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Transcript
Space Explorations FINAL EXAM REVIEW Key Concepts Technologies for space Composition and exploration and observation Reference frames for describing position and motion in space Satellites and orbits Distribution of matter through space characteristics of bodies in space Life-support technologies Communication technologies Frames of Reference Ancient astronomers learned a lot about the heavens without much, if any, technology. Earth was the first frame of reference people used. Frame of reference: a set of axes of any kind that is used to describe the positions or motions of things Locating Stars in the Sky Altitude-azimuth co-ordinates are a set of co- ordinates used to locate a celestial body relative to a fixed Earth (as though the celestial bodies are circling Earth) Altitude measures the angle of elevation of an object above the horizon Azimuth measures the compass direction, in degrees, clockwise from North Models of the Universe Careful measurements of planetary motions led to two conflicting theories of the universe – geocentric and heliocentric. Geocentric: a model of the universe that places Earth at the centre with the Sun, moons, and planets revolving around it Heliocentric: a model of the universe that places the Sun at the centre with Earth, the planets, and moons The invention of the telescope enabled astronomers to make more precise measurements of celestial objects, and the heliocentric theory won out. Spectroscopes and Spectroscopy The electromagnetic spectrum arranges radiation from the lowest energy to the highest energy. Radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, x-rays, gamma rays The invention of the spectroscope enabled astronomers to infer the composition of stars. Spectroscopy also enables astronomers to find out the direction of motion of celestial bodies because of the Doppler effect. Radio Telescopes Radio signals come from the sky. Radio astronomers made many more discoveries about celestial bodies by analyzing radio waves. Radio telescope images are not affected by dust, clouds, weather, Earth’s atmosphere, or visible light (can be used day or night). This gives them an advantage over optical telescopes Applications The distances to the nearest stars are found with parallax and triangulation. Telescopes of all types have been made bigger over the years. They have been connected through the use of computers. Some telescopes have been placed in space. Technological Developments Rockets were designed for war and are now used for peaceful applications. All of the things we put in space need rockets to get them there. Computers are important for space technology. They are used to calculate orbits, store and manipulate images, and to receive and act upon instructions from Earth. Technological Developments The Hubble space telescope is one of a series of space-based observatories planned or launched. Several other space telescopes now exist. Space telescopes produce clearer images than land- based telescopes because they do not experience interference from Earth’s atmosphere, clouds, and weather. Satellites Scientists are studying Earth from space with satellites. These satellites may be in low Earth orbits, or in geosynchronous orbits. This is called remote sensing. Low Earth Orbit: satellites are placed 200—800 km above the ground, and complete one orbit of Earth in about 1.5h Geosynchronous Orbit: orbit of satellites placed about 36000 km above the ground, directly above the equator, orbiting Earth once every 24 h The global positioning system (GPS) is a fleet of satellites used by people to locate their position on Earth. Space Exploration The Sun, Moon, and every planet have been visited by at least one Earth spacecraft. We have some closeup data on these as a result. The main focus of a human presence in space at this time is to occupy a space station. Canada is a partner in this endeavor, supplying many technological devices and astronauts as mission specialists. Notable Firsts First human in space: Yuri Gagarin First woman in space: Valentina Tereshkova First human on the Moon: Neil Armstrong First Canadian in space: Marc Garneau First Canadian woman in space: Roberta Bondar First spacewalk: Alexei Leonov First Canadian spacewalk: Chris Hadfield Longest time spent in space: Scott Kelly Humans in Space Humans travelling in space have many challenges facing them, including limited supplies of food, water, oxygen, medicines, and fuel The effects of living in microgravity can also cause bones to weaken, cardiovascular systems to weaken, and other negative effects. Astronauts sometimes also deal with depression, loneliness, and isolation when traveling in space. What to Expect on the PAT From this unit: 10 multiple choice questions 1 numerical response question 5 “knowledge” questions 6 “skills” questions Examples of Knowledge Questions Parallax and triangulation can be used to determine the A. Distance between a star and a planet B. Magnitude of a star’s brightness C. Speed a planet is orbiting a star D. Composition of a star or planet The Hubble Space Telescope produces clearer images than similar telescopes that are used on Earth because A. the Hubble Space telescope is travelling in a geosynchronous orbit B. the Hubble Space Telescope is closer to the stars that it is viewing C. there is no interference from Earth’s atmosphere in space D. there is no air pressure in space Examples of Skills Questions What is the student in the illustration most likely trying to determine? A. The altitude of the sphere B. The azimuth of the sphere C. The distance to the sphere D. The diameter of the sphere Which of the celestial objects listed above poses the greatest danger to space exploration technologies and astronauts in the space environment? A. Asteroid B. Meteoroid C. Meteor D. Meteorite