Download job creation and labor activation policies in g20 countries

G20 TASK FORCE ON EMPLOYMENT
JOB CREATION
AND LABOR ACTIVATION
POLICIES IN G20 COUNTRIES
(G20 Countries Database)
2013
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................................4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...............................................................................................................................5
1. IMPLEMENTATION OF COUNTRIES’ COMMITMENTS RECORDED
IN THE LOS CABOS ACTION PLAN...............................................................................................................6
1.1. Promoting investments in infrastructure to increase productivity and living standards in the
medium term by addressing bottlenecks...................................................................................................7
1.2. Promoting green and sustainable growth ...........................................................................................8
1.3. Encouraging formal sector employment through better education or skill development.....................8
1.4. Improving employment opportunities for targeted groups such as youth and persons
with disabilities ......................................................................................................................................10
1.5. Encouraging the participation of younger workers through apprenticeships .....................................11
1.6. Retraining of long-term unemployed ................................................................................................12
1.7. Increasing wage flexibility, such as decentralized wage setting..........................................................12
1.8. Reducing labour tax wedges..............................................................................................................13
1.9. Unemployment insurance reform to make it more effective and efficient
in supporting job creation .......................................................................................................................13
1.10. Tax and benefit reforms to enhance productivity and improve incentives to work ..........................14
1.11. Skills development .........................................................................................................................15
1.12. Enhancing education, training and skills development ....................................................................17
1.13. Providing targeted support for the poor or strengthening social safety nets....................................20
1.14. Encouraging the participation of females in the labour force through, for example,
reforming benefit systems and providing affordable child care services ..................................................21
1.15. Job creation, skills mismatch elimination and structural labour market reforms .............................22
1.16. Youth employment .........................................................................................................................23
1.17. Quality employment and social protection .....................................................................................24
2. ACTIONS UNDERTAKEN BY G20 COUNTRIES IN 2010 - 2013..................................................................26
2.1. Job creation......................................................................................................................................26
2.2. Labor market measures.....................................................................................................................42
2.3. Youth employment ...........................................................................................................................57
2.4. Women’s economic participation .....................................................................................................78
2.5. Skills development ...........................................................................................................................89
2.6. Quality employment ......................................................................................................................111
2.7. Social protection.............................................................................................................................115
3. THE MOST SUCCESSFUL ACTIVITIES AND THE MOST CHALLENGING TASKS DURING 2010 - 2013..........126
3.1. Job creation ...................................................................................................................................126
3.2. Labor market measures ..................................................................................................................129
3.3. Youth employment .........................................................................................................................134
3.4. Women’s economic participation ...................................................................................................139
3.5. Skills development .........................................................................................................................142
3.6. Quality employment.......................................................................................................................149
3.7. Social protection ............................................................................................................................150
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Job Creation and Labor Activation Policies in G20 Countries (G20 Countries Database) is prepared by the G20 Task Force on
Employment co-chaired by Mr. Aleksey Vovchenko (Russia) and Ms. Margaret Kidd (Australia)
The G20 Task Force on Employment would like to acknowledge the inputs made by all G20 countries – Argentina, Australia, Brazil,
Canada, China, EU, France, Germany, Italy, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, UK, USA, and
invited countries such as Kazakhstan, Singapore, Spain.
A special recognition goes to G20 Sherpas for their support and coordination of the process of information collection.
The templates and database structure were developed with active participation of the ILO, OECD and France.
The countries information was collected and summarized by the Employment Division of the Russia’s G20 Experts Council (Artur Gagiev,
Elena Zotova, Rimma Kalinchenko, Svetlana Misikhina, Natalia Stapran).
Special thanks to the Russian G20 Sherpa Office (Svetlana Lukash, Pavel Komarov, Olga Peshekhonova, Nadezhda Kudar) for their
substantive comments and logistical support of the database preparation.
Special thanks to the G20 Russia Planning Team (Anna Petrova, Marina Rakhmanova, Aleksandra Kolochkova, Svetlana Virich)
who prepared the report for printing.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In Washington, Paris and Guadalajara, Labor and Employment Ministers identified main challenges to the labor markets and policy actions
to face them, with a range of commitments and recommendations.
The Los Cabos G20 Leaders Declaration states: "We ask our Labour Ministers to review progress made on this agenda." (para 24).
This database was prepared to facilitate the meeting of the G20 Labor and Employment Ministers planned for July 18 – 19, 2013,
It presents the overview of the G20 countries policies implemented to meet the objectives set up by the G20 leaders and highlights the
most successful and most challenging activities.
The database consists of three sections (1) Implementation of Countries’ commitments recorded in The Los Cabos Action plan,
(2) Actions Undertaken By the G20 Countries in 2010 – 2013, (3) The Most Successful Activities and The Most Challenging Tasks in
2010 – 2013.
The objective of the database is to facilitate knowledge sharing and mutual information exchange among G20 countries on recent and
effective initiatives that have been taken to promote job creation, labor activation and create an inclusive and cost-effective social
protection system.
All G20 countries have prepared their inputs to this database, as well as Kazakhstan, Spain, Singapore.
The inputs to the report on Implementation of Countries’ commitments recorded in the Los Cabos Action plan have been prepared by
Australia, Canada, France, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, South Africa, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and the
European Union.
The information on actions undertaken by G20 countries in 2010 – 2013 have been provided by:
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Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, European Union, France, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico,
Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore for Job creation,
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Argentina, Australia, China, France, Italy, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States of
America for Labor market measures,
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Brazil, Canada, China, European Union, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi
Arabia, Turkey, the United Kingdom for Youth employment,
•
Australia, China, France, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, the United States of America for Women’s
economic participation,
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Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, European Union, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia,
Singapore, Turkey, the United States of America for Skills development,
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China, France, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom for Quality employment,
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Argentina, Australia, China, France, India, Mexico, Saudi Arabia for Social protection.
The information on the most successful activities and the most challenging tasks has been drafted by:
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Brazil, China, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico for Job creation,
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Australia, China, Italy, Russia, Spain, the United States of America for Labor market measures,
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Brazil, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, Turkey, the United Kingdom for Youth employment,
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Australia, China, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, the United States of America for Women’s economic participation,
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Australia, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, the United States of America for Skills development,
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the United Kingdom for Quality employment,
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Canada, China, India, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore for Social protection.
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1. IMPLEMENTATION OF COUNTRIES’ COMMITMENTS
RECORDED IN THE LOS CABOS ACTION PLAN
List of Specific Country Commitments Recorded in the Los Cabos Growth and Jobs Action Plan
Promoting investments in infrastructure to increase productivity and living standards in the medium term by addressing bottlenecks
(Argentina, Australia, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, UK).
Promoting green and sustainable growth (Australia, Korea, Germany, Mexico).
Encouraging formal sector employment through better education or skill development (Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa).
Improving employment opportunities for targeted groups such as youth and persons with disabilities (Canada, Korea, UK).
Encouraging the participation of younger workers through apprenticeships (UK).
Retraining of long-term unemployed (US).
Increasing wage flexibility, such as decentralized wage setting (Italy).
Reducing labour tax wedges (Brazil, Italy).
Unemployment insurance reforms to make it more effective and efficient in supporting job creation (Canada).
Tax and benefit reforms to enhance productivity and improve incentives to work (Australia, Germany, Italy, UK).
Skills development (Spain).
Enhancing education, training and skills development (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Turkey, South Africa).
Providing targeted support for the poor or strengthening social safety nets (India, Indonesia, China, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, South Africa).
Encouraging the participation of females in the labour force through, for example, reforming benefit systems and providing affordable
child care services (Australia, Germany, Japan, Korea).
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1.1. Promoting Investments in Infrastructure to Increase Productivity and Living Standards in the
Medium Term by Addressing Bottlenecks
1.1.1.Australia
Australia is continuing to make significant investments in high-quality transport and other infrastructure through government and the
private sector.
Since 2008, the Government has allocated $A60 billion through the Nation Building Program to modernise road, rail and public transport
infrastructure over the period from 2008 – 09 to 2018 – 19. This has been supported by an overhaul in the way that our nation plans,
prioritises, finances, builds and uses its infrastructure, with the Australian Government establishing Infrastructure Australia, a body which
reports to the Council of Australian Governments.
In its 2013 – 14 Budget, the Australian Government looked to the next stage of the Nation Building program, with the nation’s regional
highways and urban public transport infrastructure high among the future funding priorities. A preliminary schedule of major projects
is being locked in to be delivered over the five‑year life of the next Nation Building Program (beginning in 2014 – 15) and beyond. New,
innovative ways of attracting greater private investment in public infrastructure are being pursued; and the Australian Government will
partner with state and territory governments to progress a number of major urban road projects.
The Australian Government is also continuing to invest in a National Broadband Network, which is the single largest nation-building
infrastructure project in Australia’s history, providing high speed broadband access to all Australians. The rollout is estimated to be
completed by 2021.
1.1.2.Indonesia
Under Presidential Regulation No. 32/2011, President Yudhoyono launched the Master Plan on Economic Development Acceleration and
Expansion of Indonesia (known as MP3EI) in May 2011 supported by sectoral ministries, local governments and stateowned enterprises.
