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Europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500-1800
Chapter 14
Name___________________________________ Date __________Period __________Score_____
Focus Questions
In this chapter, students will focus on:
1. The reasons Europeans began to embark on voyages of discovery and expansion
2. How Portugal and Spain acquired their overseas empires, and how they differed
3. Consider the Dutch, British, and French expansion, and its effect on Africa, India, Southeast Asia,
China and Japan
4. How European expansion affected both the conquerors and the conquered
5. The relationship between European expansion, and political, economic, and social
developments in Europe
6. Mercantilism and its relationship to colonial empires
Lecture Outline
I.
On the Brink of a New World
A.
Motives
1.
Fantastic lands
a.
The travels of John Mandeville (14th century)
2.
Economic motives
a.
Access to the East
b.
The Polos
3.
Religious Zeal
II. Means
A.
Centralization of political authority
B.
Maps
1.
Ptolemy’s Geography (printed editions available from 1477 on)
C.
Ships and Sailing
1.
Naval technology
2.
Knowledge of wind patterns
III. The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire
A.
Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)
B.
The Portuguese in India
1.
Bartholomeu Dias (c. 1450-1500)
2.
Vasco da Gama (c. 1460-1524)
a.
Reaches India by rounding Cape of Good Hope
3.
Alfonso d’ Albuquerque (1462-1515)
1
C.
In Search of Spices
1.
Portuguese expansion
2.
Reasons for Portuguese success
a.
Guns
b.
Seamanship
IV. Voyages to the New World
A.
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
1.
Reached the Bahamas (Oct 12, 1492)
2.
Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502)
B.
Additional Discoveries
1.
John Cabot
2.
Pedro Cabral
3.
Amerigo Vespucci
C.
Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521)
1.
Circumnavigates the Earth
D.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
V. The Spanish Empire in the New World
A.
Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica
1.
The Maya
2.
The Aztecs
B.
The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire
1.
Herman Cortes (1485-1547)
2.
Moctezuma (Montezuma)
3.
Aztec Empire overthrown
VI. The Spanish Empire, Continued
A.
The Inca and the Spanish
1.
Pachakuti
2.
Inca buildings and roads
3.
Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475-1541)
4.
Smallpox
5.
Incas overthrown (1535)
B.
Administration of the Spanish Empire
1.
Encomienda
2.
Viceroys
3.
The Church
VII. Africa: The Slave Trade
A.
Origins of the Slave Trade
1.
Sugar cane and slavery
B.
Growth of the Slave Trade
1.
Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the Americas between the Sixteenth
and Nineteenth Centuries.
2.
The Middle Passage: high death rate during transit
3.
Prisoners of war
C.
Effects of the Slave Trade
1.
Depopulation of African kingdoms
2.
Political effects of slave trade
3.
Criticism of slavery
4.
Abolition and the Quakers
2
VIII. The West in Southeast Asia
A.
Portugal
B.
Spain
C.
The Dutch and the English
D.
Local Kingdoms (Burma, Siam, and Vietnam)
IX. The French and the British in India
A.
The Mughal Empire
B.
The Impact of the Western Powers
1.
Portugal
2.
England
3.
The Dutch and the French
4.
Sir Robert Clive
5.
The East India Company
6.
Battle of Plassey (1757)
X. China & Japan
A.
China
1.
Ming Dynasty (1369-1644)
2.
Qing Dynasty
3.
Western inroads
a.
Russia
b.
England
c.
Limited contact
B.
Japan
1.
Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616)
2.
Opening to the West
a.
The Portuguese
b.
Initially visitors welcomed
c.
Catholic missionaries
d.
The Dutch
XI. The Americas
A.
Spain and Portugal
B.
The West Indies
1.
The British and the French
2.
The “Sugar Factories”
C.
North America
1.
The Dutch
a.
New Netherlands
2.
The English
a.
Jamestown (1607)
b.
Thirteen Colonies
3.
The French
a.
Canada
XII. The Impact of European Expansion
A.
The Conquered
1.
Latin America
2.
Catholic Missionaries
B.
The Conquerors
1.
Opportunities for women
3
2.
Economic Effects
a.
Gold and silver
3.
Exchange of plants and animals
4.
Impact on European Lifestyle
a.
Chocolate, coffee and tea
5.
European Rivalries
6.
New Views of the World
a.
Gerardus Mercator (1512-1594) and his map
7.
Psychological Impact
XIII. Toward a World Economy
A.
Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century
1.
Inflation
B.
The Growth of Commercial Capitalism
1.
