Download Project Management 5e

PROJECT MANAGEMENT
(N MBA 034)
What is a Project?
• Project Defined
–A complex, Nonroutine, One-time effort
– limited by time, budget, resources ( Triple Constraint)
–Performance specifications designed to meet
customer needs.
• Major Characteristics of a Project
–Has an established objective.
–Has a defined life span with a beginning and an end.
–Requires across-the-organizational participation.
–Involves doing something never been done before.
–Has specific time, cost, and performance
requirements.
Project Characteristics
►
►
►
►
►
Single unit
Many related activities
Difficult production planning and inventory
control
General purpose equipment
High labor skills
Examples of Projects
►
Building Construction
►
Research Project
Programs versus Projects
• Program Defined
–A series of coordinated, related, multiple
projects that continue over an extended
time and are intended to achieve a goal.
–A higher level group of projects targeted
at a common goal.
–Example:
• Project:
completion of a required course
in project management.
• Program: completion of all courses required
for a business major.
Comparison of Routine Work with Projects
Routine, Repetitive Work
Projects
Taking class notes
Writing a term paper
Daily entering sales receipts into
the accounting ledger
Setting up a sales kiosk for a
professional accounting meeting
Responding to a supply-chain
request
Developing a supply-chain
information system
Practicing scales on the piano
Writing a new piano piece
Routine manufacture of an Apple
iPod
Designing an iPod that is
approximately 2 X 4 inches,
interfaces with PC, and
stores 10,000 songs
Attaching tags on a manufactured
product
Wire-tag projects for GE and
Wal-Mart
Project Life Cycle
Project Management Activities
Planning
►
►
Objectives
►
Resources
►
Scheduling
►
Work breakdown structure
►
►
►
Organization
Start & end
times
►
►
►
Controlling
Monitor, compare, revise, action
Project
activities
Network
Project Organization
Often temporary structure
► Uses specialists from entire company
► Headed by project manager
►
►
►
►
Coordinates activities
Monitors schedule
and costs
Permanent
structure called
‘MATRIX ORGANIZATION’
Project Organization
Works Best When
1. Work can be defined with a specific goal
and deadline
2. The job is unique or somewhat unfamiliar
to the existing organization
3. The work contains complex interrelated
tasks requiring specialized skills
4. The project is temporary but critical to the
organization
5. The project cuts across organizational
lines
A Sample Project Organization
President
Human
Resources
Marketing
Project No. 1
Project No. 2
Finance
Design
Quality
Mgt
Production
Project
Manager
Mechanical
Engineer
Test
Engineer
Technician
Project
Manager
Electrical
Engineer
Computer
Engineer
Technician
Matrix Organization
Marketing
Project 1
Project 2
Project 3
Project 4
Operations
Engineering
Finance
The Importance of Project Management
• Factors leading to the increased use
of project management:
–Compression of the product life cycle
–Knowledge explosion
–Triple bottom line (planet, people, profit)
–Corporate downsizing
–Increased customer focus
–Small projects represent big problems
Benefits of an Integrative Approach
to Project Management
• Integration (or centralization) of project
management provides senior management with:
–An overview of all project management activities
–A big picture of how organizational resources are used
–A risk assessment of their portfolio of projects
–A rough metric of the firm’s improvement in managing
projects relative to others in the industry
–Linkages of senior management with actual project
execution management
Integrated Project Management Systems
• Problems resulting from the use of piecemeal
project management systems:
–Do not tie together the overall strategies of the firm.
–Fail to prioritize selection of projects by their
importance of their contribution to the firm.
–Are not integrated throughout the project life cycle.
–Do not match project planning and controls with
organizational culture to make appropriate
adjustments in support of project endeavors.
Integrated Management of Projects
FIGURE 1.2
The Technical
and Sociocultural
Dimensions
of the Project
Management
Process
Project Management Techniques
Gantt chart
► Critical Path Method
(CPM)
► Program Evaluation and
Review Technique (PERT)
►
A Simple Gantt Chart
J
Design
Prototype
Test
Revise
Production
F
M
Time
A M J
J
A
S
A Comparison of AON and AOA Network
Conventions
Activity on
Node (AON)
A
C
B
D
(d)
A
C
(e)
B
D
Activity
Meaning
C and D cannot
begin until both
A and B are
completed
C cannot begin until
both A and B are
completed
D cannot begin until
B is completed
A dummy activity is
introduced in AOA
Activity on
Arrow (AOA)
A
C
B
D
A
C
Dummy activity
B
D
A Comparison of AON and AOA Network
Conventions
Activity on
Node (AON)
A
B
(f)
C
D
Activity
Meaning
B and C cannot
begin until A is
completed
D cannot begin
until both B and C
are completed
A dummy activity
is again
introduced in AOA
Activity on
Arrow (AOA)
A
Dummy
activity
B
D
C
Determining the Project Schedule
Perform a Critical Path Analysis
►
►
The critical path is the longest path
through the network
The critical path is the shortest time in
which the project can be completed
►
Any delay in critical path activities delays
the project
►
Critical path activities have no slack time
Determining the Project Schedule
Perform a Critical Path Analysis
Earliest start (ES) = earliest time at which an activity can
start, assuming all predecessors have
been completed
Earliest finish (EF) = earliest time at which an activity can be
finished
Latest start (LS) = latest time at which an activity can start
so as to not delay the completion time of
the entire project
Latest finish (LF) = latest time by which an activity has to be
finished so as to not delay the
completion time of the entire project
Determining the Project Schedule
Activity Format
Figure 3.9
Activity Name
or Symbol
A
Earliest
Start
ES
EF
Latest
Start
LS
LF
2
Earliest
Finish
Latest
Finish
Activity Duration
Forward Pass
Begin at starting event and work forward
Earliest Start Time Rule:
►
If an activity has only a single immediate
predecessor, its ES equals the EF of the
predecessor
If an activity has multiple immediate
predecessors, its ES is the maximum of all
the EF values of its predecessors
►
ES = Max {EF of all immediate predecessors}
Forward Pass
Begin at starting event and work forward
Earliest Finish Time Rule:
►
The earliest finish time (EF) of an activity is
the sum of its earliest start time (ES) and its
activity time
EF = ES + Activity time
Computing Variance
TABLE 3.4
Time Estimates (in weeks)
ACTIVITY
OPTIMISTIC
a
MOST
LIKELY
m
PESSIMISTIC
b
EXPECTED TIME
t = (a + 4m + b)/6
VARIANCE
[(b – a)/6]2
A
1
2
3
2
.11
B
2
3
4
3
.11
C
1
2
3
2
.11
D
2
4
6
4
.44
E
1
4
7
4
1.00
F
1
2
9
3
1.78
G
3
4
11
5
1.78
H
1
2
3
2
.11
Advantages of PERT/CPM
1. Especially useful when scheduling and
controlling large projects
2. Straightforward concept and not
mathematically complex
3. Graphical networks help highlight
relationships among project activities
4. Critical path and slack time analyses help
pinpoint activities that need to be closely
watched
Advantages of PERT/CPM
5. Project documentation and graphics point
out who is responsible for various activities
6. Applicable to a wide variety of projects
7. Useful in monitoring not only schedules but
costs as well
Limitations of PERT/CPM
1. Project activities have to be clearly defined,
independent, and stable in their
relationships
2. Precedence relationships must be specified
and networked together
3. Time estimates tend to be subjective and
are subject to fudging by managers
4. There is an inherent danger of too much
emphasis being placed on the longest, or
critical, path