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RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA.
ANNEXURE – II
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION
OF
TOPIC FOR DISSERTATION
1
Name Of The
Candidate And Address (In
Block Letters)
Dr. AYESHA N
POST GRADUATE STUDENT,
DEPARTMENT OF
ORAL MEDICINE AND RADIOLOGY,
VYDEHI INSTITUTE OF DENTAL SCIENCES AND
RESEARCH CENTRE.
#82 ,NALLURAHALLI ,EPIP AREA,WHITEFIELD
BANGALORE-560066.
2
Name Of The
Institution
VYDEHI INSTITUTE OF DENTAL SCIENCES AND
RESEARCH CENTRE.
BANGALORE-560066.
KARNATAKA.
3
Course Of Study & Subject
MDS
ORAL MEDICINE AND RADIOLOGY
4
Date Of Admission To
Course
28-05 -2013
5
Title Of The Topic
“THE INFLUENCE OF HANDHELD MOBILE
PHONES ON FLOW RATE AND PROTEIN
CONCENTRATION OF HUMAN PAROTID SALIVAA CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY”
6
BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK
6.1 Need For The Study :
Mobile technology has emerged into our world rapidly and has caused many changes in
our lifestyles. The handheld mobile phone operation is based on electromagnetic waves,
specially radiofrequency waves and microwaves. The transmission is performed through
a range of frequencies between 800 and 2200 MHz¹. The long duration and proximity of
mobile phones to human body during use has given rise to concerns of possible adverse
effects resulting from absorption of these emissions by the tissues adjacent to area of
mobile phone handset use2. The radiation causes adverse health effects like parotid gland
tumors and epithelial malignancies, auditory canal pathologies, tinnitus3.
Parotid glands are the largest salivary glands, situated in front of the ear and behind the
ramus of the mandible in proximity to the skin of the face. The parotid glands secrete a
serous saliva and are mainly activated after stimulation resulting from smell, taste,
mastication and radiofrequency radiation¹ . Saliva is mainly composed of water (99.5%)
and solids (0.5%) -organic substances and inorganic substances . Normal salivary flow
rate is 1ml/min. The location of parotid gland makes it especially vulnerable to changes
resulting from mobile phone heat and radiation².
Salivary proteins play a role in relation to protection of the teeth against caries and dental
erosion. Normal saliva protein concentration is 6-8.5mg/dl. Several saliva proteins such
as proline rich proteins, cystatins, MG1, lactoferrin, lysozyme and amylase take part in
the formation of acquired pellicle that covers the teeth. Thus, a thick pellicle seems to be
more protective against acid challenge on hard dental tissue than thin one in preventing
risk of developing dental caries and erosion.
A real or perceived decrease in the amount of saliva results in Xerostomia which leads to
rampant caries, increased plaque formation, opportunistic fungal infections, mucositis,
difficulty in swallowing and eating, malnourishment.
Few studies have been conducted in western countries and very few documented in India
regarding the influence of mobile phone on the salivary flow rate 1,2.
Hence, the aim of this study is to evaluate the parotid salivary secretion rate and protein
concentration between dominant side (more frequently used side) and non dominant side
(less frequently used side) of handheld mobile phone users.
6.2 Review of Literature:

Burlage F R, Pijpe J, Coopes R P, Hemles M E, Meertes H, Canninus A et al
(2005) found the variability of flow rate when collecting stimulated human
parotid. They estimated the accuracy and reproducibility of citric acid stimulated
parotid saliva sampling and found a stronger correlation between flow rates in
healthy individuals from right and left parotid glands and even more stronger
relation in patients with sjogren’s syndrome4.

Goldwein O, Aframian D J (2009) conducted a study to evaluate the influence of
handheld mobile phones inducing physiologic changes in adjacent parotid gland.
A significantly higher saliva secretion rate and lower total protein concentration
was noticed in dominant side compared with non dominant side¹.

Augner C, Hacker G W, Oberfeld G, Florian M, Hitzl W, Hutter J et al (2010)
conducted a study to know whether exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic
fields emitted by mobile phone base stations may have effects on salivary alphaamylase, immunoglobulin A and cortisol levels in human subjects. There was
significant increase of cortisol and higher concentration of alpha-amylase due to
exposure. Immunoglobulin A concentration was not related to exposure5.

Duan Y, Zhang H Z, Bu R F (2011) investigated the association between cellular
phone use and epithelial parotid gland malignancy. They concluded that the there
is a possible dose- response relationship of cellular phone use with malignancy³.

Bhargava S, Motwani M B, Patni V M (2012) studied the effect of handheld
mobile phone use on parotid gland salivary flow rate and volume. An significant
increase in salivary flow rate along with increased blood flow rate and volume of
parotid glands of the side where mobile phones are frequently placed was
observed in heavy user group².