Joint stock trading companies
2.
New economic institutions
a.
The Bank of Amsterdam
b.
Amsterdam Bourse (Exchange)
3.
Agriculture
XIV. Mercantilism
A.
Total volume of trade unchangeable
B.
Economic activity = war through peaceful means
C.
Importance of bullion and favorable balance of trade
D.
State Intervention
XV. Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization
A.
Devastating effects to local populations in America and Africa
B.
Less impact in Asia
C.
Multiracial society in Latin America
D.
Ecology
E.
Catholic Missionaries
1.
Conversion of native populations
2.
Hospitals, orphanages and schools
3.
The Jesuits in Asia
4.
Conversions in China
5.
Japan
CHAPTER 14 SUMMARY
The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was an era of Western global expansion. Among the
motives, economics ranked first, followed by religion, and adventure or fame, or, as the text quotes,
“God, glory and gold.” It occurred when it did because of the emergence of centralized monarchies,
sufficient wealth to finance such endeavors, and new technologies such as better maps and charts, more
seaworthy ships, the compass and astrolabe, and knowledge of Atlantic winds.
4
The first to venture forth were Portugal and Spain. Portuguese ships were exploring and trading
along Africa’s west coast by the mid-fifteenth century, bringing back slaves and gold. Southern Africa
was founded in 1488, and India was reached in 1498, followed by the Malay Peninsula and the Spice
Islands (Indonesia). The Portuguese empire was one of trade; its population was too small to establish
large colonies but Spain had greater resources. Seeking the same Asian goal as Portugal, the Italian
Christopher Columbus (d. 1506), sailing for Spain, reached the Caribbean West Indies in 1492,
believing it was part of Asia. It was not, and the new found land became known as the New World or
America, after Amerigo Vespucci, an early geographer. Spanish conquistadors arrived on the mainland
of Mesoamerica in 1519. Aztec resistance was quickly overcome thanks to assistance from other native
states, gunpowder and horses, and European diseases such as smallpox, for which the native population
had no immunity. In South America, the Incas were conquered by the 1530s. The natives became
Spanish subjects, but were often exploited by Spanish settlers. Two viceroys (vice kings) ruled in Mexico
City and Lima, Peru; Catholic missionaries, under the control of the Spanish crown, brought Christianity
including cathedrals, schools, and the inquisition to the native population.
Although originally less prized than gold and spices, slaves became a major object of trade, and
by the nineteenth century ten million African slaves had been shipped to America. Slavery was common
in Africa, and the African terminus of the trade was in the hands of the Africans but the insatiable
demand for slaves led to increased warfare on that unfortunate continent. It was not until the late
1700s that slavery came under criticism in Europe.
The Dutch expelled Portugal from the Spice Islands by 1600, and in India, the British East India
Company controlled the Mughal Empire by the mid-1700s. Trade with China was limited, its rulers
believing the West offered nothing that China needed, and Japan gave only the Dutch even minimal
trading rights. In the New World, the Dutch, French, and the British also established colonies.
Eventually, British North America consisted of thirteen colonies. France established an empire in
Canada, but it French population remained small.
In Europe, a commercial revolution led to integrated markets, joint-stock trading companies,
and banking and stock exchange facilities. Mercantilist theory stated that a nation should acquire as
much gold and silver as possible, there must be a favorable balance of trade, or more exports than
imports, and the state would provide subsidies to manufacturers, grant monopolies to traders build
roads and canals, and impose high tariffs to limit imports.
The impact of European expansion was mixed. In the Americas, the native culture was largely
destroyed and a new multiracial society evolved. That was less true in British America, which became
mainly European in population and culture. The Columbian exchange saw Europeans bringing horses,
cattle, sugarcane, wheat as well as disease and gunpower to the New World and adopting the potato,
maize (corn), and chocolate in turn Native cultures were least affected in Asia, particularly in Japan and
China. Missionaries, mostly Catholic, were mainly successful in the New World, and with Europe,
imperial rivalries could lead to war.
2 Thessalonians 2:16-17 May our Lord Jesus Christ himself and God our Father, who has loved us and given us
everlasting encouragement and good hope through his grace encourage your hearts and strengthen them in every good deed and
word
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1450
Portugal
__
Dias sails around
the tip of Africa
1500
1550
1600
1650
1700
1750
1800
__Portuguese seize Malacca
__Portuguese arrive in Japan
Spain
_ _ __First boatload of African slaves to America
Voyages of Columbus
__
__Pizarro’s conquest of Inca
Spanish conquest of
Mexico
France
Netherlands
__Champlain establishes settlement at Quebec
__
Dutch fort established at Batavia
England
__Dutch seize Malacca from Portuguese
__English seize
New Netherland
__English
establish trading post
at Canton
__Battle of Plassey
__French cede Canada to British
__British mission to
China
Time Line Chapter 14
6
7
ESSAY
1. What accounted for the long-term failure of Native-Americans to stave off European
encroachments?
ANS:
2. Compare and contrast Portuguese and Spanish reasons and methods of exploration and
expansion.
ANS:
3. Why did the slave trade come to rely on the peoples of West Africa, and with what
consequences for all parties involved?
ANS:
4. What correlation is there between overseas expansion and economic, social, and political
development in Europe?
ANS:
5. Given its relatively small population and lack of obvious resources, why was the Dutch
Republic so successful in establishing a profitable overseas empire?
ANS:
6. What role did private investment and initiative play in the development of European
imperialism. Give specific examples.
ANS:
7. Was it sheer chance or luck that allowed Britain to gain control of much of India, or were there
other political, social, and economic factors which gave Britain an advantage over the French,
Dutch, Portuguese, and other potential European rivals?
8
ANS:
8. Examine the relationship between Japan and Europe from 1600 to approximately 1850.
ANS:
9. What role did religion play as a motivation in the age of discovery? Was it as important a
motive as economics? Give examples.
ANS:
10. Discuss the Columbian exchange. What was “exchanged” and who gained the most?
ANS:
11. Compare mercantilism to capitalism.
ANS:
IDENTIFICATIONS
1. Prester John
ANS:
2. The Travels of John Mandeville
ANS:
3. Marco Polo
ANS:
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4. “God, glory, and gold”
ANS:
5. portolani
ANS:
6. Ptolemy’s Geography
ANS:
7. lateen sails and square rigs
ANS:
8. compass and astrolabe
ANS:
9. Prince Henry the Navigator
ANS:
10. the Gold Coast
ANS:
11. Bartholomeu Dias
ANS:
12. Vasco da Gama and Calicut
10
ANS:
13. Afonso de Albuquerque
ANS:
14. Malacca
ANS:
15. Spice Islands
ANS:
16. Christopher Columbus
ANS:
17. John Cabot
ANS:
18. Vasco Nunez de Balboa
ANS:
19. Ferdinand Magellan
ANS:
20. Treaty of Tordesillas
ANS:
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21. Hernan Cortes and Moctezuma
ANS:
22. the Aztecs and Tenochtitlan
ANS:
23. the Inca and Pachakuti
ANS:
24. Francisco Pizarro
ANS:
25. encomienda
ANS:
26. the viceroy and audiencias
ANS:
27. Boers and Capetown
ANS:
28. slave trade and Middle Passage
ANS:
12
29. the triangular trade
ANS:
30. “sugar factories”
ANS:
31. Dutch East India Company
ANS:
32. Batavia
ANS:
33. Mughal Empire
ANS:
34. British East India Company
ANS:
35. Robert Clive
ANS:
36. “Black Hole of Calcutta”
ANS:
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37. Ming and Qing dynasties
ANS:
38. Lord Macartney and Emperor Qianlong
ANS:
39. Tokugawa shoguns
ANS:
40. Nagasaki and the Dutch
ANS:
41. Britain’s Navigation Acts
ANS:
42. Samuel de Champlain
ANS:
43. the asiento
ANS:
44. inflation
ANS:
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45. joint-stock trading companies
ANS:
46. House of Fugger
ANS:
47. mercantilism
ANS:
48. mestizos and mulattoes
ANS:
49. the Columbian Exchange
ANS:
50. Gerardus Mercator
ANS:
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Psalm 97: 11 Light dawns for the just: gladness, for the honest of heart.
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Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 14
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
17
Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 14
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
18
Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 14
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
19
Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 14
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
20
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 14
21
Europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500-1800
Chapter 14
Name___________________________________ Date __________Period __________Score_____
Focus Questions:
1. The reasons Europeans began to embark on voyages of discovery and expansion
22
2. How Portugal and Spain acquired their overseas empires, and how they differed
23
3. Consider the Dutch, British, and French expansion, and its effect on Africa, India, Southeast
Asia, China, and Japan
24
4. How European expansion affected both the conquerors and the conquered
25
5. The relationship between European expansion, and political, economic, and social
developments in Europe
26
6. Mercantilism and its relationship to colonial empires
27
Spill Over Focus Questions and Answers Chapter 14
28