Download Blood - Humble ISD

Name: __________________________________________
Blood Notes
Blood
 The only __________________ in the human body
 Classified as a ________________ tissue
 Components of blood
 Living cells

 Non-living matrix

 If blood is centrifuged
 __________________sink to the bottom (_____ of blood,
a percentage known as the hematocrit)
 __________________ contains leukocytes and platelets
(less than ______ of blood)
 Buffy coat is a thin, whitish layer between the
erythrocytes and plasma
 __________________ rises to the top (______ of blood)
Physical Characteristics of Blood
 Color range
 Oxygen-_________ blood is _____________ red
 Oxygen-_________ blood is _____________ red
 pH must remain between __________________
 Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature at
_____________
 In a healthy man, blood volume is about _________________
 Blood makes up ______ of body weight
Blood Plasma
 Composed of approximately _____________________
 Includes many ________________ substances
 __________________
 Salts (electrolytes)
 __________________ gases
 __________________
 Plasma proteins
 __________________ products
 Plasma proteins
 Most _________________ solutes in plasma
 Most plasma proteins are made by _______
 Various plasma proteins include
 _______________—regulates osmotic pressure
 _______________ proteins—help to stem blood loss
when a blood vessel is injured
 ___________—help protect the body from pathogens

 Blood becomes too acidic

 Blood becomes too basic
 In each scenario, the _________________ system and
kidneys help restore blood pH to normal
Formed Elements

 Red blood cells (RBCs)

 White blood cells (WBCs)
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 Erythrocytes (red blood cells or RBCs)
 Main function is to carry _________________
 Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes
 _________________ disks
 Essentially bags of _____________
 ____________________ (no nucleus)
 Contain very few organelles
 _____ million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood
 Hemoglobin
 __________-containing protein
 Binds strongly, but reversibly, to ___________
 Each hemoglobin molecule has ____ oxygen binding sites
 Each erythrocyte has _____ million hemoglobin molecules
 Normal blood contains 12–18 g of hemoglobin per 100 mL
blood
 Homeostatic imbalance of RBCs
 ______________ is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying
ability of the blood
 ______________ cell anemia (SCA) results from
abnormally shaped hemoglobin
 _______________ is an excessive or abnormal increase
in the number of erythrocytes
 Leukocytes (white blood cells or WBCs)
 Crucial in the body’s _____________ against disease
 These are _________ cells, with a nucleus and organelles
 Able to move into and out of blood vessels (___________)
 Can move by ____________ motion
 Can respond to _________ released by damaged tissues
 4,000 to 11,000 WBC per cubic millimeter of blood
 Abnormal numbers of leukocytes

 WBC count above _____________ leukocytes/mm3
 Generally indicates an infection

 Abnormally _________ leukocyte level
 Commonly caused by certain drugs

 Bone marrow becomes cancerous, turns out excess
WBC
 Types of leukocytes

 Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained
 Possess lobed nuclei
 Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

 Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
 Nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped
 Include lymphocytes and monocytes
 List of the WBCs from most to least abundant





 Easy way to remember this list

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
 Types of granulocytes

 Multilobed nucleus with fine granules
 Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection

 Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules
 Found in response to allergies and parasitic worms
 Types of granulocytes (continued)

 Have histamine-containing granules
 Initiate inflammation
 Types of agranulocytes

 Nucleus fills most of the cell
 Play an important role in the immune response

 Largest of the white blood cells
 Function as macrophages
 Important in fighting chronic infection

