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Name: __________________________________________ Blood Notes Blood The only __________________ in the human body Classified as a ________________ tissue Components of blood Living cells Non-living matrix If blood is centrifuged __________________sink to the bottom (_____ of blood, a percentage known as the hematocrit) __________________ contains leukocytes and platelets (less than ______ of blood) Buffy coat is a thin, whitish layer between the erythrocytes and plasma __________________ rises to the top (______ of blood) Physical Characteristics of Blood Color range Oxygen-_________ blood is _____________ red Oxygen-_________ blood is _____________ red pH must remain between __________________ Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature at _____________ In a healthy man, blood volume is about _________________ Blood makes up ______ of body weight Blood Plasma Composed of approximately _____________________ Includes many ________________ substances __________________ Salts (electrolytes) __________________ gases __________________ Plasma proteins __________________ products Plasma proteins Most _________________ solutes in plasma Most plasma proteins are made by _______ Various plasma proteins include _______________—regulates osmotic pressure _______________ proteins—help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured ___________—help protect the body from pathogens Blood becomes too acidic Blood becomes too basic In each scenario, the _________________ system and kidneys help restore blood pH to normal Formed Elements Red blood cells (RBCs) White blood cells (WBCs) Erythrocytes (red blood cells or RBCs) Main function is to carry _________________ Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes _________________ disks Essentially bags of _____________ ____________________ (no nucleus) Contain very few organelles _____ million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood Hemoglobin __________-containing protein Binds strongly, but reversibly, to ___________ Each hemoglobin molecule has ____ oxygen binding sites Each erythrocyte has _____ million hemoglobin molecules Normal blood contains 12–18 g of hemoglobin per 100 mL blood Homeostatic imbalance of RBCs ______________ is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood ______________ cell anemia (SCA) results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin _______________ is an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes Leukocytes (white blood cells or WBCs) Crucial in the body’s _____________ against disease These are _________ cells, with a nucleus and organelles Able to move into and out of blood vessels (___________) Can move by ____________ motion Can respond to _________ released by damaged tissues 4,000 to 11,000 WBC per cubic millimeter of blood Abnormal numbers of leukocytes WBC count above _____________ leukocytes/mm3 Generally indicates an infection Abnormally _________ leukocyte level Commonly caused by certain drugs Bone marrow becomes cancerous, turns out excess WBC Types of leukocytes Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained Possess lobed nuclei Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils Lack visible cytoplasmic granules Nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped Include lymphocytes and monocytes List of the WBCs from most to least abundant Easy way to remember this list Types of granulocytes Multilobed nucleus with fine granules Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules Found in response to allergies and parasitic worms Types of granulocytes (continued) Have histamine-containing granules Initiate inflammation Types of agranulocytes Nucleus fills most of the cell Play an important role in the immune response Largest of the white blood cells Function as macrophages Important in fighting chronic infection Derived from ______________ multinucleate cells (_____________________) Needed for the _____________ process Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3 Hematopoiesis Blood cell _______________ Occurs in ________________________________ All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (_______________________) Hemocytoblast differentiation ______________ stem cell produces lymphocytes __________ stem cell produces all other formed elements clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting _______________ Formation of Erythrocytes Unable to _________, _________, or synthesize proteins Wear out in ______ to ______ days When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the _________ or __________ Lost cells are replaced by division of ___________________ in the red bone marrow Control of Erythrocyte Production Rate is controlled by a _________ (___________________) Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to ___________ ______________ levels in the blood Homeostasis is maintained by ______________ feedback from blood oxygen levels Hemostasis Blood usually clots within _____________________ The clot remains as endothelium _________________ The clot is _________ ____________ after tissue repair Undesirable Clotting A clot in an ___________________ blood vessel Can be deadly in areas like the __________ A thrombus that breaks away and __________ freely in the bloodstream Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the ______ Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets Controlled by _____________ Colony stimulating factors (___________) and interleukins prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes _______________ stimulates production of platelets Hemostasis _________________ of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel Hemostasis involves three phases 1) ____________________ causes blood vessel to spasm Spasms ________________ the blood vessel, _____________ blood loss 2) Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel Platelets become “__________” and cling to fibers Anchored platelets release _________ to attract more platelets Platelets ________ up to form a platelet plug 3) Injured tissues release tissue factor (TF) PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with TF, blood protein Bleeding Disorders Platelet ___________________ Even ____________ movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting _________________ bleeding disorder Normal ___________ factors are missing Blood Groups and Transfusions Large losses of blood have serious consequences Loss of _______________ causes weakness Loss of over ________ causes shock, which can be fatal ________________ are the only way to replace blood quickly Transfused blood must be of the ___________ blood group Human Blood Groups Blood contains genetically determined _____________ ____________ (a substance the body recognizes as foreign) may be ______________ by the immune system ____________ are the “______________” Blood is “___________” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (________________) There are over ______ common red blood cell antigens The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by _____ and ______ blood group antigens ABO Blood Groups Rh Blood Groups Based on the presence or absence of _______ antigens The lack of these antigens is called _________ The presence of both antigens A and B is called type ______ The presence of antigen A is called type ______ The presence of antigen B is called type ______ The lack of both antigens A and B is called type ______ Blood type AB can receive _____________________ ____________________ Blood type B can receive ____________________ Blood type A can receive ____________________ Blood type O can receive ____________________ ___________________ Blood Type Antigens on cells Antibodies Can in plasma donate to: Can receive from: Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) that was originally defined in Rhesus monkeys Most Americans are _________ (Rh _____________) Problems can occur in mixing ________ blood into a body with _______ (Rh ____________) blood Rh Dangers During Pregnancy Danger occurs only when the mother is _______and the father is _______ and the child inherits the _______ factor ___________ shot can prevent buildup of anti-Rh+ antibodies in mother’s blood The mismatch of an _____ mother carrying an ____ baby can cause problems for the unborn child The first pregnancy usually proceeds ________ problems The immune system is ________________ after the first pregnancy In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces __________ to attack the ______ (_____________________________________) Blood Typing Blood samples are mixed with ________ and _______ serum _________ or no coagulation leads to determining blood type Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the ______ manner _____________ matching—testing for agglutination of _________ RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa Developmental Aspects of Blood Sites of blood cell formation The fetal _________ and ___________ are early sites of blood cell formation Bone _______________ takes over hematopoiesis by the seventh month Fetal _______________________ differs from hemoglobin produced after birth Physiologic _____________ results in infants in which the liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough