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ANNEXE 1. PAEDIATRIC MEDICINE- SPECIALISED GENERIC CHILDREN’S SERVICES SPECIFICATION INSERT Aims and objectives of generic specification This is an appendix to all the individual specialised services specifications. Vision for children with specialist health needs All children and young people are able to lead lives as free from their illness as possible. Children, young people and families feel that care is personalised to their needs, organised around them, and they are active participants in their care The illness is diagnosed early, accurately and comprehensively, using age-appropriate tools and strategies Children and young people are supported by their families, early years settings and schools, as well as health Self- manage their illness, to receive regular structured review and to have rapid access to appropriate services when control deteriorates Acute deterioration in their health are treated promptly and appropriately and the child/ young person is supported to avoid future acute episodes where possible Premature deaths in children and young people are prevented Variations in the quality of care across the country are explored, addressed and minimised. This specification applies to all children’s services and outlines generic standards and outcomes that would be fundamental to all services. The majority of specialist services are provided in tertiary or quartenary care centres but some aspects may occur in secondary or even primary care. 1. Population Needs Descriptions of populations by specific services are included in individual service specifications. Population covered This generic specification applies to all children receiving specialised services in England, up to their 19th birthday. Individual services may transition children to adult services before their 19th birthday. Although it may be useful to set a target age, there is no ‘right’ time for transition. A flexible approach is called for that takes developmental readiness into account and links to other social transitions such as leaving school” (National Service Framework for children, young people and maternity services ( 2003,2004) (see individual specifications for detail of transition to adult services and the NHS England Specialised Service Transition service specification) Is this needed or do we refer to the appendix on transition? The specification applies to all services described in NHS England manual (http://www.england.nhs.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/12/pss-manual.pdf) for paediatric services and includes any “all ages” sections within other specialised services specification where this is relevant to children. 1.1 National/local context and evidence base The Children’s Outcome forum report is a key document that takes a life course approach from preconception to transition to adult care. It includes a number of key recommendations to improve children and Young People’s health outcomes. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/independent-experts-set-out-recommendations-toimprove-children-and-young-people-s-health-results The National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services Sets national standards for the first time for children’s health and social care which promote high quality, women and child-centred services and personalised care that meets the needs of parents, children and their families.https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-service-framework-children-youngpeople-and-maternity-services Evidence is increasing that implementation of the national Quality Criteria for Young People Friendly Services “You’re Welcome” (Department of Health, London 2011) have the potential to greatly improve patient experience, leading to better health outcomes for young people and increasing socially responsible life-long use of the NHS. Implementation is also expected to contribute to improvements in health inequalities and public health outcomes e.g. reduced teenage pregnancy and STIs, and increased smoking cessation. All providers delivering services to young people should be implementing the good practice guidance which delivers compliance with the quality criteria. The NHS Constitution http://www.nhs.uk/choiceintheNHS/Rightsandpledges/NHSConstitution/Documents/2013/the-nhsconstitution-for-england-2013.pdf Bringing Networks to life RCPCH http://www.rcpch.ac.uk/system/files/protected/page/Bringing%20Networks%20to%20Life%20for%20w eb_0.pdf Transforming community services – For Children, Young People and their families https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/215783/dh_124198.pdf UN convention “Rights of the child” http://www.unicef.org.uk/UNICEFs-Work/Our-mission/UN- Convention/ Facing the Future: Standards for Paediatric services RCPCH http://www.rcpch.ac.uk/panelcontent/facing-future-standards-paediatric-services Academy of Royal colleges/7 day working http://www.aomrc.org.uk/projects/seven-day-working.html National pledge to improve children’s health and improve child deaths https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-pledge-to-improve-children-s-health-andreduce-child-deaths Children and Young People Atlas of Variation http://www.rightcare.nhs.uk/index.php/atlas/childrenand-young-adults/ Principles for commissioning and Delivering better health outcomes and experiences for Children and Young People (East of England) Involving Children and Young People in Health services, RCPCH, NHS Confederation, OPM (And Not Just a Phase) http://www.rcpch.ac.uk/system/files/protected/page/Involving%20CAYP%20in%20Health%20Services .pdf Our children deserve better Generic Principles Information and communication Children, young people and their families feel listened to and have meaningful information provided to them in a format that empowers them to make informed choices. Health information is provided in a format that is easy for them to understand and is age appropriate. Patient information is shared with informed consent between health, social care and education. 