The MP3EI has huge potential to support economic growth through the promotion of six economic corridors: the Sumatra Economic
Corridor, the Java Economic Corridor, the Kalimantan Economic Corridor, the Sulawesi Economic Corridor, the Bali- Nusa Tenggara
Economic Corridor and the Papua - Kepulauan Maluku Economic Corridor. The policy implemented is expected to achieve the national
target of reducing poverty to around 8 – 10 per cent by the end of 2014 through increasing welfare and employment.
The policy rests on three main pillars: establishing six economic corridors based on the comparative advantage of different regions
of Indonesia; promoting connectivity within Indonesia and the ASEAN region, as well as improving human resources and science and
technology.
The MP3EI has dedicated the first phase of the implementation process from 2011 to 2015 solely to infrastructure investment. The
purpose behind this is to increase the inter-corridor connectivity and set basic foundations for the second phase. For the second phase
of the MP3EI which will be covered in the period from 2015 to 2020, attention needs to move further down to the regional level. After
infrastructure corridors are established, the regional government should have a better awareness and ability to fulfill its roles.
The steps to realize the Master Plan include: bureaucratic reform, including legislature and judiciary reforms, tax reform and incentives,
the creation of special economic zones in each of the corridors, improved shipping and airline capability (ports and airports) to promote
connectivity, and increased high school and vocational training to improve human resources. Many elements in the plan are unique
points of departure for Indonesia.
In order to optimize the benefits MP3EI as well as to promote the establishment of an inclusive and equitable development, the
Government is preparing a Master Plan for the Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia’s Poverty Reduction (MP3KI). The MP3KI is based
on the national development policies that are pro-jobs (employment opportunities), pro-poor (impact on welfare), pro-growth. MP3KI is
affirmative action, so that the economic development achieved is not only pro-growth, but also pro-poor, pro-job and pro-environment,
including the provision of employment for the poor. The main target of MP3KI is the poor disadvantaged areas, the urban poor, as well
as fishermen and farmers. MP3KI is expected to provide protection and strengthening of the target group, which will culminate in the
creation of income with job creation and lead to the alleviation of poverty.
1.1.3.South Africa
An efficient, competitive and responsive economic infrastructure network
Public investment in infrastructure is a key means of responding to economic challenges faced by countries across the globe as they
play a strategic role in responding to the industrial policy, economic transformation, job creation, service delivery and other objectives
of government. On that basis strategic infrastructure projects have been identified in South Africa and work is already under way to
implement these plans. To underline the importance of infrastructure development for economic growth and job creation, South African
government established strategic committees to spearhead government’s efforts in infrastructure development.
These public investment programmes include expanding and improving the road and rail networks, public transport, and port operations,
dams, water and sanitation infrastructure, housing construction including low-income housing and publicly owned rental stock,
information and communication technology and energy generation capacity as well as education and health infrastructure. Infrastructure
development can create additional decent work opportunities along the process. In actualising these commitments in infrastructure
investment South Africa committed an amount of R827 billion over a three year period. A significant portion of this budget is linked to
the electricity sector.
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The Integrated Resource Plan 2010 – 2030, which sets out the country’s electricity supply plan, provides for the up-scaling of wider
energy resource mix, which includes a focus on exploring nuclear energy. In November 2011, approval was given to the establishment of
the National Nuclear Energy Executive Coordination Committee to oversee the rollout of the nuclear – build programme as the country
prepares to expand its nuclear energy programme to arrest the negative impact of energy to the economy.
With regard to improving the country’s international competitiveness, there has been definite progress in the implementation of
government’s industrial policy action plan and job drivers in some sectors, including minerals beneficiation, automobile manufacturing
and clothing.
Government is also making progress in rural development and land reform. By 2010 over 823 300 hectares of land have been acquired
and allocated to 20 290 beneficiaries and this is a positive move by government in terms of poverty alleviation because lack of access to
land is considered one of the indicators of poverty.
1.2. Promoting Green and Sustainable Growth
1.2.1.Australia
Australia considers that a carbon price is the most economically efficient and environmentally effective way to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions.
On 1 July 2012, the Government introduced a carbon price as part of a comprehensive set of policies to cut Australia’s emissions while
keeping the economy growing. The carbon price will remain fixed for the first three years, before moving to a flexible emissions trading
scheme in 2015 - 16. The incentives created by the carbon price flow through the economy, with the scheme driving investment in
cleaner energy technology and energy efficiency, and providing new job opportunities in clean energy sectors.
To manage the transition to an emissions trading scheme, the Government is assisting industry and households through a range of
measures, such as a Coal Sector Jobs Package and Clean Technology Programs. From 1 July 2013, a $A10 billion Clean Energy Finance
Corporation will begin investing in the commercialisation and deployment of renewable energy, low‑emissions technologies and energy
efficiency.
Under the Government’s Clean Energy Future Plan, the Australian experience to date is that emissions from electricity generation are
decreasing, renewable energy is increasing and businesses are finding new ways to cut emissions, save money and increase productivity
in the process.
1.3. Encouraging Formal Sector Employment Through Better Education or Skill Development
1.3.1.Indonesia
Today, the number of workers in formal employment in Indonesia is around 44 million or around 30 % of Indonesian workers. The rest
still continue to operate in the informal labor market. Based on the data, most of the Indonesian work force has a low level education
background. Considering this fact, the Indonesian Government has set policies to invest massively in education sector in order to develop
labor quality and productivity.
Indonesia’s formal education system consists of four levels: pre-school; basic, which consists of primary and lower secondary; secondary;
and higher education. Within higher education, there are several possible degree and certificate paths. They include the diploma, the
duration of which can be from 1 to 4 years, depending on the field, and the internationally standard bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral
programs. TVET provides an alternative to general education. Students can enter TVET programs at the secondary or diploma level. To
enter higher education students must pass a secondary school graduating exam.
Basically there are two dimensions of education system (formal and non-formal education). Non-formal education (NFE) becomes a
critical tool to provide a bridge to skills acquisition. The goals of Indonesia’s non-formal education programs are to substitute and in
some cases supplement formal education within the context of lifelong learning (provision of skills for life, or life skills). Articulating
a strategic direction, Law 20/2003 stated that national NFE offerings should consist of life skills, early childhood education, youth
education, women’s empowerment education, literacy, vocational skills and training, equivalency and other education. The Government
has categorized NFE along the following lines:
1. Equivalency (as an alternative method to formal education)
2. Community education (functional literacy, life skills, etc.)
3. Commercial courses (vocational skills)
In partnership with the Australian government (AusAID), MoMT is also drawing upon the Australian Qualification Framework to develop
its own system of defining skill competencies, known as SKKNI. SKKNI is a pilot roll-out; its intention is to help ensure a well-designed
curriculum that is demand-led and competency-based and an examination, assessment and qualification system which involves
industries’ participation and ensures the consistent quality of the technical and vocational training outputs.
In recent years, the Government has stepped up efforts to tackle youth unemployment by leveraging the non-formal sector more
aggressively. In consultation with the World Bank, it has developed the Education for Youth Employment (EYE) program. The program
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focuses on un- or undereducated youths, ages 16 – 24, who are poor and jobless. Programs to support a more effective school to work
transition also include the Training for Professionals program to create alternative paths to employment. This program provides training
and education to disadvantaged youth, concentrating on job skills that are directly in demand from employers.
In order to increase the number of workforce that can work in formal sector, Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration has revitalized
Vocational Training Centre (VTC) owned by central and district governments. Assistance in the form of equipment for training skills are
also given to VTCs so they can produce an output of worker candidates who are ready to fill up job vacancies in the formal sector. In the
field of worker placement, revitalization and assistance of equipment has also given to VTCs for overseas workers in the region where
workers candidates are coming from.
The placement of Indonesian overseas workers in the informal sector will be discontinued or reduced in accordance with "road map on
placement and protection of Indonesian Overseas Workers by year 2017". The placement of Indonesian overseas workers will be certified
based on occupation and will be stated clearly on Employment Contract.
1.3.2.South Africa
In order to create the environment for formal sector job creation and access, South Africa has increased access to higher education
programmes by expanding spaces and options available at further education and training colleges and universities. Introducing the
national certificate vocational system in 2011 also marked a significant milestone in developing alternative avenues for skills
development. It resulted in the creation of additional opportunities for many learners at further education and training colleges.
During the year under review many unemployed learners entered into apprenticeships, which is a programme aimed at giving people
opportunities to learn and also gain work experience. An increased number of learners also entered the artisan training system; the
challenge here is that only a few of them pass their trade tests and obtain their trade certificates. The following briefly describes other
programmes and policies for encouraging formal sector employment:
New Growth Path (NGP)
The New Growth Path was launched in 2010, it was considered to be a key driver for such industries as agriculture, mining, manufacturing,
tourism and other high-level services. NGP is a strategy for inclusive growth and job creation. Government has also reached a series of
stakeholder agreements regarding the implementation of elements of the New Growth Path, notably in education and skills development,
green growth and local procurement. Progress has been made in measuring income distribution and developing a macroeconomic
framework to support sustainable growth. The focus on labour absorption has helped develop policy in areas like mineral beneficiation.
Significant procurement reforms to promote employment were completed in December 2011
Challenges include currency volatility and inequality. Structural challenges in the economy need to be overcome in specific sectors and
markets or "jobs drivers" in order to incite the jobs.
Industrial Policy Action Plan (IPAP)
IPAP was launched as part of the NGP job-creation strategy. The tool anticipated that IPAP interventions were anticipated to lead to
increased direct and indirect jobs creation.
