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UNIT 8.3 EISENHOWER AND THE WORLD DURING HIS TIME Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (1890 – 1969), President: 1953 – 1961, Republican Won election due to his popularity from his role as __________________________forces during WWII Determined to prevent the spread of __________but also dedicated to scaling back ________spending Chose to focus on nuclear weapons as a cheap way to deter communist aggression Nuclear Holocaust? After the Soviets acquired the atomic bomb, Americans were worried about _____________ against US Many families constructed special underground bunkers (called "__________") Cities also designated subway tunnels and other underground structures as public fallout shelters Students were taught in school how to “________” in the event of a surprise attack through training While these efforts reassured the public, in reality they offered little real protection The Nuclear Arms Race Both the Soviets and the Americans rapidly built enough nuclear weapons to destroy the world “MAD” (Mutually Assured Destruction) was the theory that the ______ nuclear weapons both sides had, the ________the world was because it made a nuclear war unwinnable Brinksmanship Under Eisenhower Term originally coined by Eisenhower’s Secretary of State _________ ____________ was the practice of escalating international tensions to the brink of war, with the hope that the other side will "______" and back down at the last minute and thereby give you an advantage in future negotiations Domino Theory Eisenhower believed strongly in the idea that if you let even a single nation fall to communism, then you would set off a chain reaction where its neighbors would also fall to communism (like dominos) To keep the "dominos" from falling, Eisenhower ordered the _______ to stage covert (secret) interventions in several countries Communism in Cuba Many U.S. business held large investments in Cuba in 1950s, but those investments were jeopardized when the government was overthrown by communist rebels under the leadership of __________ U.S. leaders were alarmed by suddenly having a communist state 90 miles off the US coast The Eisenhower Doctrine In 1957, Eisenhower pledged American assistance to __________________ which was threatened by ________ Almost immediately, US forces were sent to _______________to help combat communist rebels The Suez Crisis The U.S. withdrew financial support from an Egyptian dam project over Egyptian weapons purchases that threatened _________________ In response, Egypt confiscated the Suez Canal from French and British investors in order to raise funds for the dam Britain and France (as well as the Israelis) sent in paratroopers to retake the canal, leading the _______ (who saw an opportunity to win Egypt as an ally) to threaten war Eisenhower forced _____________ to withdraw, but the damage was already done - many Arab states, already upset by Western support of the Jewish state in Israel, now saw the West as the enemy and aligned themselves with the Soviets Nikita Khrushchev (1894 - 1971) Comes to Power in the ___________ Khrushchev emerged as head of the Soviet Union after a brief power struggle following the death of Josef Stalin in 1953 Khrushchev was much more _________ than Stalin in Soviet domestic issues, but more also ___________ in foreign policy, pushing the S.U. to the brink of war with the US on several occasions The U-2 Incident (1960) Just weeks before a major U.S.- Soviet peace summit, the Soviets shot down an American U-2 spy plane over their airspace and captured the pilot, ____________________ The incident marked a turning point in US-Soviet relations, as the peace summit was cancelled and the American pilot was tried as a ____ and sentenced to prison (the Soviets later exchanged him for one of their own captured spies) The Federal Aid Highway Act (1956) Eisenhower authorized the spending of $25 billion in federal funds to build 41,000 miles of highways over a period of __________ These ____________ were built in order to allow the speedy movement of troops and supplies around the country in case of invasion or other national emergency The Space Race Both the US and USSR had captured German rocket scientists and were pursuing missile technologies Starting in 1957, these technologies were used to compete against each other for control of _____ – a multi-billion dollar “space race” to see who could accomplish certain objectives or discoveries first The development of ICBMs (_________________________) allowed both sides to mount _________ onto long-range rockets which could be launched against distant targets, as well as to launch objects into outer space Sputnik I (1957) The first _______________ to attain orbit around the earth (satellite) Sputnik I launched by the Soviets in Oct. 1957, followed by Sputnik II (which carried the first living creature into space, a ___________) in November Triggered a panic in the US, as Americans worried the Soviets were gaining a advantage over US The National Defense Education Act (1958) Eisenhower dramatically increased spending on education, especially in ______________ Passed in response to the belief that the U.S. was falling behind the_______ in scientific and technological fields The Act increased the number of high-school graduates who went on to college from less than ____ in 1950 to over _________ by 1970 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Created in _________ NASA was created as a civilian agency to take over space exploration programs from the various ________________ and increase coordination and efficiency