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.opennet Technologies
Input/Output in Java
Fall Semester 2001 MW 5:00 pm - 6:20 pm CENTRAL (not Indiana) Time
Geoffrey Fox and Bryan Carpenter
PTLIU Laboratory for Community Grids
Computer Science,
Informatics, Physics
Indiana University
Bloomington IN 47404
[email protected]
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I/O in Java

Many packages and libraries associated with Java
provide sophisticated ways to input and output
information, e.g.:
– GUI-based approaches: input from low-level keyboard and
mouse events, or higher level semantic operations on buttons,
menus, etc; output through arbitrarily sophisticated graphics
(Swing, AWT, Java2d, etc).
– (Server-side) Web-based approaches: input from HTML forms
(or via client-side Javascript); output through dynamically
generated Web pages (Java Servlets, Java Server Pages, etc).
– XML-based: input through XML parsing; output through XML
serialization (DOMParser, SAXParser, etc).

Nevertheless, we often need to resort to more traditional
methods to read and write information from terminal
keyboard and screen, or ordinary files.
– This section discusses “traditional I/O”.
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Simple Output

We already saw many examples of simple output: e.g.
float x ;
System.out.println(“The value of x is: ” + x) ;
– Here we use the string concatenation operator, + (in
conjunction with an implicit “string conversion” operation, which
converts x to a suitable String representation).
– (Note implicit string conversion only works in a + operation).

The prefix System.out is a reference to a static field of
the System class.
– System is a class in the implicitly imported java.lang package.

The field out has type PrintStream. It represents the
“standard output” of the program.
– Typically the terminal screen, unless it has been redirected.
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I/O Streams




A stream carries a sequence of bytes or characters.
Stream sources and sinks include:
– files
– network or thread-to-thread connections
– blocks of memory (Java arrays)
As far as possible, all types of streams are treated uniformly.
The most basic byte streams are InputStream and
OutputStream. These classes have methods to read or write
bytes from or to a stream, e.g.:
int read();
void write(int);
skip(long); available(); flush(); close(); etc, etc
– Many of the above methods throw a possible IOException.
– The read() and write(int) methods “block” during transfer.
Mostly you won’t use these methods directly: you use higher level
methods provided by specialized stream subclasses.
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The Output Stream Zoo

The specialized subclasses of OutputStream write their data to
specific kinds of target, or offer additional methods to write a byte
stream in a more structured way, or provide other functionality, such
as guaranteed buffering.

For example, to open a binary stream to an output file, use:
FileOutputStream s = new FileOutputStream("/usr/gcf/file");
OutputStream
ByteArray
OutputStream
FileOutput
Stream
FilterOutput
Stream
Buffered
PrintStream
OutputStream
PipedOutput
Stream
DataOutput
Stream
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FilterOutputStreams


DataOutputStream and BufferedOutputStream are
two important FilterOutputStreams.
To open a data stream to an output file, use:
DataOutputStream out =
new DataOutputStream (new FileOutputStream( filename )
);
where filename is a file name string.
– Note that DataOutputStream has methods to write any
primitive type.

To open a buffered output stream, use:
BufferedOutputStream out =
new BufferedOutputStream (new FileOutputStream(
filename ) );
– Only bytes may be written to a BufferedOutputStream (unless,
say, you create a Dataoutput stream, wrapping it in turn).
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The Input Streams

The hierarchy of input streams is follows similar
lines to the hierachy of output streams. We
don’t reproduce the details here. Check out the
Java 2 API at
http://java.sun.com/products/j2se/1.4/docs/api
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Character Streams



The hierarchies of streams based on InputStream and
OutputStream are most suitable for handling “binary”
data.
A separate hierarchy of Reader and Writer classes fulfill
the analogous role for character streams, used to read
and write to terminal, or text files.
To construct a character output stream directed to a file,
for example:
PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter (new FileWriter( filename ) ) ;
– Note it is a historical accident that System.out is a PrintStream
rather than a PrintWriter. PrintStream is now a deprecated
class, and only retained for backward compatibility.
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Standard Input/Output



The System class in java.lang provides the “standard”
I/O streams System.in, System.out, and System.err.
System.in is an instance of InputStream.
System.out and System.err are instances of
PrintStream.
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Simple keyboard input
import java.io.* ;
class BufferedReaderTest {
public static void main(String [] args) throws IOException {
// Create a BufferedReader wrapping standard input:
BufferedReader in =
new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in)) ;
String s ;
s = in.readLine() ;
new-line.
// Reads any string terminated by
System.out.println("s = " + s) ; // Print what was read.
}
}
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Wrapper classes for primitive types

Primitive types such as int, char, float, etc. are not
classes. Thus one cannot use methods:
int var;
var.toString();

// Wrong!
However, all primitive types have associated wrapper
classes:
Character myChar = new Character( 'A' );
– The Character class has methods such as:
if ( myChar.equals( ch ) ) ...
System.out.print( myChar.toString() );

Static methods in a wrapper class are also useful to
convert types, such as a String to a Double.
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Example: reading a number
double x ;
while (true) {
// retry loop
try {
String t = in.readLine() ;
// Read line as a
string
x = Double.valueOf(t).doubleValue() ; // Convert to a
double
break ;
// Success!: break out of retry
loop
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
System.out.print("Sorry. " +
"Please re-enter a double (no spaces):
") ;
// retry loop begins
again
}
}
System.out.println("x = " + x) ;
// Print what was
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The java.lang.Math class


This class provides standard mathematical functions,
using types int, long, float and double.
It is a “static class”, meaning that you only use the static
methods.
– You cannot create Math objects (enforced by private
constructor).

The methods include
IEEEremainder, abs, ceil, cos, exp, floor, log, max, min, pow,
random, sin, sqrt, and other trig functions.
– The random number generator is a linear congruential
generator, which is fast but not random enough for many
scientific applications.
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