Download Nutrition-7, 2016 - Peshawar Medical College

Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
BALANCED DIET
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
BALANCED DIET


Diet which provides all the five basic nutrients in
a quantity which ensures healthy life is known as
Balanced diet.
These are :

Carbohydrates

Fats

Proteins

Vitamins and

Minerals
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
The Food Pyramid
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
The Food Pyramid
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
Nutrient Pool
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
Water

Water of course is another important essential
nutrient required for normal metabolism of all
the essential five.
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
Water

Solvent in which the chemistry of life occurs

Cell chemistry occurs in an aqueous medium

Water carries essential nutrients to cells

Water carries metabolic wastes away from cells

Hydrolysis & dehydration reaction

Stabilizes body temperature.
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
Requirement of carbohydrates in
diet



55 to 65% of the total food calories should come
from carbohydrates.
A moderately active man requiring 3000 C per day,
should take about 450 grams carbohydrates daily.
But poorer sections of the population derive more
than 85% of the food calories from carbohydrates.
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
Role of carbohydrates in diet

The effect on protein metabolism is of a specific nature,
not shared by other substances, e.g. fats, alcohol and
not related to its calorigenic action.

This is referred to as "protein sparing action of
carbohydrates".
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
B-vitamins Requirements

With diets rich in CHO, the requirements for
vitamins, particularly thiamine (vit B1)
increases because of the essential role of these
in carbohydrate metabolism.
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
Role of Cellulose

Celluloses are polysaccharides found in plants.

They are indigestible by human beings as there is no
enzyme in our GI tract which can split  l - 4 linkage.
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
Health Benefits of Fiber



Helps control blood sugar
Helps lower cholesterol
Helps prevent diverticulitis
How Much?
 25–35 g per day from food
 No more than 50 g
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
In general, diet rich in fiber improves:

Bowel motility

prevents constipation

decreases reabsorption of bile acids
Thus lowering cholesterol level and improves
glucose tolerance
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION
(PEM)



It is the most widespread nutritional problem in
developing countries.
It is predominantly affecting children.
The prevalence rate varies from 20-50% in
different areas depending on socio-economic
status and level of education and awareness.
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
Marasmus

At one end of the spectrum of malnutrition
is Marasmus ( "to waste"), which results
from a continued severe deficiency of both
dietary energy and proteins (primary calorie
inadequacy and secondary protein
deficiency).
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
If food is not properly absorbed, certain
forms of
mal-nutrition are seen.
(Marasmus)
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
Kwashiorkor



At the other end of the spectrum is
kwashiorkor, where isolated deficiency of
proteins along with adequate calorie intake is
seen.
Kwashiorkor means "sickness the older child
gets, when the next child is born", a term from
the local language of Ga tribe of Ghana.
A classification by WHO is based on body
weight as a percentage of standard body
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
Fats act as a concentrated source and store of
energy
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
Functions of Lipids

Structural components of bio-membrane
(phospholipids and cholesterol

Provide insulation against changes in external
temperature (subcutaneous fat)

Give shape and contour to the body

Protect internal organs by providing a cushioning
effect (pads of fat)
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan

Act as metabolic regulators
(steroid hormones and prostaglandins)

Act as surfactants, detergents and emulsifying
agents. (Bile salts)

Act as electric insulators in neurons (Mylen Sheath)

Help in absorption of fat soluble vitamin. (ADEK)
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
RDA FOR VISIBLE FAT

ADULTS 20 g/day (10% of Caloric Requirement)

In pregnancy

During lactation 45 g/day
30 g/day
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
Dietary sources of Fatty Acids

A significant fraction of FA ingested is contributed by
either long chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) e.g.
palmitic and stearic.
or

Mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) e.g.
and palimitoleic)
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
(oleic
Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs)

These are present in vegetable oils and fish oils .
They belong to essential fatty acids.

The omega-3 fatty acids from fish oils decrease the
plasma lipoproteins, (VLDL and LDL) and thereby
decrease the risk of coronary artery disease.
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
Consuming enough omega-3s improves

Cellular function

Normal metabolism

Immune activity
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan
Fish oil is good for the heart –
Proven benefits

Reduces triglycerides - 24-27%

Reduces risk markers – C – reactive protein (CRP)

Improves healthy blood flow - key to good heart health

Improves heart related health outcomes

Excellent safety profile
Peshawar Medical College, NWFP Pakistan