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Name: _____________________________________________________ History: Lesson 10.4 – The War of 1812 Date: _________________________________ Period: _______________________________ Directions: Read the following passages and answer the following questions in complete sentences. It wasn’t very long after the American Revolution that England and France were at war again. Both nations began to use force to regulate American trade. They each wanted to stop the United States from trading products to its enemy, so both nations attacked our ships. 1. What are some of the goods that one country would not want its enemy to import during a war? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Jefferson thought that he could convince England and France to leave U.S. ships alone by prohibiting the shipment of American goods to their countries or any other country in Europe. To carry out his plan, Congress passed the Embargo Act of 1807. He assumed that if U.S. ships were not on the seas, there was no way they could be attacked. The embargo was a failure. It hurt the United States far more than it hurt England or France. Business was so poor that tens of thousands of people in the port cities were out of work. People from all over the county, and especially the New England merchants, protested against the embargo. Finally, in 1809 the embargo was discontinued. 2. Based on what you have read, what is an embargo? Why did this embargo fail? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Examine the cartoon below and answer the question that follows. 3. How does the artist feel about the Embargo Act of 1807? What do you see in the picture that helped you form this decision? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ James Madison, who followed Jefferson as President, also tried to keep the country from going to war over freedom of the seas. At times it seemed that the United States should go to war against both England and France. However, the British were much harder on the Americans than the French were. The British actually fired upon U.S. battleships. They often impressed, or forced, sailors from American ships to work in the British navy. Furthermore, Native Americans from Canada were still raiding American settlements in the Northwest. The British who controlled Canada received much of the blame for the raids. Some American congressmen known as War Hawks pressed hard for war. They said that war with Great Britain would give the United States a good reason to invade Canada and capture it. In this way, Native American raids would be stopped and Canada would provide cheap land for American settlers. Madison asked Congress to decide the question of war with England. In June 1812, they voted “Yes.” The fighting that took place during the next three years in known as the War of 1812. 4. What are two ways that the British navy acted against the United States ships and men? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What are two reasons the War Hawks wanted war with Britain? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The American plan for the war was to attack Canada. In 1812, American forces attacked British forts at Detroit and Niagara. A third force advanced on Montreal. The Americans were beaten back by British soldiers, the Canadians, and their Native American allies. The Native Americans saw the war as a way to keep American settlers from moving into Indian territory. American forces made a second attempt to invade Canada in 1813. The American forces won some important battles. Toronto, the city where the Canadian government met, was taken but not held. In spite of all the United States’ efforts, the end of the year saw Canada still in the hands of the Canadians. 6. What was the result of the first time the U.S. invaded Canada? What happened the second time? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ In 1814, the British invaded the United States. After years of fighting in Europe, they had finally defeated the French. Now they could devote their full energies to the war with the United States. First, they planned to separate New England from the rest of the country, as they had tried to do in the Revolutionary War. But the result was the same – failure. An American fleet on Lake Champlain, commanded by Captain Thomas McDonough, destroyed the British fleet as it tried to sail south on the lake. 7. How does this paragraph prove that it is sometimes important to study history? Use the text to support your answer. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The second part of the British plan called for attacks on American cities and villages along the coast. These places could offer little resistance to the British. The British were quite successful, and even Washington D.C., the capital, was captured and burned. Among the buildings set ablaze were the Capitol and the president’s mansion. President Madison and his wife, Dolley, were forced to flee from the city, but not before she had packed up many valuable items, including a painting of George Washington, and other priceless valuables. Fortunately, a thunderstorm put out the fires before they could completely destroy the buildings. 8. How was Dolley Madison brave? Why do you think she did this? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The British did not try to hold Washington, D.C. Instead, they headed north to Baltimore. They attacked that city in mid-September, but the people of Baltimore were ready and held firm. A determined defense and fierce artillery fire from Fort McHenry in the harbor kept the British from entering the city. As the bombs burst over Fort McHenry during the night of September 13, local attorney Francis Scott Key watched. The next morning he saw the American flag still flying over the fort. Deeply moved, Key wrote a poem that became known as “The Star-Spangled Banner.” Congress designated “The Star Spangled Banner” as the national anthem in 1931. 9. What achievement did the United States make at Fort McHenry? How did the Battle of Baltimore turn into propaganda for the United States? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The third part of the British plans was to capture New Orleans. This would help to control the Mississippi River. The battle was a huge defeat for the British, who lost more than 2,000 soldiers, while the Americans lost no more than 75 troops. The redcoats were no match for General Andrew Jackson’s soldiers, who hid behind thick cotton bales. The bales absorbed the British bullets, while the British advancing in the open provided easy targets for American troops. The great irony of the battle is that neither Jackson nor the British troops knew that a peace treaty, called the Treaty of Ghent, had already been signed. This treaty ended the War of 1812, but it did not change any borders, nor did not mention the impressment of sailors or neutral rights Americans felt a new sense of patriotism and a strong national identity after the War of 1812. The young nation also gained new respect from other nations around the world. 10. What was ironic about the Battle of New Orleans? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11. Look at what the Treaty of Ghent accomplished. Then read the final paragraph about America as a whole. Was the War of 1812 worth it? Explain your response with evidence from the text. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________