2 Information systems and technologies are in place to facilitate the easy and secure sharing of information and communication. Good quality information is collected and used to inform service planning Supporting self- care Children, young people and their families are appropriately educated and enabled to manage their own illness as far as possible Patient Participation and engagement Children, Young People and their families will be at the heart of decision-making, with the health outcomes that matter most to them taking priority. (The Outcomes Framework, NHS Mandate and Business plan.) Children, Young People and their families are asked for their feedback and services include a measure of patient experience and evidence this feedback has made a difference. (You said.. we did…) Children, Young people and their families have the opportunity to shape service change and improvement. (Also Friends and family test for CYP – 2015) Evidence based and sustainable Services are commissioned and delivered according to national or locally agreed best practise guidelines and standards Planning and development of services takes into account number of staff required to treat number of patients Healthcare is delivered to the same standard 24/7 Staff are able to access, understand and act on service activity and outcomes Access to care The standards outlined in “Facing the Future” should be adhered to including the standard Specialist Paediatricians are available for immediate advice for acute problems for all specialities and all paediatricians. Workforce planning and safe and sustainable All staff caring for children and young people are appropriately trained to look after children and Young people and have appropriate communication skills. They have on-going continual professional development. Children’s Community services are vital to deliver care closer to home. Teams need to be of an appropriate size to allow specialist and generic support in the community and allow an extended hours service. There should be appropriate planning and training to deliver an appropriate children’s workforce and this will change as new innovative roles are developed. Prevention and early intervention Professionals take every opportunity to “Make every contact count” to advise and sign-post children, young people and their families to enable them to improve their health and well-being outcomes. E.g smoking cessation, pregnancy, social support, immunisations. ?Also need something about screening and support services Governance and variation of care Good quality information is collected and used to inform service planning. Staff are able to access and act on information on service activity and outcomes. There is evidence that minimum data sets are collected and incidents are reported and acted on. Services should bench mark themselves against each other and variations in care should be explored and understood. Good practise should be shared and unnecessary variation reduced. 3 There should include mechanisms to act on incidents across pathways of care and evidence of audit and reaudits preferably across pathways. Transformation and Innovation There is evidence of critical review of current services, considering reconfiguration, integration and networked care Commissioners ensure providers have critically appraised and adapted service delivery models to transform care across the health care system Innovation in service delivery and new technologies is encouraged and implementation supported Role of primary care Although much of the care for children with specialist conditions occurs in specialist centres primary care often play an important role in supporting the whole family. The consequences of having a child with a long term or serious condition can be profound for the parents and siblings. Primary care also have a responsibility for developmental checks and immunisations. Parents also sometimes use them as a first port of call. When a Young Person is transitioned to adulthood some conditions may be looked after in primary care or a GP may be requested to help with the palliative care of a patient. They often prescribe many of the medications. It is important therefore that the GP is kept fully informed and they are given appropriate information about the child or young person’s illness and clear guidelines to the expectations from you. Children with long term conditions should have a named GP. Poorly planned transition from young people’s to adult-oriented health services can be associated with increased risk of non adherence to treatment and loss to follow-up, which can have serious consequences. There are measurable adverse consequences in terms of morbidity and mortality as well as in social and educational outcomes. When children and young people who use paediatric services are moving to access adult services (for example, during transition for those with long term conditions. Please refer to paediatric transition service specification insert.) Communication All children and young people who use services must be: • Fully informed of their care, treatment and support • Able to take part in decision making to the fullest extent that is possible. Asked if they agree for their parents or guardians to be involved in decisions they need to make. Age appropriate services All those involved in the care, treatment and support cooperate with the planning and provision to ensure that the services provided continue to be appropriate to the age and needs of the person who uses services. Consideration should be made to Young People. Research Paediatric clinical and academic researchers provide NHS patients with access to the latest new diagnostic tests and treatments (required by the NHS Constitution (2009)) and seek to ensure that patients from every part of England are made aware of research that is of particular relevance to them (Prof Dame Sally Davies’ CMO statement in National Institute of Health Research Annual Report 2010/11) 4 Outcomes NHS Outcomes Framework Domains & Indicators Domain 1 Domain 2 Domain 3 Domain 4 Domain 5 Preventing people from dying prematurely Enhancing quality of life for people with long-term conditions Helping people to recover from episodes of illhealth or following injury Ensuring people have a positive experience of care Treating and caring for people in safe environment and protecting them from avoidable harm √ √ √ √ √ For children and young people the NHS will work with other agencies to promote health and wellbeing in a joined-up approach, to give them the best start in life. Since 2010, the DH has published three outcomes frameworks, one for each part of the health and care system. The outcomes framework for public health, adult social care and the NHS include the outcomes for health and care that matter most to all of us, including children, young people and their parents. As one of the primary mechanisms by which the health and care system is held to account, they will act as a focus for action and improvement. Outcomes. The National Minimum Standards for Providers of Independent Healthcare, (Department of Health, London 2002) require the following minimum standards for children, these can be improved upon within individual Providers: i. A16.1 Children and Young People are seen in a separate out-patient area, or where the hospital does not have a separate outpatient area for children, they are seen promptly. ii. A16.3 Toys and/or books suitable to the child’s age are provided. iii. A16.8. There are segregated areas for the reception of children and young people into theatre and for recovery, to screen the children and adolescents from adult patients; the segregated areas contain all necessary equipment for the care of children. iv. A16.9 A parent is to be actively encouraged to stay at all times, with accommodation made available for the adult in the child’s room or close by. v. A16.10 The child or Young Person’s family is allowed to visit him/her at any time of the day, except where safeguarding procedures do not allow this vi. A16.13 When a child is in hospital for more than five days, play is managed and supervised by a qualified Hospital Play Specialist. vii. A16.14 Children and young people are required to receive education when in hospital for more than five days; the Local Education Authority has an obligation to meet this need and is contacted if necessary. viii. A18.10 There are written procedures for the assessment of pain in children and young people and the provision of appropriate control. 5 All hospital settings should meet the standards for Children and Young People in emergency settings http://www.rcpch.ac.uk/emergencycare All hospital settings should meet the Standards for the Care of Critically Ill Children (Paediatric Intensive Care Society, London 2010). There should be age specific arrangements for meeting Regulation 14 of the Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2010. These require: i. A choice of suitable and nutritious food and hydration, in sufficient quantities to meet service users’ needs; ii. Food and hydration that meet any reasonable requirements arising from a service user’s religious or cultural background iii. Support, where necessary, for the purposes of enabling service users to eat and drink sufficient amounts for their needs. iv. For the purposes of this regulation, “food and hydration” includes, where applicable, parenteral nutrition and the administration of dietary supplements where prescribed. v. Providers must have access to facilities for infant feeding, including facilities to support breastfeeding (Outcome 5E, of the Essential Standards of Quality and Safety, Care Quality Commission, London 2010) vi. All paediatric patients should have access to appropriately trained paediatric trained dieticians, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech and language therapy, psychology, social work, pharmacy and CAMHS services within nationally defined access standards. (see relevant service specification for detail). vii. All children and young people should have access to a professional who can undertake an assessment using the Common Assessment Framework and access support from social care, housing, education and other agencies as appropriate All registered providers must ensure safe use and management of medicines, by means of the making of appropriate arrangements for the obtaining, recording, handling, using, safe keeping, dispensing, safe administration and disposal of medicines (Outcome 9 Essential Standards of Quality and Safety, Care Quality Commission, London 2010). For children, these should include specific arrangements that: i. Ensures the medicines given are appropriate and person-centred by taking account of their age, weight, formulation or delivery device references/capabilities and any disabilities/impairments and cultural issues they may have. Licensed medicines should be used when ever available and clinically acceptable. ii. Ensures that staff prescribing, dispensing and issuing medicines have the competency and skills needed for children and young people's medicines management and have the appropriate paediatric dosing reference resources to use. iii. Ensures that understandable written information is available for parents and carers and wherever possible, age specific information is available for the children, about the medicines they are taking, including the risks and ways to report adverse events. Information should be informative, covering topics such as the increased length of time it may take to acquire specialist or orphan medicines. iv. Ensures that all drug related problems are recorded and