Hamzany Y, Feinmesser R, Shipitzer, Mizrachi A, Hilly O, Hod R et al (2013)
studied to compare salivary secretion, focusing on various salivary components
and oxidative stress indices between users of mobile phones and non users. The
data showed a significant increase in all oxidative stress indices studied in mobile
phone users. Salivary flow was increased and total protein, albumin and amylase
activity were decreased in mobile phone user . Also the use of mobile phones
may cause oxidative stress and modify salivary function6.
6.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
1. To evaluate parotid salivary flow rate and protein concentration in healthy
individuals who use handheld mobile phones.
2. To compare the salivary flow rate and protein concentration in dominant and non
dominant side of handheld mobile phones.
7
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
7.1 Source of data:
7.1.1 Type of study:
Cross sectional Study
7.1.2 Study area :
Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology,
Vydehi Institute Of Dental Sciences
7.1.3 Study population:
Out patients visiting Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences for
various dental treatment
7.1.4
Duration of study: 2013-2015
7.1.5
Materials:

Case History Proforma

Mouth mirror, probe, tweezer

Swabs

Graduated tubes

Test tubes

Centrifuge

Biuret reagent
7.2 METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA: (including sampling procedure if
any).
Sample Size:

Study group- 60 healthy individuals were selected and subdivided into 2 groups
Group1- 30 individuals who use handheld mobile phone for ˂ 2 hours a day
Group 2- 30 individuals who use handheld mobile phone for > 2 hours a day

In each group 15 males and 15 females are selected.
Inclusion criteria
1. Healthy individuals aged between 19 to 35 with a history of using the handheld
mobile phones for at least 3 years.
Exclusion criteria:
1. Patients on any medication
2. Chronic alcohol or smoking abuse
3. Xerostomia
4. Systemic diseases
5. Past head or neck injury, trauma
6. Pregnancy
7. No preferable custom to side holding the handheld mobile phones
Data collection methology:
1. 60 healthy individuals are selected and subdivided into 2 groups of which Group 1
with 30 individuals who use mobile phone for less than 2 hours and Group 2 with
30 individuals who use mobile phone for more than 2 hours. In each group 15
males and 15 females are selected, in age group of 19- 35 years with mean use of
handheld mobile for 3 years are selected for the study after written consent is
obtained from them.
2. A detailed case history will be recorded along with questionnaire concerning
medical history, life style and habits practised.
3. The subjects will be examined during their visit to the OPD of Vydehi institute of
Dental Sciences.
4. Participants will be asked to refrain from intake of any food or beverages except
water, refrain from chewing gum, intake of coffee prohibited 2 hours before the
saliva collection.
5. Saliva is collected between 9 AM – 12 PM for all the subjects.
6. Subjects were asked to relax for 5 minutes before salivary flow rate measurement.
7.
Saliva is collected using sterile disposable containers. Prior to placement of the
container, buccal mucosa is dried with gauze and stenson’s ducts are slightly
squeezed to locate duct orifices.
8. Rationale for using unstimulated saliva rather than stimulated was to examine the
parotid glands in their resting state ( the state in which the glands are for most part
of the day, i.e. unstimulated ).
9. Saliva was collected for 3 min, samples are kept on ice 4ºc after saliva collection.
Thereafter, samples should be centrifuged at 14000g for 20 min at 4˚c.
10. The supernatant is collected and protein concentration determined according to
Biuret method of protein estimation7 .
Laboratory procedure :
 The protein concentration determined according to procedure described by Biuret
test.
 Biuret TestPrincipleThis is a general test for proteins. Cupric ion in an alkaline medium forms a violet
coloured complex with peptide bond nitrogens of peptides and proteins. The
reaction is so named since biuret (NH2CONHCONH2) formed by condensation of
two molecules of urea when heated to 180˚c, also answers this test. The minimum
requirement for a positive test is the presence of 2 peptide bonds in the molecule.
Procedure4 ml of 5% NaOH in a test tube is taken and 2 drops of CuSO4 is added and mixed
well. Then divided into parts. To one 1ml sample containing protein is added and to
other an equal volume of water is added.
Test tube containing protein gives purple colour. After the purple product is formed
the protein is measured on spectrometer at 540 nm.
- Result calculated as mg/dl.
Statistical analysis:
The values will be statistically analysed by the following tests1. Students ‘t’ test
2. Chi- Square test
7.3 Does the Study require any investigation or intervention to be conducted on
patients or other human subject or animals? If so, please describe briefly.
Yes,
the study requires collection and evaluation of saliva from the subjects.
7.4 Has Ethical Clearance been obtained from your Institution?
Yes
8.
List of references:
1. Goldwein O and Aframian D J. The influence of handheld mobile phones on
human parotid gland secretion. Oral Diseases 2009;16:146-150.
2. Bhargava S, Motwani M B and Patni V M. Effect of handheld mobile phone use
on parotid gland salivary flow rate and volume. Oral surg Oral Med Oral Pathol
Oral Radiol 2012;114(2):200-206.
3.
Duan Y, Zhang HZ, Bu R F. Correlation between cellular phone use and
epithelial parotid gland malignancies. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011;40
(9):966- 972.
4. Burlage F R, Pijpe J, Coppes R P et al.Variability of flow rate when collecting
stimulated human parotid. Eur J Oral Sci 2005;113:356-359.
5. Augner C, Hacker G W, Oberfeld G, Florain M, Hitzl J, Pauser G. Effects of
exposure to GSM mobile phone station signals on salivary Cortisol, AlphaAmylase and Immunoglobulin A. Biomed Environ Sci 2010;23(3):199-207.
6. Hamzany Y, Feinmesser R, Shpitzer T, Mizrachi A, Hilly O et al. Is human saliva
an indicator of the adverse health effects of using mobile phones. Antioxid Redox
Signal 2013;18(6):622- 627.
7. Navadesh M, Kumar K.S. Measuring salivary flow: challenges and opportunities.
JADA 2008; 139(Suppl 2):35S-40S.