ********************************************* Now taking orders for fertile eggs for following breeds: Gamble Quail California Valley Quail Blue Scale Quail Contact for availability and pricing. [email protected] 5/24 ******************* I would like to buy eggs or adult Roulroul Partridges (Crested-Wood Partridge). If you have any or will have any please eMail me: [email protected] 5/20 ***************** I'm a friend of Glenda Heywood's and, together with Toni-Marie Astin, run a forum for long-tail and long-crowing fowl. They are somewhat more like pheasants in nature in regards to flight capabilities and diet than other chicken breeds. I would like to invite you to join if you would like. http://onagadori.freeforums.org Thanks! David 5/18 ***************** PEAFOWL FOR SALE. Adult, healthy breeding stock. Hand raised and gentle. India Blue, White and Pied. Southwestern Virginia. Contact me at [email protected] or 540-651-4414 Also, I have the plans for a good aviary made out of PVC pipe. It was inexpensive and has really withstood the elements including heavy snow, strong wind and ice storms since 1999. Detailed plans with photographs are at: http://www.geocities.com/japaneseakitas/birds.html Thanks!! Suki 5/24 ******************************************** How to contact me: email: [email protected] Leland B. Hayes, Ph.D. 32653 Lilac Rd., Valley Center, CA 92082 Phone/FAX (760) 742-1173 URL http://www.lelandhayes.com ****************************************** All Rights Reserved. None of this Gamebird E-Zine can be copied or reproduced separately without permission. It can be distributed as a whole, as is, without permission or change. You are encouraged to send it to your bird breeder friends. If you would like to put articles from the Gamebird eZine in your Club Bulletin or on your Webpage, just email me and I will give you written permission. ****************************************** You are invited to forward this e-Zine to your bird breeder friends so they too can get a free subscription. ****************************************** TO BE REMOVED FROM THIS MAILING LIST. . . To no longer receive the Gamebird eZine please click the link below to send me an email. Allow two weeks for removal to take place. mailto:[email protected]?Subject=Remove END