Training of Layoff Scheme
The Training of Layoff Scheme (TLS) goes back to the country’s "Framework Response to the 2008 Economic crisis." The scheme is
intended to minimise job losses and facilitate re-training of workers to improve their skills and employability. Since its inception and up
to 31 December 2011, R9.55 million was paid in training allowances to participating employers and employees. Through the Training
Lay-off Scheme, the government has assisted many workers.
Youth Employment Tax Incentive
South Africa suffers from a high rate of unemployment (25.2 %), with the young people being one of the most vulnerable groups. In
acknowledgement of the youth being the future and a potential contributor to the economy, the area of youth employment has gained
prominence in policy discussions. Consequently, a youth wage subsidy had been proposed. Nonetheless, the proposal was marred by
controversies and has since failed to be adopted as a viable policy towards addressing youth unemployment.
Due to the urgency of unemployment, the state has since reverted to a "Youth Employment Tax Incentive", which encourages employers to
hire young work seekers; and would be linked to the training and skills development interventions of the country. This was announced by
the President Zuma in his State of the Nation Address, 2013. The proposal is only at the earliest of its stages and will soon be submitted
to the National Assembly.
Expanded Public Work Programme (EPWP)
The level of unemployment in South Africa necessitate that the government also take part in job creation. Consequently, the EPWP which
was launched in 2004 becomes handy in addressing the malign of unemployment in order to curb poverty associated with joblessness.
Though it has its own problems, it has done well in absorbing the unemployed. Consequently, there is a need to increase reach and
improve the quality of the programme. In 2012 alone, the programme created 147 204 jobs. In 2013/2014, the EPWP is envisaged to
provide 684 800 fulltime equivalent jobs to South Africans.
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Distressed Companies
In South Africa distressed companies are receiving support to keep running amidst global economic crisis, which has necessitated banks
to tighten credit facilities whilst businesses are running under severe financial strain. The Industrial Development Fund has set aside R6
billion towards this end. The Unemployment Insurance Fund is also contributing towards assisting companies that are facing difficulties
to survive. South Africa also uses the Social Plan intervention to address job losses in distressed companies, through which the retrenched
workers can get economic assistance.
Introducing the national rural youth service corps in 2010 has contributed to youth employment and skills development in rural
areas. Through this programme, partnerships were forged with 35 further education and training colleges countrywide to train 5 340
unemployed youths. The training covered various civil and construction programmes, and leadership. The programme profiles rural
households in the comprehensive rural development programme nodes.
1.4. Improving Employment Opportunities for Targeted Groups Such as Youth and Persons With Disabilities
1.4.1.Canada
Youth
The Government of Canada is partnering with business, labour, industry, not-for-profit and voluntary organizations, educational/training
institutions, and all orders of government, to identify future labour market needs, as well as provide programming to hire youth and help
them gain practical work experience through apprenticeships and internships. Budget 2013 reallocated $19 million over two years to
promote careers in high-demand sectors to youth (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) and the skilled trades. These funds will
provide youth with information on job prospects and benefits of working in various occupations as well as support new outreach efforts
related to high demand occupations.
Through the Youth Employment Strategy (YES), the Government of Canada invests over $300M annually to help disadvantaged youth,
recent graduates and students (aged 15 to 30) get the information and gain the skills, work experience and abilities they need to make
a successful transition to the workplace. The YES is a horizontal initiative led by Human Resources and Skills Development Canada
(HRSDC). The YES has three key programs: Skills Link, Career Focus, and Summer Work Experience. Budget 2013 invested an additional
$70 million over three years in Career Focus, which supports paid internships for recent post-secondary graduates.
Persons with Disabilities (PWDs)
The Government of Canada and the provinces and territories (P/Ts) recognize that removing the barriers to full participation faced by
persons with disabilities is vital and that education and development plays an important role in preparing for job opportunities, both
now and in the future.
Budget 2013 reaffirmed the Government’s commitment to helping persons with disabilities overcome barriers to employment. In its
report entitled "Rethinking Disability in the Private Sector", which was released in January 2013, it was estimated that approximately
800,000 working-age Canadians whose disability does not prevent them from working, are not employed. Notable Budget 2013
announcements include:
Enhancing skills training opportunities for Canadians with disabilities through a new generation of Labour Market Agreements for
Persons with Disabilities that will be introduced by 2014;
Funding of $40 million per year starting in 2015 – 16 for the Opportunities Fund for Persons with Disabilities. The program will be
reformed to provide more demand-driven training solutions for persons with disabilities and make it more responsive to labour market
needs;
Extending the Enabling Accessibility Fund on an ongoing basis, at a level of $15 million per year, to support capital costs of construction
and renovations related to improving physical accessibility for persons with disabilities through projects with demonstrated community
support, including workplace accommodation;
Creating the Canadian Employers Disability Forum which will be managed by employers and for employers, to facilitate education,
training and sharing of resources and best practices concerning the hiring and retention of PWDs;
Committing $7 million per year for the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRCC) to support research related
to labour market participation of PWDs.
1.4.2.UK
We have moved away from one size fits all employment programmes and introduced increased flexibility for public employment service
advisers to offer people more tailored support to find work. They are working closely with local authorities, private and voluntary sector
service providers, further education colleges, training providers and employers of all sizes. A single Flexible Support Fund is available to
public employment service advisers that allows local resources to be aligned to the needs of the locality, to tackle local worklessness and
multiple barriers to employment in a holistic and joined up way.
In this context, the Government has introduced and enhanced a range of measures to help targeted groups into work. This includes
programmes to bring people closer to work, such as sector-based work academies (work + learning), apprenticeships and work experience.
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Work Programme
The Work Programme was launched in June 2011 and is now in place nationally. It is the biggest single payment by results employment
programme ever in the UK, helping around 8 % of the working age population over the life of the contract. It is aimed at a variety of
groups at risk of long-term unemployment. Participants receive support to overcome barriers that prevent them from finding and staying
in work.
It is delivered by contracted private and voluntary service providers who have the flexibility to innovate and to design support according
to individual and local needs. Because providers work with claimants for up to two years to achieve sustainable results, it is too soon to
evaluate. Early information was released in November 2012 on results after one year of the Programme and for the initial referrals. This
showed that, by the end of July 2012, 56 per cent of starters had come off benefits, 30 per cent for at least three months and 19 per cent
for six months. The next results update will be at the end of June 2013.
Disability
Mainstream provision is complemented by specialist disability employment programmes, including Work Choice, introduced in October
2010, is a seamless service to disabled people with complex barriers to employment to help them prepare to enter work, find a job, stay
in work and progress into open unsupported employment, where appropriate. Between April and December 2012 there were 15,260
referrals, 11,020 starts and 5,620 job outcomes.
Over the past year we have enhanced the Access to Work disability employment programme, which supports disabled people who are in
work or about to start work by helping with the cost of workplace adjustments. The scheme is already considered very cost effective – a
2011 review on disability employment support described a net return to the Treasury of £1.48 for every £1.00 spent on the programme.
Small businesses will no longer pay some of the extra costs faced by disabled people in work; disabled jobseekers who want to set up
their own business can receive funding earlier than before, and; Access to Work advisers in the public employment service will be given
more flexibility in allocating funding for equipment, offering more choice to disabled people in work. We are expanding our marketing
campaign to make more businesses and individuals aware of the support available. Access to Work supported 30,690 disabled people to
keep or get employment during 2011/12.
1.5. Encouraging the Participation of Younger Workers Through Apprenticeships
1.5.1.UK
Our priority is to expand Apprenticeships where these deliver the greatest benefits, including for younger people (16 – 24), to reflect
sector skills needs and opportunities and where there is progression to Advanced and Higher levels.
Initiatives
To encourage smaller employers to take on a younger apprentice, the Government introduced the Apprenticeship Grant for Employers
(AGE) in February 2012. Grants of £1,500 per apprentice are available to employers with up to 1,000 employees who have not taken on
an apprentice in the previous 12 months. The scheme has been extended until 31 December 2013.
Higher Apprenticeships (up to post-graduate level), introduced in 2011, were expanded in 2012 with the development of a range of new
Higher Apprenticeships in further sectors.
We are introducing Traineeships in September 2013, to help young people aged 16 – 24 develop the skills and attitudes employers look
for in recruiting to Apprenticeships or other jobs.
In 2012, the Government commissioned an independent review of Apprenticeships. The Government has endorsed the review’s emphasis
on quality and rigour and placing the control of Apprenticeships more firmly in the hands of employers. An implementation plan based
on the report’s recommendations and subsequent consultation will be published in autumn 2013.
Quality
Government has taken measures to safeguard and improve the quality of Apprenticeships:
•
Statutory standards to ensure the Apprenticeships are real jobs and that all frameworks offer substantial on and off the job guided
learning, leading to the achievement of recognised qualifications.
•
Minimum durations – from August 2012 all Apprenticeships are expected to last at least 12 months.
•
Minimum English and Maths training
•
New safeguards for monitoring, reporting and subcontracting arrangements.
•
National online vacancy matching
•
Marketing and communication strategy.
•
From 2013, funding prioritised for: young people aged 16 – 18; young people aged 19 – 24 who have a disability and/or learning
difficulty, and; young people aged 19 – 24 who are in local authority care.
