Download Final Study Guide - Capital Area School for the Arts

World History – Final Test Study Guide
20 Question Test on Friday, June 2, 2017 (Matching and Multiple Choice Questions Only)
1419 – Prince Henry starts a navigation school
1487 – Bartolomeu Dias rounds the southern tip of Africa
1492 – Christopher Columbus reaches the Caribbean
1494 – Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas
1498 – Vasco da Gama reaches the port of Calicut on the Indian Ocean
1521 – Ferdinand Magellan leads a Spanish expedition to the Philippines
1565 – Spain begins settlements in the Philippines
1619 – The Dutch establish a trading center in Java
1664 – France sets up its own East India Company
The effect of geography on society, culture, and trade – live, survive and thrive
The Diverse Societies of Africa due to adaptation to varied environments
Desert, Rainforest, Mediterranean, Savannah
Middle East is the bridge between Europe, Asia and Africa
Government of Ancient Rome – monarchy, republic – empire – 12 tables
Conflicts – Punic wars, civil wars, invasion
Cultural – roads, gladiators, aquaducts, fountains, concrete, Latin, Catholicism
Direct influence to western civilizations – government, mythology, culture, entertainment, architecture
Middle Ages – 476-1500
Bubonic Plague – China 1330s / Europe 1347
Feudalism, castles & forts, gothic cathedrals, Crusades 1095 – 1212
Renaissance – rebirth of Greek and Roman culture and ideas
Attention is focused on the individual and human being as the center of all things
Trade leads to economic prosperity and political power
Giovannide Medier – banking/merchant/ruler $$$
Cosimo deMedici – leader 1434 – family 1737 – powerful supporters of the arts – arts flourished
Fascism - A centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader, that exalts nation and often race
above the individual and stands for severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of
opposition.
Militarism - A government policy of maintaining a strong military force and to keep it prepared to use it
aggressively to promote or defend national interests
Communism - A totalitarian system of government in which a single authoritarian party controls state-owned
means of production
Nationalism - A doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other; a devotion of country
and willingness to sacrifice for it.
Marxism -The dictatorship of the proletariat until the establishment of a classless society; political, economic,
and social principles and policies including the labor theory of value, dialectical materialism, and the class
struggle.
Capitalism - An economic system of private or corporate ownership of goods, by investment that are
determined by private decisions and the production, prices and distribution of those goods determined by
competition in a free market.
Imperialism - A type of government that seeks to increase its size either by forcing (military) or influencing
(political) other countries or territories to submit to their control.
Socialism - An economic and political theory advocating collective or governmental ownership and
administration of the means of production and distribution of goods.
Voltaire – Fought for tolerance, freedom of religion, and speech
Rousseau – Committed to individual freedom and the removal of titles as all people are equal
Locke - believed human nature was inherently good
Wollstonecraft – argued that women needed an education to become virtuous and useful
Montesquieu – favored the separation of powers and checks and balances
Hobbes – believed human nature was one of brutality and violence
In 1517, Martin Luther posted his 95 theses on the church door in Wittenberg because he opposed the selling of
indulgences for forgiveness. He was excommunicated in 1521 and declared a heretic. His actions cased a
schism from the Catholic Church that came to be known as the Reformation. King Henry VIII left the Catholic
Church and created the Church of England, also known as the Anglican Church. Johan Guttenberg’s invention
of the moveable type printing press helped to spread the ideas of the Reformation. Luther’s followers created
the Lutheran Church, rejected the Pope and believed people could interpret the Bible on their own.
Nicholas II was the last tsar of Russia under Romanov rule. His poor handling of Bloody Sunday and Russia’s
role in World War I led to his abdication and execution.
In January 1918, while WWI was still raging, President Wilson had drawn up a series of peace proposals.
Known as the Fourteen Points, they outlined a plan for achieving a just and lasting peace. However, the Treaty
of Versailles was more of a “peace built on quicksand.” In the end, the Treaty of Versailles did little to build a
lasting peace. The Versailles treaty was just one of five treaties negotiated by the Allies. In the end, these
agreements created feelings of bitterness and betrayal with both the victors and the defeated. It was a flawed
peace.
After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, Germany demanded the “return” of the ethnic German population of
Czechoslovakia—and the land on which it lived—to the German Reich. .On March 12, 1938, German troops
march into Austria to annex the German-speaking nation for the Third Reich. In late summer 1938, Hitler
threatened to unleash a European war unless the Sudetenland was ceded to Germany. The Sudetenland was a
border area of Czechoslovakia containing a majority ethnic German population as well as all of the
Czechoslovak Army's defensive positions in event of a war with Germany. The leaders of Britain, France, Italy,
and Germany held a conference in Munich on September 29–30, 1938. In what became known as the Munich
Pact, they agreed to the German annexation of the Sudetenland in exchange for a pledge of peace from Hitler
Because neither WWI or WWII was fought on American soil, American remained the leading industrial power.
The closest the U.S.A. came to military action within the borders was the bombing of the U.S. naval base at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941.
During World War II (1939-1945), the Battle of Normandy, which lasted from June 1944 to August 1944,
resulted in the Allied liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany’s control. Codenamed Operation
Overlord, the battle began on June 6, 1944, also known as D-Day, when some 156,000 American, British and
Canadian forces landed on five beaches along a 50-mile stretch of the heavily fortified coast of France’s
Normandy region.
The Korean War – 1950-1953 – is also known as The Forgotten War. North Korea is under communist leader
Kim Il Sung. South Korea is under an anti-communist leader (but not a good guy) Syngman Rhee. North and
South Korea are divided along the 38th parallel and have been entangled in civil war. In 1950, Kim Il Sung
invades the South and this now becomes an international conflict as President Truman feels the Soviet Union is
behind the invasion and this is a challenge to the Free World. Truman gets authorization from United Nations
but not Congress for the US to lead a UN “police action.” In Koera. General Douglas MacArthur is put in
charge. During the Korean War there is a “Scorched Earth” policy where more bombs are dropped on Korea
than in the WWII Pacific Arena.
The U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War The Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the
communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam
and its principal ally, the United States. The war began in 1954, after the rise to power of Ho Chi Minh and his
communist Viet Minh party in North Vietnam, and continued against the backdrop of an intense Cold War
between two global superpowers: the United States and the Soviet Union. More than 3 million people
(including 58,000 Americans) were killed in the Vietnam War; more than half were Vietnamese civilians. By
1969, at the peak of U.S. involvement in the war, more than 500,000 U.S. military personnel were involved in
the Vietnam conflict. Growing opposition to the war in the United States led to bitter divisions among
Americans, both before and after President Richard Nixon ordered the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973. In
1975, communist forces seized control of Saigon, ending the Vietnam War, and the country was unified as the
Socialist Republic of Vietnam the following year.
1932 – 1948 Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1948 – 1952 Harry S. Truman, 1952 – 1960 Dwight D. Eisenhower
1960 – 1963(assassination) John F. Kennedy, 1963 – 1968 Lyndon B. Johnson,
1968 – 1974 (resignation) Richard M. Nixon, 1974 – 1977 Gerald R. Ford