acted upon; including demonstration of continued learning and improved medicines provision. Many children or Young people with long term illnesses have a learning or physical disability. Providers 6 should ensure that: i. They are supported to have a health action plan ii. Facilities meet the appropriate requirements of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 iii. They meet the standards set out in Transition: getting it right for young people. Improving the transition of young people with long-term conditions from children's to adult health services. Department of Health Publications, 2006, London and the national NHS England transition service specification. iv. Children with life-limiting/threatening long term conditions to have a comprehensive annual review which is appropriate to condition. Research outcomes will be disseminated via local, regional and national Institute of Health reporting pathways. Key principles for children The Care of Children in Hospital (HSC 1998/238) requires that: Children are admitted to hospital only if the care they require cannot be as well provided at home, in a day clinic or on a day basis in hospital. Children requiring admission to hospital are provided with a high standard of medical, nursing and therapeutic care to facilitate speedy recovery and minimize complications and mortality. Families with children have easy access to hospital facilities for children without needing to travel significantly further than to other similar amenities. Children are discharged from hospital as soon as socially and clinically appropriate and full support provided for subsequent home or day care. Good child health care is shared with parents/carers and they are closely involved in the care of their children at all times unless, exceptionally, this is not in the best interest of the child; Accommodation is provided for them to remain with their children overnight if they so wish. Research Children should be provided with access to relevant National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) portfolio clinical trials. Improvements in child health in the NHS will occur through underpinning research. Service description/care pathway All paediatric specialised services have a component of primary, secondary, tertiary and even quaternary elements and in many settings are fully integrated with relevant clinical research. The efficient and effective delivery of services require children to receive their care as close to home as possible dependent on the phase of their disease Services should therefore be organised and delivered through “integrated pathways of care” (National Service Framework for children, young people and maternity services (Department of Health &Department for Education and Skills, London 2004) Managed clinical networks are recognised as providing high quality standards of care for children with specialist conditions Interdependencies with other services/providers Co-located and interdependent services 7 Specific co-located and interdependent services will be found in the individual specialised service specification, generic requirements for all areas looking after children are: Imaging All services will be supported by a three-tier imaging network (“Delivering quality imaging services for children”, Department of Health 13732 March, 2010). Within the network; It will be clearly defined which imaging test or interventional procedure can be performed and reported at each site Robust procedures will be in place for image transfer for review by a specialist radiologist, these will be supported by appropriate contractual and information governance arrangements Robust arrangements will be in place for patient transfer if more complex imaging or intervention is required Common standards, protocols and governance procedures will exist throughout All radiologists, and radiographers will have appropriate training, supervision and access to continuing professional development All equipment will be optimised for paediatric use and use specific paediatric software Specialist Paediatric Anaesthesia Wherever and whenever children undergo anaesthesia and surgery, their particular needs must be recognised and they should be managed in separate facilities, and looked after by staff with appropriate experience and training.1 All UK anaesthetists undergo training which provides them with the competencies to care for older babies and children with relatively straightforward surgical conditions and without major co-morbidity. However those working in specialist centres must have undergone additional (specialist) training2 and should maintain the competencies so acquired3 *. These competencies include the care of very young/premature babies, the care of babies and children undergoing complex surgery and/or those with major/complex co-morbidity (including those already requiring intensive care support). As well as providing an essential co-dependent service for surgery, specialist anaesthesia and sedation services may be required to facilitate radiological procedures and interventions (for example magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and percutaneous nephrostomy) and medical interventions (for example joint injection and intrathecal chemotherapy), and for assistance with vascular access in babies and children with complex needs such as intravenous feeding. Specialist acute pain services for babies and children are organised within existing departments of paediatric anaesthesia and include the provision of agreed (hospital wide) guidance for acute pain, the safe administration of complex analgesia regimes including epidural analgesia, and the daily input of specialist anaesthetists and acute pain nurses with expertise in paediatrics. Specialised Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) The age profile of children and young people admitted to specialised CAMHS