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1.6. Retraining of Long – Term Unemployed
1.6.1.USA
Five years after the onset of the global financial crisis, the long - term unemployed continue to represent a significant vulnerable
population group in the United States. In March 2013, roughly 4.6 million individuals had been out of work for more than six months,
accounting for 39.4 percent of the total unemployed. While long-term unemployment affects all demographic groups, older workers face
an increased risk of long-term unemployment, with more than half having been out of work for more than six months. Older workers face
obstacles such as employers’ viewing them as more costly to hire, more difficult to train in new technologies, and less adaptable.
The long-term unemployed face numerous obstacles in their efforts to find employment. For example, their current skill sets often do
not meet those needed by the labor market, and workers’ skills may erode as the spell of unemployment lengthens. Many long - term
unemployed become discouraged and devote less time looking for a job, and some of the long-term unemployed suffer mental health
problems, such as depression, which interferes with their ability to find a new job. In addition, employers often discriminate against job
applicants who have been unemployed for a long period of time. Finally, many workers who qualified for disability, but sought to work
instead, have opted with no other recourse to enroll in disability insurance programs.
In an effort to increase reemployment, the United States Department of Labor (USDOL) offers numerous training and skills upgrade
programs targeted at displaced workers, including the long-term unemployed. Displaced workers currently have access to different
services depending on how they lost their job. Workers who lost their jobs due to the impact of foreign trade are eligible for extensive
income support, training, and reemployment services under the Trade Adjustment Assistance program (TAA). TAA provides up to 130
weeks of full-time or part-time training, income support for workers enrolled in full-time training, reimbursements for job search and
relocation costs, and wage subsidies for workers age 50 or over who are reemployed at annual wages of $50,000 or less. In fiscal year
2012, nearly 91 percent of program participants who were employed in the first quarter after exit continued to be employed in the
second and third quarters after exit. Displaced workers who lost their job due to non-trade related reasons receive less support and
training. They are covered under the Workforce Investment Act Dislocated Worker program (WIA DW) on a first-come, first-serve basis.
While older workers may be eligible for TAA and WIA DW, they may also qualify for the Senior Community Service Employment
Program (SCSEP). SCSEP is the only federally-funded employment and training program dedicated to job search assistance, training,
and community service work experience for unemployed, low-income individuals aged 55 and older. SCSEP provides grants to state
governments and national nonprofit organizations to train about 90,000 participants per program year (PY). In PY 2011, 47 percent of
participants who exited the program were employed in the quarter following exit. Of those, 70 percent retained employment through the
next two quarters.
USDOL is proposing several measures it its 2014 budget request to increase reemployment assistance to displaced workers. To
improve and streamline the job training and employment services for displaced workers, USDOL is proposing the creation of the
Universal Displaced Worker (UDW) program by consolidating TAA and WIA DW. The new program will provide the qualified displaced
workers – estimated to be over one million – with timely, reliable, and consistent access to comprehensive employment services and training.
For older workers, USDOL is requesting $25 million to pilot and rigorously evaluate potential low-cost structural changes to the public
workforce investment system that will substantially improve services to seniors. Two potential pilot areas are 1) developing job search
assistance programs that address skill deficiencies common among seniors and 2) changing the performance measures to eliminate
the current disincentives to placing older workers in part-time employment. Additionally, a $4 billion Re-employment NOW program
will incorporate a number of reforms to help Unemployment Insurance (UI) beneficiaries and other long-term unemployed individuals
get back to work more quickly. A $12.5 billion Pathways Back to Work Fund will make it easier for workers to remain connected to the
workforce and gain new skills for long-term employment. Finally, innovative states will be able to pilot new and improved strategies
to return UI beneficiaries to work through a $25 million fund. Through these new measures, the United States will have programs and
services that not only reflect the current needs of displaced workers, but also reinforce the government’s commitment to retrain the
long-term unemployed.
1.7. Increasing Wage Flexibility, Such as Decentralized Wage Setting
1.7.1.Italy
The Pact signed in November 2012 by Social Partners to increase productivity and competitiveness in Italy sets out a number of new
principles governing industrial relations and the wage - bargaining process. National collective bargaining agreements will continue to
ensure a minimum reference wage common to all workers that is consistent with specific economic sector trends, but without any form
of automatic indexation1.
In the "Guidelines to increase productivity and competitiveness in Italy" Social Partners have also agreed to delegate to second-level
bargaining some specific issues - which were previously regulated by law or by National Collective Bargaining – that may contribute to
increasing labour productivity and companies performance. Among these, it is worth mentioning working hours flexibility and functional
flexibility – e.g. the possibility to change the tasks assigned to a worker, including a possible transfer to equivalent tasks as a result of
restructuring or technological innovation.
To encourage the shift from national to firm or regional level contracts, the government has allocated €2.1 billion in the draft Stability
Law for 2013-2014 to cover for reduced taxes on productivity-linked wage increases set at local level.
1
Nationwide collectively bargained wages were previously indexed to an expected price index excluding energy prices dynamic.
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Some of the measures included in the Pact have been made operational by a decree issued on January 2013, which in particular sets out
the criteria to benefit from tax relief measures applied to productivity-related salary components.
The above mentioned decree also introduced procedures for monitoring and verification of conformity of second level collective
agreements. In particular employers must register the contracts at the Territorial Direction of Labor within 30 days from their subscription.
Ministry of Labor is responsible for collecting and monitoring the contracts registered. Later this year, a new meeting with the Social
Parts is expected to assess progress on the issue of competitiveness achieved with these new measures.
1.8. Reducing Labour Tax Wedges
1.8.1.Italy
Italy shows one of the highest tax wedges on labour cost, especially in some segments of the population. Lowering tax burden on wages
would undoubtedly contribute to increasing labour demand, thus creating opportunities for more jobs. Fiscal consolidation, however,
represented a severe constraint for job-growth oriented policies and structural measures to reduce taxes and contribution burdens on
wages had to be postponed.
Some important provisions were however introduced with the labour market reform – that envisage a 50 % contributory relief
for employers hiring women and over-50 long-term unemployed – and with the Decree of January 2013 that sets out criteria and
requirements to benefit from a flat 10 % tax on productivity-related wages component.
In particular, the labor market reform (law no. 92/2012) established the provision of incentives for employers engaging women being
unemployed for at least 6 months and living in disadvantaged regions or engaging women being unemployed for at least 24 months. The
incentives consist in a 50 % cut of contributions for the duration of 12 months. For engagement on a permanent basis, the contributory
relief is extended up to 18 months. The same incentives scheme is also envisaged for the engagements of more-than-fifty years aged
long-term unemployed.
Two important instrumental decree has moreover been recently issued that establish the condition to access to tax incentives and
contributory reliefs envisaged for disadvantaged workers. The first one sets out the subjective criteria to be considered as a disadvantaged
individual, the second list the sectors admitted to contributory reliefs for women engagement (because of a gender disproportion in
employed workforce).
In addition, the Stability Law 2013 has further2 reduced the labour tax wedge through an increase in lump-sum deductions from the
salaries of permanent employees. These deductions are increased for women or under-35 workers or individuals employed in the
disadvantaged areas of the South.
Any further reductions of fiscal burden on labour will be considered by the new Government.
1.9. Unemployment Insurance Reforms to Make it More Effective and Efficient in Supporting Job
Creation
1.9.1.Canada
Canada’s system is designed to provide financial support to unemployed Canadians while they look for work or upgrade their skills. The
Employment Insurance (EI) system consists of two complementary components: temporary financial assistance (referred to as EI Part I);
and employment support and training that unemployed Canadians need to find a job (referred to as EI Part II). EI Part I is delivered by the
Government of Canada, while EI Part II is delivered by Provinces and Territories.
Each year, in support of EI Part II and employment programming, the Government of Canada transfers $1.95 billion to the Provinces and
Territories through Labour Market Development Agreements.
With this transfer, between 600 000 and 775 000 individuals are served each year. Over half of these individuals are active EI claimants:
•
Approximately 80 percent of the employment supports received by these individuals are employment assistance services that can be
accessed by any unemployed individual.
•
Around 20 percent are employment benefits available to EI-eligible clients (active and former), with the majority of these supporting
skills development (e.g. training courses).
•
Canadians who are not eligible for EI can access similar employment training through other targeted programs.
While receiving EI Part I benefits, claimants are obligated to look and prepare for suitable employment. EI Part II programming requires
clients to take personal responsibility for identifying their employment needs, locating the services they require, negotiating assistance
and committing to employment program goals.
Through Budget 2012, the Government of Canada introduced several measures that provide Employment Insurance (EI) claimants with
additional support to enable quicker returns to work. It made significant improvements to better connect unemployed Canadians with
2
Previous reductions in the tax wedge were introduced by DL n.201/2011.
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job opportunities in their local area. Part of the improvements also included clarifying what is expected of Canadians who are claiming
EI while they search for work – including clarifying the definition of "suitable employment" and what constitutes a "reasonable job search."
Budget 2012 announced improvements to the EI program to make it more fair, efficient and responsive to regional economic conditions.
Beginning April 7, 2013, the Variable Best Weeks approach will be applied across Canada, with all claimants having their EI benefit
amount calculated based on the highest weeks of earnings over the previous year. The number of weeks used in the calculation will
range from 14 to 22, depending on the unemployment rate in the particular EI region.
