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Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan BALANCED DIET Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan BALANCED DIET Diet which provides all the five basic nutrients in a quantity which ensures healthy life is known as Balanced diet. These are : Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Vitamins and Minerals Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan The Food Pyramid Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan The Food Pyramid Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Nutrient Pool Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Water Water of course is another important essential nutrient required for normal metabolism of all the essential five. Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Water Solvent in which the chemistry of life occurs Cell chemistry occurs in an aqueous medium Water carries essential nutrients to cells Water carries metabolic wastes away from cells Hydrolysis & dehydration reaction Stabilizes body temperature. Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Requirement of carbohydrates in diet 55 to 65% of the total food calories should come from carbohydrates. A moderately active man requiring 3000 C per day, should take about 450 grams carbohydrates daily. But poorer sections of the population derive more than 85% of the food calories from carbohydrates. Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Role of carbohydrates in diet The effect on protein metabolism is of a specific nature, not shared by other substances, e.g. fats, alcohol and not related to its calorigenic action. This is referred to as "protein sparing action of carbohydrates". Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan B-vitamins Requirements With diets rich in CHO, the requirements for vitamins, particularly thiamine (vit B1) increases because of the essential role of these in carbohydrate metabolism. Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Role of Cellulose Celluloses are polysaccharides found in plants. They are indigestible by human beings as there is no enzyme in our GI tract which can split l - 4 linkage. Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Health Benefits of Fiber Helps control blood sugar Helps lower cholesterol Helps prevent diverticulitis How Much? 25–35 g per day from food No more than 50 g Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan In general, diet rich in fiber improves: Bowel motility prevents constipation decreases reabsorption of bile acids Thus lowering cholesterol level and improves glucose tolerance Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION (PEM) It is the most widespread nutritional problem in developing countries. It is predominantly affecting children. The prevalence rate varies from 20-50% in different areas depending on socio-economic status and level of education and awareness. Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Marasmus At one end of the spectrum of malnutrition is Marasmus ( "to waste"), which results from a continued severe deficiency of both dietary energy and proteins (primary calorie inadequacy and secondary protein deficiency). Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan If food is not properly absorbed, certain forms of mal-nutrition are seen. (Marasmus) Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Kwashiorkor At the other end of the spectrum is kwashiorkor, where isolated deficiency of proteins along with adequate calorie intake is seen. Kwashiorkor means "sickness the older child gets, when the next child is born", a term from the local language of Ga tribe of Ghana. A classification by WHO is based on body weight as a percentage of standard body Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Fats act as a concentrated source and store of energy Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Functions of Lipids Structural components of bio-membrane (phospholipids and cholesterol Provide insulation against changes in external temperature (subcutaneous fat) Give shape and contour to the body Protect internal organs by providing a cushioning effect (pads of fat) Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Act as metabolic regulators (steroid hormones and prostaglandins) Act as surfactants, detergents and emulsifying agents. (Bile salts) Act as electric insulators in neurons (Mylen Sheath) Help in absorption of fat soluble vitamin. (ADEK) Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan RDA FOR VISIBLE FAT ADULTS 20 g/day (10% of Caloric Requirement) In pregnancy During lactation 45 g/day 30 g/day Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Dietary sources of Fatty Acids A significant fraction of FA ingested is contributed by either long chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) e.g. palmitic and stearic. or Mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) e.g. and palimitoleic) Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan (oleic Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) These are present in vegetable oils and fish oils . They belong to essential fatty acids. The omega-3 fatty acids from fish oils decrease the plasma lipoproteins, (VLDL and LDL) and thereby decrease the risk of coronary artery disease. Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Consuming enough omega-3s improves Cellular function Normal metabolism Immune activity Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan Fish oil is good for the heart – Proven benefits Reduces triglycerides - 24-27% Reduces risk markers – C – reactive protein (CRP) Improves healthy blood flow - key to good heart health Improves heart related health outcomes Excellent safety profile Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan