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The American Revolution 1774 - 1783 I. First Continental Congress A. September 5, 1774 - Philadelphia B. 56 delegates C. 12 out of 13 Colonies D. Georgia did not attend E. John Adams, Samuel Adams, John Dickinson, Patrick Henry and George Washington F. Continue boycott and stop trade with Great Britain G. Warned colonial militias to prepare H. Declaration of Rights (10) I. Agreed to meet in May 1775 II. The “Shot Heard round the World” A. Minutemen – local militia B. April 1775 – British general Thomas Gage took away MM weapons and stored at Concord C. April 18, 1775 – Paul Revere and William Dawes – British are coming! D. April 19, 1775 – Lexington village green, near Concord E. Unknown shot fired F. British marched onto Concord Paul Revere’s Ride Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 1807 - 1882 Listen, my children, and you shall hear Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-Five: Hardly a man is now alive Who remembers that famous day and year. He said to his friend, “If the British march By land or sea from the town to-night, Hang a lantern aloft in the belfry-arch Of the North-Church-tower, as a signal-light,-One if by land, and two if by sea; And I on the opposite shore will be, Ready to ride and spread the alarm Through every Middlesex village and farm, For the country-folk to be up and to arm.” Then he said “Good night!” and with muffled oar Silently rowed to the Charlestown shore, Just as the moon rose over the bay, Where swinging wide at her moorings lay The Somerset, British man-of-war: A phantom ship, with each mast and spar Across the moon, like a prison-bar, And a huge black hulk, that was magnified By its own reflection in the tide. III. Second Continental Congress A. May 10, 1775 – Philadelphia B. Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin, and John Hancock C. Hancock – President of the Congress D. Created Continental Army E. George Washington commander F. Olive Branch Petition IV. Early Battles A. Fort Ticonderoga, New York 1. May 10, 1775 2. Col. Benedict Arnold & Ethan Allen 3. Colonists surprised the British 4. American victory B. Battle of Bunker Hill 1. Mid-June 1775 2. Breed’s Hill 3. British Victory V. Common Sense, Thomas Paine A. January 9, 1776 – Philadelphia B. Plain language C. The people should make laws not the monarchy VI. Declaring Independence A. June 1776 B. 2nd Continental Congress C. Committee: Jefferson (main author), John Adams, Ben Franklin D. Jefferson’s 3 main ideas: 1. All men possess unalienable rights Inspired by John Locke 2. KG3 violated colonists rights 3. Colonies had the right to break away. VII. Colonists A. Patriots – fight for independence B. Loyalists or Tories – loyal to Great Britain C. Many colonists remained neutral VIII. Forgotten Colonists??? A. Women – Abigail Adams worried that women were not included B. Slaves – the Declaration did not recognize their rights. Major Battles I. Lexington and Concord A. General Thomas Gage 1. Lexington to capture Samuel Adams and John Hancock 2. Concord to capture stored arms and ammunititon B. Revere, Dawes and Cheswell – midnight ride C. British suffer heavy casualties II. Bunker Hill A. B. C. D. E. American’s occupied Breed’s Hill First two attacks British failed Third attack Americans ran out of ammunition British victory Patriots could not be easily defeated III. Fort Ticonderoga and Crown Point A. Captured by Ethan Allen and Green Mt. Boys with help from Benedict Arnold B. Leads the invasion of Canada 1. Richard Montgomery (America) captured Montreal 2. Montgomery advances to Quebec joined Benedict Arnold 3. December 31, 1775 Americans attack Quebec a. Americans driven back b. Montgomery was killed c. Arnold was seriously wounded IV. British Withdraw from Boston A. 2 weeks after Bunker Hill B. Washington takes cannons from Ft. Ticondergoga C. Gen. Howe withdrew to Nova Scotia then attacked Long Island V. British Capture New York City A. General Howe overwhelmed the poorly equipped Continental Army B. Washington escapes to New Jersey C. Nathan Hale captured and hung as a spy orders from General Howe VI. Battles of Trenton and Princeton A. Continental Army – very ragged, verge of defeat B. Thomas Paine, The Crisis – “These are the times that try men’s souls.” C. Washington crosses the Delaware Christmas night and surprises the Hessian force at Trenton D. A week later, Washington takes Princeton E. Victories boost spirits and attracts more men to the Continental Army. VII. Battles of Oriskany and Saratoga A. British plan to divide New England, 1777 1. General Burgoyne march from Canada to Albany, NY 2. Colonel Barry St. Leger lead from Canada to Oswego and then to Albany 3. General William Howe move north from New York City to Albany 4. Plan failed B. St. Leger defeated at the Battle of Oriskany C. Gen. Howe moved to Philadelphia winning Brandywine and Germantown against Washington D. Gen. Burgoyne defeated at the Battle of Saratoga by American Commander General Horatio Gates E. American victory – France signed the Treaty of Alliance with United States VIII.British Leave Philadelphia A. Philadelphia capitol of the U.S. – Brandywine and Germantown – British victories B. Valley Forge – Washington (worst winter) C. Baron von Steuben reorganized and trained Continentals D. General Henry Clinton (GB) abandoned Philadelphia and moved British forces back to New York City. IX. George Rogers Clark A. British encouraged their Indian allies to attack American settlers on the western frontier. B. Clark and a band of frontiersmen C. present day Illinois and Indiana D. Clark captures British forts Kaskaskia and Vincennes X. The War at Sea A. American naval forces tried to avoid direct confrontation with British Navy B. They focused on disrupting Great Britain’s trade C. Small Continental Navy and 2,000 privateers D. Captured 800 British Ships E. John Paul Jones captures Serapis (British) XI. End of the War A. Fighting in the last years took place in the south. B. British captured the coastal cities of Savannah, Charleston, and Wilmington C. General Charles Cornwallis defeated American forces at Camden, SC. D. General Nathanael Greene goes to southern states E. America wins King’s Mountain, Cowpens and Guilford Courthouse – Cornwallis retreats to the coast. F. Marquis de Lafayette occupied Cornwallis G. Washington heads south with 20,000 men H. Admiral de Grasse prevents British Navy from helping Cornwallis I. Cornwallis surrenders J. Yorktown last major battle – American victory XII. Treaty of Paris 1783 A. Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States B. The Mississippi becomes the United States western border.