Budget 2013 announced that the Government will transform skills training in Canada through the introduction of the Canada Job Grant,
as part of the renewal of the Labour Market Agreements in 2014 – 15. Upon full implementation of the Canada Job Grant, nearly 130,000
Canadians each year are expected to have access to the training they need to fill available jobs. The Government will also renegotiate the
Labour Market Development Agreements to reorient training toward labour market demand.
Working While on Claim
The Government of Canada also launched in August 2012, a pilot project entitled Working While on Claim, which promotes workforce
attachment by encouraging claimants to accept available work while receiving EI benefits. Under the pilot project, EI claimants receiving
regular, fishing, parental or compassionate care benefits will be able to keep 50 cents of their benefits for every dollar they earn, up
to 90 % of the weekly insurable earnings used to calculate the EI benefit amount. If they earn more than this amount, additional earnings
will be deducted dollar for dollar from their EI benefits to ensure that the combined earnings and EI benefits are not more than the
amount of earnings used to calculate the benefit amount.
1.10. Tax and Benefit Reforms to Enhance Productivity and Improve Incentives to Work
1.10.1.Australia
The Australian Government is providing income support recipients with greater incentives to find work, increasing the amount they
are able to earn and keep, and providing extra assistance to undertake study and training. The 2013 – 14 Budget contains additional
measures to help job seekers in the transition to work, including:
•
Australians on Parenting Payment Partnered, Newstart Allowance and some other allowances will be able to earn $A100 per
fortnight, up from $A62, before their income support is reduced. This will be the first increase in the income free area in more than a
decade. This is expected to assist around 800,000 Australians on income support.
•
Around 25,000 single parents receiving income support are estimated to receive extra assistance for study and training to help them
return to the workforce, as a result of an extension of access to the Pensioner Education Supplement.
•
Eligibility of the Pensioner Concession Card has been extended for 12 weeks to single parents who no longer qualify for the
Parenting Payment Single payment after their child has turned eight, and they do not qualify for another income support payment
due to their income.
1.10.2.Italy
In those countries where tax wedge on labour cost is too high, transferring taxation from labour to property is an effective policy to
increase employment, particularly that of second earners of households. Actually, together with a better balance between private and
working life, well designed policies aimed at cutting tax wedge on salaries could facilitate an increase in female participation in labour
market. As far as Italy is concerned, however, fiscal consolidation policies made financial resources unavailable for policies of this kind.
Moreover, the draft enabling law to reform the tax system has not been approved by legislators previously due to premature end of
Government and it is therefore still pending before the Parliament.
Therefore, rather than structural interventions, piecemeal measures have been undertaken to enhance productivity and improve
incentives schemes to raise employment level.
On October 5th a Decree was issued, providing that, subject to EC Guidelines on State Aid, a 12,000 € contribution will be recognised
to employers for every newly engaged women or young people (aged up to twenty-nine years) through open end contracts, or for every
conversion of an existing contract into open end contracts. Incentives are also envisaged for hiring through fixed-term contracts, the
amount of which varies depending on its duration. The contribution is set at € 3,000 if the duration of the contract exceeds 12 months, at
€ 4,000 when exceeding 18 months, and € 6,000 when exceeding 24 months. The measure can rely on a 230 million euro fund up to the
end of 2013.
A further decree expected to be issued within few weeks will establish funding and operational criteria to enhance intergenerational
solidarity schemes, according to which a full retirement contribution is ensured for older workers that agree to transform their contract
into a part-time work, thus promoting the recruitment of young people through apprenticeship or permanent contract.
In March 2013, the Government adopted the measure recognizing economic incentives for employers who have recruited - over the
period 2009-2012 - women without a regular paid employment for at least six months and living in regions with high unemployment
rates among women.
In order to fully enact the Productivity Pact signed by Social Partners, the Government issued an adoptive decree on January 2013.
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According to it, workers will benefit from a reduced income tax rate of 10 per cent on the productivity related wage components,
subjected to a yearly income threshold of € 40,000 (annual gross wage). The maximum wage amount to which the reduced tax rate is
applicable is set in 2,500 €. The above-mentioned fiscal incentives is provided only if productivity related component of the wage derives
from second level agreements that are specifically targeted at boosting productivity and pursuing a more efficient use of workforce.
In particular, tax relief will be applied for: a) flexible working hour arrangements aimed at persuing a more efficient use of workforce.
b) flexible arrangements for vacation leave schedule; c) ICT investments; d) functional flexibility.
Stability Law 2012, approved in November 2011, introduced further contributory reliefs for apprenticeship contracts. Firms with less than
nine employees will benefit from a 100 % contributory relief for the first three years of the contract. Finally, regarding tax relief, training
costs incurred by companies are excluded from the basis for calculating the Italian Regional tax on Productive Activities (IRAP).
In order to promote the creation of high-skilled employment, especially for youth, particularly important are the new rules introduced
by ‘Development Decree’ in relation to the tax credit for hiring highly qualified individuals (persons in possession of the title of PhD or
master’s degree mainly technical and scientific). In February 2013, the Government adopted the ministerial decree necessary to implement
the provisions of the law. The benefit covers on all open-ended contracts made ​​after the entry into force of the ‘Development Decree’
(June 2012). In this case, the incentive is equal to 35 percent of all business costs incurred for the employee up to a maximum of 200,000
euro. The measure can rely on 25 million euro for 2012, 50 million by 2013 and for subsequent years.
1.10.3.UK
This year we are beginning to implement Universal Credit, a new single payment for people who are looking for work or on a low income.
It will replace a range of working-age benefits (unemployment insurances, tax credits for those on low incomes and housing payments).
It will improve incentives to work; smooth the transitions into and out of work, supporting a dynamic labour market; simplify the system,
making it easier for people to understand, and easier and cheaper for public officials to administer; reduce in-work poverty, and; reduce
fraud and error.
It will be delivered in partnership with local authorities and the UK’s tax authority, whose new Real Time Information system will offer a
direct link between a worker’s pay and their Universal Credit award.
Supporting people into work is the key objective. It will be available to people who are in work and on a low income, as well as to those
who are out of work. For people who are working, financial support will be reduced at a consistent and predictable rate. It will be much
easier for people who are working or who are considering a job to see clearly how much financial support they will receive and to
understand the advantages of work.
Most people will manage their claim online and claimants will receive just one monthly payment, paid into a bank account in the same
way as a monthly salary.
Universal Credit Evaluation Framework
We will maintain a significant programme of monitoring, research, evaluation and analysis, to enable us to report on the extent to which
UC has achieved its aims, and to understand how we can improve on the design and delivery.
To encourage interested parties to engage with the evaluation programme, we have published an evaluation framework, which sets
out the broad intentions for the evaluation, and considers possible analytical approaches, including the development of a theory of
change, impact measurement and the use of existing data sources and evidence bases to add to a long term, comprehensive narrative for
Universal Credit.
Timetable for Implementation
In April 2013, the UK launched its Universal Credit "pathfinder". This introduced Universal Credit to some claimants in the North-West of
England. This "pathfinder" stage will help us ensure that Universal Credit is ready to go live across the rest of the country later in 2013.
From April 2014, all new benefit claims will be for Universal Credit. Existing claimants will move onto Universal Credit in line with a
phased approach that we expect to have completed by the end of 2017.
1.11. Skills Development
1.11.1.Spain
A. - Promoting Employment Through Training
With the aim of improving employability and employment opportunities, in particular among young people, in 2012 and 2013 the focus
has been placed on measures to improve the quality of training. The aim is to provide training that facilitates the access to the labour
market, for which it is crucial that the training received matches the needs of the productive sectors. In addition, it is important to
promote training that includes the possibility of obtaining work experience and that this training is taught under a flexible framework,
compatible with working time. To this end, the following measures have been and will continue to be implemented:
1. – The labour market reform enacted in February 2012 set up a new training and apprenticeship contract that allows workers to obtain
a professional diploma. The regulatory developments of this contract and its implementation have further been accompanied by the
implementation of a system of dual vocational training, already in operation and which will be supported by a new Development Strategy
for 2013 - 2015.
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The strategy will be accompanied by a monitoring process on the quality and impact of dual vocational training which will result in an
intermediate assessment (planned for the first semester of 2014) and a final evaluation (second semester of 2015). The aim is to identify
the success of the model in terms of initial contracts as well as their impact on transitions to employment, by monitoring whether young
people continue to work at the same company or if they are hired by another one. The aim is also to assess the Strategy’s impact on
employment stability and on the attainment of certifiable professional qualifications.
2. – A revision of the training system for employed and unemployed workers, financed with public funds, under the principles of
transparency, efficiency and competition. In particular, the aim in this area is to promote competition between private training centres
in access to public funds and to identify the priorities of productive sectors, so that a more effective use is made of these resources.
The transition to the new model is gradual and has already started in 2012. Further progress will be made in 2013. The new model has
already been introduced in 2012 and will continue in 2013.
3 – In addition, measures have been adopted to improve the professional qualifications and employability of young people as part of the
Strategy for Entrepreneurship and Youth Employment 2013-2016. Promoting the integration of young people into the real world of work
and improving their situation in the labour market are two of the main priorities of this Strategy. It seeks to improve the employability of
this group as well as the quality and stability of their jobs, promoting equal opportunities in accessing the labour market and fostering
entrepreneurship.