day/in-patient settings is different to the age profile for paediatric units in that it is predominantly adolescents who are admitted to specialised CAMHS in-patient settings, including over-16s. The average length of stay is longer for admissions to mental health units. Children and young people in specialised CAMHS day/in- patient settings generally participate in a structured programme of education and therapeutic activities during their admission. Taking account of the differences in patient profiles the principles and standards set out in this specification apply with modifications to the recommendations regarding the following: Facilities and environment – essential Quality Network for In-patient CAMHS (QNIC) standards should apply (http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/quality/quality,accreditationaudit/qnic1.aspx) 8 Staffing profiles and training - essential QNIC standards should apply. The child/ young person’s family are allowed to visit at any time of day taking account of the child / young person’s need to participate in therapeutic activities and education as well as any safeguarding concerns. Children and young people are offered appropriate education from the point of admission. Parents/carers are involved in the child/young person’s care except where this is not in the best interests of the child / young person and in the case of young people who have the capacity to make their own decisions is subject to their consent. Parents/carers who wish to stay overnight are provided with accessible accommodation unless there are safeguarding concerns or this is not in the best interests of the child/ young person. Children’s Psychological Medicine Children and young people who have acute and chronic paediatric conditions experience a range of stressors, as do their families. These range from dealing with the impact of distressing symptoms, managing intrusive and painful investigations and treatments and adjusting their lifestyle to accommodate the condition. Children, young people and their families need easy access to psychological and family systemic support and intervention to manage these difficult experiences and support healthy adjustment to the condition. These services are ideally provided as and embedded part of the paediatric team and as part of a wider Children's Psychological Medicine Service. Clinicians providing psychological and family systemic services also need easy access to Paediatric Liaison Services to provide mental health assessments and treatments to children, young people and their families, as needed, and which are coordinated with psychological and family systemic interventions. Children and young people with acute and chronic paediatric conditions are also more vulnerable to mental health problems, ranging from x2-x6 the rate in well children, the highest prevalence being amongst children and young people with CNS conditions. Children with physical health problems and mental health problems need prompt and easy access to a paediatric liaison service (child and adolescent psychiatry, child and adolescent mental health nursing, clinical psychology and other Allied Health Professions). This service should provide assessment and evidence based treatments, referring children and families to local CAMH services when appropriate. These services depend on close and regular contact with a wide range of paediatric services and should always be co-located with paediatric services in order to ensure good communication and ease of access for children and their families. Psychological and family systemic universal services can be part of a wider team including paediatric liaison but they can function as separate services. However in both circumstances close collaboration, liaison and, where indicated, co-working is essential in order to provide a seamless service for children and their families. Safeguarding Children and young people must only receive a service from a provider who takes steps to prevent abuse and does not tolerate any abusive practice should it occur (Outcome 7 Essential Standards of Quality and Safety, Care Quality Commission, London 2010 defines the standards and evidence required from providers in this regard). Providers minimise the risk and likelihood of abuse occurring by: Ensuring that staff and people who use services understand the aspects of the safeguarding processes that are relevant to them. Ensuring that staff understand the signs of abuse and raise this with the right person when those signs are noticed. Ensuring that people who use services are aware of how to raise concerns of abuse. Having effective means to monitor and review incidents, concerns and complaints that have the potential to become an abuse or safeguarding concern. 9 Having effective means of receiving and acting upon feedback from people who use services and any other person. Taking action immediately to ensure that any abuse identified is stopped and suspected abuse is addressed by: Having clear procedures followed in practice, monitored and reviewed that take account of relevant legislation and guidance for the management of alleged abuse Separating the alleged abuser from the person who uses services and others who may be at risk or managing the risk by removing the opportunity for abuse to occur, where this is within the control of the provider Reporting the alleged abuse to the appropriate authority Reviewing the person’s plan of care to ensure that they are properly supported following the alleged abuse incident. Using information from safeguarding concerns to identify non-compliance, or any risk of noncompliance, with the regulations and to decide what will be done to return to compliance. Working collaboratively with other services, teams, individuals and agencies in relation to all safeguarding matters and has safeguarding policies that link with local authority policies. Participating