 Derived from ______________ multinucleate cells
(_____________________)
 Needed for the _____________ process
 Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3
Hematopoiesis
 Blood cell _______________
 Occurs in ________________________________
 All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell
(_______________________)
 Hemocytoblast differentiation
 ______________ stem cell produces lymphocytes
 __________ stem cell produces all other formed elements
clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting
_______________
Formation of Erythrocytes
 Unable to _________, _________, or synthesize proteins
 Wear out in ______ to ______ days
 When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the
_________ or __________
 Lost cells are replaced by division of ___________________
in the red bone marrow
Control of Erythrocyte Production
 Rate is controlled by a _________ (___________________)
 Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to
___________ ______________ levels in the blood
 Homeostasis is maintained by ______________ feedback
from blood oxygen levels
Hemostasis
 Blood usually clots within _____________________
 The clot remains as endothelium _________________
 The clot is _________ ____________ after tissue repair
Undesirable Clotting

 A clot in an ___________________ blood vessel
 Can be deadly in areas like the __________

 A thrombus that breaks away and __________ freely in
the bloodstream
 Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the ______
Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets
 Controlled by _____________
 Colony stimulating factors (___________) and interleukins
prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes
 _______________ stimulates production of platelets
Hemostasis
 _________________ of bleeding resulting from a break in a
blood vessel
 Hemostasis involves three phases
1)
 ____________________ causes blood vessel to
spasm
 Spasms ________________ the blood vessel,
_____________ blood loss
2)
 Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood
vessel
 Platelets become “__________” and cling to fibers
 Anchored platelets release _________ to attract more
platelets
 Platelets ________ up to form a platelet plug
3)
 Injured tissues release tissue factor (TF)
 PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with TF, blood protein
Bleeding Disorders

 Platelet ___________________
 Even ____________ movements can cause bleeding from
small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting

 _________________ bleeding disorder
 Normal ___________ factors are missing
Blood Groups and Transfusions
 Large losses of blood have serious consequences
 Loss of _______________ causes weakness
 Loss of over ________ causes shock, which can be fatal
 ________________ are the only way to replace blood quickly
 Transfused blood must be of the ___________ blood group
Human Blood Groups
 Blood contains genetically determined _____________
 ____________ (a substance the body recognizes as foreign)
may be ______________ by the immune system
 ____________ are the “______________”
 Blood is “___________” by using antibodies that will cause
blood with certain proteins to clump (________________)
 There are over ______ common red blood cell antigens
 The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by _____
and ______ blood group antigens
ABO Blood Groups
Rh Blood Groups
 Based on the presence or absence of _______ antigens


 The lack of these antigens is called _________
 The presence of both antigens A and B is called type ______
 The presence of antigen A is called type ______
 The presence of antigen B is called type ______
 The lack of both antigens A and B is called type ______
 Blood type AB can receive _____________________
 ____________________
 Blood type B can receive ____________________
 Blood type A can receive ____________________
 Blood type O can receive ____________________
 ___________________
Blood
Type
Antigens
on cells
Antibodies
Can
in plasma donate to:
Can
receive
from:
 Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight
Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) that was originally defined in
Rhesus monkeys
 Most Americans are _________ (Rh _____________)
 Problems can occur in mixing ________ blood into a body
with _______ (Rh ____________) blood
Rh Dangers During Pregnancy
 Danger occurs only when the mother is _______and the
father is _______ and the child inherits the _______ factor
 ___________ shot can prevent buildup of anti-Rh+ antibodies
in mother’s blood
 The mismatch of an _____ mother carrying an ____ baby can
cause problems for the unborn child
 The first pregnancy usually proceeds ________ problems
 The immune system is ________________ after the first
pregnancy
 In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system
produces __________ to attack the ______
(_____________________________________)
Blood Typing

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Blood samples are mixed with ________ and _______ serum
_________ or no coagulation leads to determining blood type
Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the ______ manner
_____________ matching—testing for agglutination of
_________ RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa
Developmental Aspects of Blood
 Sites of blood cell formation
 The fetal _________ and ___________ are early sites of
blood cell formation
 Bone _______________ takes over hematopoiesis by the
seventh month
 Fetal _______________________ differs from hemoglobin
produced after birth
 Physiologic _____________ results in infants in which the
liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products
fast enough