The Strategy constitutes a systematic response to both the structural problems of the Spanish labour market related to youth
unemployment and those that have arisen as a consequence of today’s economic situation. The key aspects are an emphasis on training
and education oriented towards real labour market needs, prevention of early school drop-outs, improved public-private collaboration,
possibilities to favour youth employment and the creation of hiring incentives targeted specifically at young workers (especially those
lacking qualifications and work experience) and to promote business initiatives among young people.
The Strategy forms part of the National Reforms Programme and is in line with the Recommendations and Initiatives adopted in this area
by the European Union, more specifically, with the objectives of the Youth Guarantee recently proposed by the European Commission and
adopted by the Council.
4. – The professional certificates legislation is undergoing a process of reform that will continue in 2013. The aim is to adapt these
diplomas to the new model of dual vocational training, to ensure that they match the current needs of the productive sector and that they
make full use of the available technology for e-learning. The basic regulation has already been reformed and the National Catalogue of
Professional Certificates will be published shortly, with an updated set of 585 occupational certificates after the identification, revision and
update process carried out in 2012. This extensive catalogue together with the new more modern regulation will allow training courses
to be designed in response to the needs of all the productive sectors and therefore contribute to boost training and apprenticeship
contracts, ultimately enhancing workers’ employability.
5. – Another particularly significant measure is the creation of a personal training account. The training received by each worker
throughout his career will be in accordance with the Catalogue of Professional Qualifications and the Spanish Qualifications Framework
for Higher Education. Furthermore, each worker will have an individual training account that will be is associated with their social
security membership number. Training throughout the working life will therefore be a crucial source of information, subject to adequate
monit oring which will, in turn, translate into a better reflection of the worker’s employability and enhance geographical and functional
mobility. At the same time, this information will be useful in order to identify workers’ needs and training priorities in response to
companies’ demand.
B. - Reinforced Links Between Active and Passive Labour Market Policies (Activation)
The aim is to strengthen the existing mechanisms so that people who receive unemployment benefits adequately and effectively comply
with their active search and activity compromise.
In the context of the 5th Country Specific Recommendation of the European Council to Spain and also in line with the recent Spanish
Labour Market Reform, reinforcing the link between active and passive labour market policies has been established as a top priority in
order to improve people’s employability, increase hiring opportunities and ensure better compliance with new legislation.
During 2012 Spain has introduced significant modifications in the unemployment benefits’ regulatory framework, namely, establishing
a much broader control on people who receive benefits. The aim is to ensure that those receiving financial support are actively looking
for a job and participate in active labour market policy measures that increase their employability and improves their chances of getting
back into the labour market.
Furthermore, this effort is particularly clear in the linkage that has been established between passive labour market policies and fostering
entrepreneurship among young people as enshrined in the New Strategy for Entrepreneurship and Youth Employment 2013 – 2016.
There are a series of measures for young people that are unemployed and receive unemployment benefits that seek to engage them to
create their own new businesses.
During 2013, efforts will continue along this line. A new public-private collaboration project has already been launched in order to
identify possible ways to improve the management and monitoring of the benefits’ system. The aim is to identify the best possible use of
existing resources as well as to identify other potentially useful ICT tools and cross-checks of databases to complete and optimise current
procedures. A pilot project will be launched in order to assess the viability of the new system. Ultimately, the new tools should improve
detection of non-compliance with employment activation and training requirements, enhance monitoring and control and improve
activation incentives for those receiving benefits.
As regards Spain’s regions (Autonomous Communities), that share competences on active labour market policies, building on progress
made in 2012, they will reinforce their cooperation with the Central Government during 2013. This means monitoring benefit recipients
and their participation in training or assistance for employment measures, as well as speeding up and standardising communication
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mechanisms so that sanctions may be applied promptly whenever non-compliance is detected. Specific attention will be given to actions
in order to get young unemployed people to participate in training and career orientation programmes. This will further enhance the link
between active and passive labour market policies and the employability of this group of workers.
1.12. Enhancing Education, Training and Skills Development
1.12.1.Australia
Australia has continued to increase its investment in education, training and skills development.
In its 2013 – 14 Budget, the Australian Government made a $A9.8 billion commitment to increase school funding over six years from
2014 – 15, with reforms to lift student achievement. Under the Government’s plan for school improvement, the reforms will focus on
quality teaching, quality learning, meeting student need, empowered school leadership, accountability and transparency. This will help
young Australians to get the best possible education and secure a high-wage, high-skilled job.
The Government is also investing additional funds for a 12 month extension of the Youth Connections program, School Business
Community Partnership Brokers which improve the chances of successful transitions by young people to work or further study or training.
In addition, the Government extended funding for national career development initiatives. These initiatives support the Council of
Australian Governments (COAG) target of increasing the educational participation and attainment of young Australians.
The Australian Government will invest $A1.9 billion in universities over the next four years to meet a surge in demand for places,
including around 1650 extra places per year for sub‑bachelor and postgraduate training in certain disciplines. As a result, by 2017,
student enrolments will be 76,000 higher compared with 2013.
From 1 July 2013, a new Skills Connect Fund will be implemented to provide industry with a single point of access for skills and
workforce development support. The Fund will better align the skills of the workforce and the training on offer with the needs of industry.
The Government also has provided $A68.8 million over four years for an industry-led pilot to trial new training pathways into
high-demand trade and technical occupations. The Alternative Pathways pilot will develop and test innovative, flexible training models
in a considered bid to find responsive, adaptable and scalable approaches to addressing skill shortages in priority areas. The first projects
under the pilot are planned to commence in late 2013.
1.12.2.Canada
Education
The Government of Canada recognizes that getting a good education is one of the cornerstones of success, for all Canadians. Canada’s
public education system falls under the jurisdiction of the Provinces and Territories (P/Ts), and have programs in place to promote
education and learning for all children in order to support their full participation in society.
The Government of Canada provided over $6.3 billion dollars in 2012 – 2013 in support of early childhood development and early learning
and child care. In addition, the Government of Canada provided $11.9 billion (2012 – 2013) in transfers to Provinces and Territories (P/
Ts) through the Canada Social Transfer (CST) to design and deliver supports for education from early childhood development, elementary,
secondary, and post-secondary education, social assistance and social services and programs for Canadians.
The Government of Canada increased annual funding for post-secondary education (PSE) through the CST by $800 million in
2008-2009, and legislated an annual three per cent escalator in 2009 – 2010. CST cash transfers will reach $11.9 billion in 2012 – 2013,
$3.6 billion of which is notionally allocated to PSE. Budget 2012 reaffirmed that the CST will continue to grow at three per cent annually in
2014 – 2015 and subsequent years.
The Government of Canada provides supports for children’s education and learning including:
•
Savings incentives through the Canada Education Savings Grant (CESG) and Canada Learning Bond (CLB) to encourage Canadians
to use Registered Education Savings Plans (RESPs) for a child’s PSE. Savings in RESPs grow tax-free until they are withdrawn to pay
for full or part-time studies in a college program, apprenticeship, trade school, or university. As well as the Canada Education Savings
Plan (CESP) and the Canada Student Loans Program (CSLP).
•
The CESG, available to all Canadians regardless of income and provides a minimum 20 % grant on the first $2,500 of annual
contributions made for a child in an RESP. Higher CESG rates (30 – 40 %) apply to the first $500 of savings for children from low and
middle-income families.
•
The CLB is for children from low-income families and children in care (i.e. those eligible for the National Child Benefit Supplement).
Eligible families do not need to contribute to an RESP to receive the CLB. It provides an initial payment of $500 followed by
payments of $100 each year the child remains eligible, up to age 15 (for a maximum of $2,000). The CLB participation rate has
grown steadily since its inception, from 4.6 % of eligible low-income children in 2006 to 24.4 % in 2011.
•
In addition to increasing the affordability of PSE, the CESP, particularly the CLB, may also contribute to increasing access to PSE
among under-represented groups. In 2011, CESP savings incentives helped over 299,000 students withdraw a total of $2.07 billion
to help finance their PSE. As of December 2011, over 3 million beneficiaries aged 0-17 had benefited from the CESG, and a total of
$31.6 billion was held by Canadian families in RESP assets.
•
These measures complement the student financial assistance available under the Canada Student Loans Program (CSLP) that help
students access and afford PSE, including loans, grants and repayment assistance. In 2010-11, the CSLP provided $2.2 billion in
loans to 425,000 and $630 million in grants to 320,000 students.
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The Government of Canada also supports a variety of non-profit organizations involved in addressing the needs of children, including
their education and learning. In 2010, for example, it announced a significant investment of $20 million to support Pathways to
Education Canada, a charitable organization dedicated to alleviating poverty by reducing the high school drop-out rate among at-risk
youth. Working with community partners, Pathways to Education offers a suite of supports for young people including tutoring, career
counselling, mentoring and bursaries.
Apprenticeship
Budget 2013 announced $4 million to be allocated to Opportunities for Apprentices over three years to support the use of apprentices
and reduce barriers for accreditation. Moving forward, Government procurement will support the use of apprentices in federal
construction and maintenance contracts. This includes investment in Canada’s Affordable Housing program and Building Canada Plan for
infrastructure.
Other measures designed to increase access to and the completion of an apprenticeship program includes the Apprenticeship Incentive
Grant and Apprenticeship Completion Grant. These taxable grants provide up to a total of $4,000 to registered apprentices who have
successfully completed their apprenticeship training and obtained their journeyperson certification in a designated Red Seal trade. To
date, over 263,000 AIGs and 79,000 ACGs have been issued for a total of $423 million.
In addition to the grants, there are a number of tax based measures also support the integration of skilled trades people into the labour
market including the Tradesperson’s Tool Deduction and the Apprenticeship Job Creation Tax Credit.
Skills Development
Through the Labour Market Agreements (LMAs), the Government of Canada provides funding to P/Ts to design and deliver employment
programs and services required to meet the labour market needs faced by their jurisdiction. The broad objectives of the LMAs are to
increase the participation of groups that are underrepresented in the labour force and to enhance the skills of low skilled workers. In
particular, LMAs are designed for unemployed persons who are not eligible for Employment Insurance (EI) benefits. An annual investment
of $500M, since 2008 – 2009, has reached almost 975,000 clients over the first three years of the agreement. The Agreements are set to
expire in March 2014.
Budget 2013 announced the Government’s intention to renew the LMAs with P/Ts in 2014 with investments of $500M per year. The
Agreements will be reformed to directly connect skills training with employers and jobs for Canadians with the Canada Job Grant – the
centrepiece of the new Agreements. The Grant will account for $300M of total annual Labour Market Agreement funding from the
federal government on full implementation in 2017 – 18.
The Grant, as delivered through LMAs, will require matching from employers as well as P/Ts. Businesses with a plan to train Canadians
for an existing job or a better job will be eligible to apply for a Canada Job Grant. The Grant will provide access to a maximum $5,000
federal contribution per person towards training at eligible training institutions. This means the Grant could provide $15,000 or more per
person, including provincial/territorial and employer contributions.
1.12.3.France
The French Government has recently taken several measures to face these challenges and thereby implement the Los Cabos Action Plan
commitments.
Create a Lifelong Guidance Service
Decision : Ensure continuous monitoring of the suitability of training opportunities to employer skill requirements. As from 2013, begin to
introduce a new public guidance service covering the secondary and higher education sectors based on a "Skills – Qualifications" approach. This
will help to prevent unemployment rates from varying by more than 10 points within a single qualification category.
This service will replace the public guidance service introduced following the Law of the 24th of November 2009 on life-long guidance
and professional training.
Information and guidance offerings must provide access for school pupils, students, employees and jobseekers to secondary and higher
education and vocational training with a qualification at the end.
The system is currently rather disparate and lacking in coordination, making it impossible to even out inequalities within the education
system or address the issues of employment and qualifications.
Help People to Adapt Their Skills in Areas In Transition by Introducing Platforms to Support Economic and Career Change
Decision: As from 2013, create 10 national professional re-skilling platforms. These platforms will be designed to mobilise the major players
in areas of the labour market where the issues of employment and economic development are particularly challenging, in order to meet the HR
requirements of VSEs and SMEs. The platforms will be single points of contact for SMEs looking to develop employee skills, bringing players from
the training and employment sector to a single location.
These platforms will be designed to mobilise the labour market main stakeholders in areas where the issues of employment and
economic development are particularly challenging, in order to meet the HR requirements of VSEs and SMEs.
Improve Identification of the Skills Required by Companies and Anticipate Economic Change and the Associated Consequences
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Decision: Strengthen the role of companies in technical and vocational training, by making them a systematic component of their governance bodies.
In order to provide a training supply that will boost access to employment, it is vital to be aware of the current and future needs of
companies for skills. The issue is obviously to facilitate recruitment, but it is also to have a more forward-looking outlook, preparing today
for the skills requirements of tomorrow. A number of projects are already underway, but they are not sufficiently interconnected and have
limited operational effect.
Develop apprenticeships and provide incentives for taking on staff for training in high-tech areas
Decision: Promote the employment of young apprentices in SMEs with a goal of 500,000 apprentices by 2017.
Apprenticeships must continue for various qualification levels, the priority being for young people with few or no qualifications. But they
also must move into high-tech sectors requiring more advanced levels of qualification.
SMEs take on the greatest number of people on apprenticeship contracts, mainly at Levels V, IV and III. However, these companies do not
have enough people with high-level skills (Levels II and I) in technical disciplines (engineers, for example, notably for quality) and only
rarely train apprenticeships to this level, whereas this would be a way of boosting competitiveness.
The Government wishes to boost SME competitiveness through the appointment of young apprentices for high-level technical training. It
will provide an incentive for these companies to take on apprentices for technical training, at Levels II and I.
Develop Life-Long Learning (Personal Training Account)
Decision: Invite social partners to discuss procedures for setting up a Personal training account linked to the person and not to their status for
pursuing life-long learning.
The social road map has launched major areas for action in terms of skills development and life-long learning.
With regard to young people and jobseekers, two framework documents have been submitted for discussion. The issue of training
combined with support for economic change now comes under the negotiations around the new 2013 – 2015 agreement between the
State and the joint fund for securing career paths. The National Council for Life-long Vocational Training [Conseil national de la formation
professionnelle tout au long de la vie] has been called upon with regard to the individual training account.
Develop International Mobility for Students, School Pupils and Apprentices
Decision: Set the "International Mobility 2020" (doubling the number of French students abroad and targeting the professional and technology
sectors) in motion.
As a competitiveness driver, the development of international exchanges requires rapid progress in terms of the skills and qualifications
of students, school pupils and employees. To rise to these challenges and fulfill the objectives of the Louvain programme, France must
act quickly to increase the international opening of institutions and develop international mobility. Today, barely 66,000 French students
have studied abroad in an OECD country, two thirds of them in the European area and in a country sharing a boundary with France.
The Government has decided to double the number of young people studying abroad at all levels of education within 5 years, using the
Erasmus support for study mobility (see the Leonardo, Erasmus, Euroapprenticeship and Agefa-mobilite programmes, etc.) and target
certain sectors – particularly the professions and technology.
1.12.4.Italy
With the aim to strengthen quality apprenticeship to address youth unemployment, in March the Government signed an agreement
between State and Regions, which defines the standards for a skill certification scheme. This Act fully enacts the new discipline of
apprenticeships, which was reformed by the Consolidated Act approved in September 2011.
According to the Italian regulation apprenticeship contract is an open-end contract which envisages different incentives for employers
both in terms of salary reduction and in terms of contributory reliefs. Workers are provided with vocational training, both generic and
specific to the qualification pursued, thus enhancing their productivity and future employability.
The labour market reform strengthens the role of apprenticeship as the main path to enter the labour market, reckoning its role in
fostering competent, skilled and more productive workers and more stable employment relationships. Within the labour market reform,
apprenticeships are enhanced through different channels: firstly by providing further incentive to employers hiring apprentices, secondly
by discouraging the use of different types of temporary contracts to engage young people.
As regards apprentices' wage and social contribution and tax reliefs, the minimum pay of apprentices is fixed at two levels lower than the
salary figure established in the National Sectoral Collective Agreement for the same occupation. Social contributions for apprenticeships
contracts at 10 % of total compensation for companies employing more than 9 workers, while for smaller firms contributions were totally
cancelled from 2012 onward.
The ‘Long-life Career Guidance’ for schools of all levels has been reconfirmed. Its main objective is to reduce the rate of early school
leavers. The Plan is based on a key instrument, which is educational training, aimed at lowering rates of school dropout in the first two
years of secondary school and avoiding the problems deriving from incorrect choices.
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A great part of the measures activated to address this problem are financed through the resources of Structural Funds (about 4.4 billion
in the present planning cycle), also targeted at reducing early school leavers. The Cohesion Action Plan foresees a financial commitment
of about 25 million during two school years for interventions in areas of serious social and cultural exclusion.
As a further action to fight early school leaving, the Ministry of University and Research has allocated to the regions 103 million for the
supply, in the school year 2012-2013, of textbooks for the economically disadvantaged pupils of primary and secondary schools. Projects
in the areas at social risk with high early school leaving rate and those characterized by a strong immigration process have been funded
with 53 million per year. As a result the number of early school leavers is progressively reducing and in 2012 it fell to 758.000 (29.000
less than in 2011), corresponding to 17,6 per cent (it was 18,2 per cent in 2011).
A particular attention is paid to strengthening the technical education, through the Higher Technical Institutes3 (Istituti Tecnici Superiori
-ITS), whose educational structure is strictly related to the actual development and internationalization needs of enterprises, especially
the small and medium ones. A specific Fund of about 14 million has been established to finance the ITS Foundations, from 2013.
1.12.5.Turkey
Turkey has a dynamic young population. In order to increase the quality of its education system, Turkey increased the duration of
compulsory education from 8 years to 12 years with the "Law No. 6287 Amending the Law on Primary Education and Training Law and
Along with Some Other Laws", which was published in the Official Gazette No. 28261 of 11 April 2012. This period comprises a gradual
structure based on 4 years of primary school, 4 years of secondary school and 4 years of high school.
On 25 January 2012, the cooperation protocol of the Cooperation on Entrepreneurship Development Project was signed between the
Ministry of National Education and the Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology and TÜBİTAK. The protocol aims to raise individuals
with a culture of entrepreneurship by integrating this concept into the system of education.
"Human Resources Development" (HRD) is one of the five components of the Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA). Ministry of Labour and Social
Security is accredited as the Managing Authority for this component. The Human Resources Development Component includes the
support of defined measures and intervention areas in employment, education, lifelong learning, social inclusion priority axises with the
co-financing of Turkey and EU funds.