in local safeguarding children boards where required and understand their responsibilities and the responsibilities of others in line with the Children Act 2004. Having clear procedures followed in practice, monitored and reviewed in place about the use of restraint and safeguarding. Taking into account relevant guidance set out in the Care Quality Commission’s Schedule of Applicable Publications Ensuring that those working with children must wait for a full CRB disclosure before starting work. Training and supervising staff in safeguarding to ensure they can demonstrate the competences listed in Outcome 7E of the Essential Standards of Quality and Safety, Care Quality Commission, London 2010 Applicable Service Standards Applicable national standards Children and young people must receive care, treatment and support by staff registered by the Nursing and Midwifery Council on the parts of their register that permit a nurse to work with children (Outcome 14h Essential Standards of Quality and Safety, Care Quality Commission, London 2010) There must be at least two Registered Children’s Nurses (RCNs) on duty 24 hours a day in all hospital children’s departments and wards. There must be an Registered Children’s Nurse available 24 hours a day to advise on the nursing of children in other departments (this post is included in the staff establishment of two RCNs in total). Accommodation, facilities and staffing must be appropriate to the needs of children and separate from those provided for adults. All facilities for children and young people must comply with the Hospital Build Notes HBN 23 Hospital Accommodation for Children and Young People NHS Estates (The Stationary Office 2004.) All staff who work with children and young people must be appropriately trained to provide care, treatment and support for children, including Children’s Workforce Development Council Induction standards (Outcome 14b Essential Standards of Quality and Safety, Care Quality Commission, London 2010). 10 Each hospital who admits inpatients must have appropriate medical cover at all times taking account of guidance from relevant expert or professional bodies (National Minimum Standards for Providers of Independent Healthcare, Department of Health, and London 2002).”Facing the Future” Standards, Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Staff must carry out sufficient levels of activity to maintain their competence in caring for children and young people, including in relation to specific anaesthetic and surgical procedures for children, taking account of guidance from relevant expert or professional bodies (Outcome 14g Essential Standards of Quality and Safety, Care Quality Commission, London 2010). Applicable quality requirements Providers must have systems in place to gain and review consent from people who use services, and act on them (Outcome 2a Essential Standards of Quality and Safety, Care Quality Commission, London 2010). These must include specific arrangements for seeking valid consent from children while respecting their human rights and confidentiality and ensure that where the person using the service lacks capacity, best interest meetings are held with people who know and understand the person using the service. Staff should be able to show that they know how to take appropriate consent from children, young people and those with learning disabilities (Outcome 2b) (Seeking Consent: working with children Department of Health, London 2001). Guidelines for providing anaesthetic services (GPAS) Paediatric anaesthetic services. (Royal College of Anaesthetists (RCoA) 2010 www.rcoa.ac.uk) Certificate of completion of training (CCT) in Anaesthesia 2010 Continuous professional development (CPD) matrix level 3 11 Quality standards specific to specialised children’s services Quality Requirement Threshold Method of Measurement Consequence of breach Domain 1: Preventing people dying prematurely Time from Operating Number of children presenting to presentation at standard of service and time to diagnosis and NHS setting to 90% treatment. (admission/days to i) definitive diagnosis/days to treatment diagnosis ii) commencing) initiation of Review of monthly Service Quality treatment Performance Report Referral to treatment within 18weeks Domain 2: Enhancing the quality of life of people with long-term conditions As set out in Service Condition 21 and Schedule 4 Part G Reduction in Reduction in Number of unplanned admissions to Audit of outcomes unplanned unplanned the service and set rate for hospitalisation for readmissions improvement children and young people due to poor chronic disease control Domain 3: Helping people to recover from episodes of ill-health or following injury Reduction in Reduction in Number of discharges/number of readmission rate readmissions readmissions where possibility has where possibility not been planned with parents/child has not been as part of early ambulation /homecare planned with plan parents/child as part of early ambulation /homecare plan Domain 4: Ensuring that people have a positive experience of care Audit of outcomes and set rate for improvement % teenagers/young Feedback Experience survey feedback. Sample Audit and set rate people who have received from of feedback for improvement completed a questionnaire transition specific questionnaire having used the service Domain 5: Treating and caring for people in a safe environment and protecting them from avoidable harm Incidence of medication errors for children and young people that reach the patient Incidence of harm to children due to ‘failure to monitor 0% Monthly report number of medication errors and as a percentage of admissions As set out in Service Condition 21 and Schedule 4 Part G % Improvement based on baseline assessment Number of incidents of harm due to failure to monitor – reported quarterly Audit of outcomes and set rate for improvement 12