The vision of the 9th Development Programme prepared by the Ministry of Development which covers the 2007-2013 periods envisions
Turkey as "A country of information society, growing in stability, sharing more equitably, globally competitive and fully completed her
coherence with the European Union". In this context, the general aim of HRD Operational Program (HRD OP) in parallel with the 9th
Development Programme is "to support the transition to a knowledge-based economy capable of sustainable economic growth with
more and better jobs and greater social cohesion".
In these above mentioned framework many activities, programs and projects have been implemented.
1.12.6.South Africa
The National Skills Development Strategy (NSDS) III, 2011/12 – 2015/16 has been launched and is envisaged towards a skilled and
capable workforce that shares in, and contributes to, the benefits and opportunities of economic expansion and inclusive growth path.
The NSDS III strives to encourage and actively support the integration of workplace training with theoretical learning. It includes one
of the pillars, namely the Professional, Vocational, Technical and Academic (PIVOTAL) programmes, which emphasize a balance between
theory/qualification and workplace learning towards occupational directed qualification. The NSDS III goals, amongst others, include (I)
expansion of a responsive FET (e.g. improve quality of FET courses); (II) Increasing access to occupationally directed programmes (e.g. 10
000 artisans are planned, innovative research, address scarce skills through work ready graduates); (III) encouraging the development of
small businesses, cooperatives; (IV) build career and vocational guidance.
Integrated Strategic Planning Framework for Teachers
The above framework acknowledges the considerable challenges facing the education system, amongst which are the problems of
quality education, poorly monitored funding, etc. The framework was launched by the Minister of Higher Education and Training towards
improving the quality of teaching in South Africa. The framework, 2011 – 2015 was approved and implementation had started.
South Africa has a couple of Higher Education Institutions, however, a need for establishing more universities had been identified and
work is progressing towards the establishment of two new universities between 2011 and 2014, R300 million was allocated towards
establishing these new institutions. Work has begun on identifying possible sites for each institution and the physical design of the
universities.
1.13. Providing Targeted Support For The Poor Or Strengthening Social Safety Nets
1.13.1.Indonesia
Generally, the level of poverty in Indonesia is showing as significant decrease, in 2010 the poverty level reached around 13.33 % and the
government has the target to achieve level of poverty around 8 – 10 % at the end of 2014.
3
ITS are special technology school, alternatives to Universities, aimed to the training of technicians specialized in technological areas of strategic
relevance for the economy.
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We are aware that it is not easy to achieve National target of poverty level around 8-10% at the end of 2014 since it needs systematic,
comprehensive, integrated approach, therefore involving policy makers on a national and regional level, business sectors and society as
well. The strategy and efforts have been started by institutional approach through the established National Team of Poverty Alleviation
Acceleration (TNP2K). The establishment of TNP2K based on Presidential Decree Republic of Indonesia No.15/2010 on Poverty Alleviation
Acceleration is for inter-sectored coordination and forums held in addressing poverty issues.
There are policies of short and medium term to address the poverty as follows:
Cluster I
Social safety nets including society health insurance, rice for poor, expected family program, cash for work, scholarship for students,
operational school aid. This program aims to meet the fundamental right, to decrease life burdens, and to increase quality of life of the
poor.
Cluster II
Poverty Alleviation Based on Society Empowerment (National Program of Self Society Empowerment)
Poverty is not only caused by material aspects but also the minimal access to improve quality of life for the poor. The poor must be
motivated to empower their own resources in order to get rid from poverty. In addition, the poor are also encouraged to participate
in national development processes including form planning, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating in line with the society needs
through strengthening societal institution approach. The activities of this program are preparing village infrastructures and job creation
through creation of small businesses. Furthermore, they need access to micro finance to expand their business.
Cluster III
Poverty Alleviation Program Based on Small Medium Enterprises Empowerment by Societal Business Credit
The program aims to provide access for the poor to create and develop businesses and increase quality of life. The activities of the
program comprise capital assistance, access to marketing product, and assistance to improve management skill.
1.13.2.South Africa
South Africa’s ongoing anti-poverty efforts were accompanied by various strategies. All of them were strengthened by a Cabinet decision
in July 2011 for government’s coordinating structures to prioritise short-term job creation. Government ensures that those in employment
get protection through the Unemployment Insurance Act and the Compensation for Occupational Injury and Diseases. With the recent
economic crisis South African government realised the need to extend the period for claiming unemployment insurance benefits as some
people were finding it difficult to get employment after losing one. The government has pooled together the following programmes
under one coordinating structure. The Community Works programme, targeting 1 million work opportunities by 2014:
•
The Expanded Public Works programme referred to above, targeting up to 6 million work opportunities;
•
The Vocational and Continuing Education and Training programme, which aims to increase enrolment from 300 000 to 800 000
students;
•
The Jobs Fund;
•
Support for small and micro enterprises, including smallholders and agriculture.
Other forms of strengthening social safety nets were seen in South Africa’s budget increase for this purpose. Both health and social
protection spending is budgeted at R268 billion for 2013/2014. More than 16 million beneficiaries are being supported by social grants
and the majority of these people are children. Research has proven that houses with a grant fair better as the money is used to look for
jobs, to facilitate access to education, etc. In encouraging school attendance government also introduced feeding schemes, free education
as well as projects aimed at fighting child labour.
Furthermore the country have a tax relief for low-cost employer-provided housing. This will provide fringe-benefit tax relief for
lower-income earners in cases where employers have built and transferred a house to an employee at a price below market value, hence
triggering a taxable fringe benefit which becomes a burden for low income earners.
1.14. Encouraging the Participation of Females in the Labour Force Тhrough, for Example Reforming
Benefit Systems and Providing Affordable Child Care Services
1.14.1.Australia
The Building Australia’s Future Workforce package included a range of initiatives to support female labour force participation. Further
work incentives were introduced in 2013 for single parents by relaxing the income test taper rate for some income support recipients
and tightening eligibility for the Parenting Payment. Additional services were also introduced to assist single parents to enter the
workforce, supporting an estimated 50 000 eligible unemployed parents to access professional career counselling to build motivation
and confidence.
The Australian Government will invest more than $A25 billion over four years to continue building a more affordable, flexible and high
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quality child care sector, helping more Australian parents to return to work and ensuring more children are school-ready. Further, since
July 2011, families can access the Child Care Rebate fortnightly.
A series of flexibility trials in partnership with industry, business and child care operators will take place to provide more flexible child
care hours. The trials include after‑hours family day care for shift workers, extended‑hours long day care and improved access to response
out of school hours care.
1.14.2.Japan
The Japanese Government has implemented the following measures related to policies on increasing the participation of females in the
labor force.
The Japanese government provided additional support aimed at balancing job and child care based on the Child Care and Family Care
Leave Act Resolution of the waiting-list children by increasing the capacity of childcare service (childcare service provided by preschool
facilities [called "kodomo-en"] designated by the government).
1.15. Job Creation, Skills Mismatch and Structural Labour Market Reforms
1.15.1.EU or EU member states
The unemployment rate stands at 10.9 % in the EU and 12.0 % in the Eurozone. Long-term unemployment is increasing and nearly one
in two unemployed people have been without a job for over a year. However, the situation varies widely across the EU, with national
unemployment rates ranging from less than 5 % in Austria to over 25 % in Greece and Spain. Young people have been particularly hard hit,
with the youth unemployment rate reaching more than 50 % in certain countries. Tackling unemployment and the social consequences
of the crisis is one of the EU’s key priorities, as stressed by the European Council conclusions of 14 and 15 March 2013. In this context:
- Recent EU Level Initiatives to Support the Labour Market:
Job Creation:
The Employment Package presented by the Commission in April 2012 included a number of proposals to help EU Member States exploit
job potential areas. It urged the EU Member States to mainstream green employment into their National Job Plans and to improve the
anticipation of skills needs in the green economy. It looked at ways to improve health workforce planning and forecasting to match the
demand and supply of health professionals better while offering them long-term job prospects and stimulate exchange on innovative
and effective recruitment and retention strategies for health workers. And it supported an increase in highly qualified ICT labour and
a promotion of digital skills across the workforce. The Employment Package also looked at how to create the right conditions for job
creation and labour demand by targetting hiring subsidies tocreate new jobs, a (budget neutral) tax shift from labour to environmental
taxes, and supporting self-employment.
The Council Conclusions of October 2012 on "Towards a job-rich recovery and giving a better chance to Europe’s youth", provide a first
Council response to the Package , inviting the EU MS and the Commission to take further actions.
Skills Mismatch
In terms of skills mismatching, the Commission launched an the EU Skills Panorama on the 7th of December 2012. This is an online
information tool presenting quantitative and qualitative information on short-term and medium-term skills needs, skills supply and skills
mismatches collated from both the European and national sources.
To address the job matching process in the European labour markets, the Commission adopted a decision to modernise and improve
EURES, the pan-EU job search network, on 26 November 2012. This will reform the existing EURES network and will help to increase
mobility of workers across EU Member States and pave the way for a true European labour market. The EURES reform aims to make it
easier for jobseekers to contact employers looking for particular skills, to focus on sectors and occupations with skills shortages and to
support targeted mobility schemes for young people.
Structural Labour Market Reforms
According to the Joint Employment Report adopted by the Council of the European Union on 28 February 2013, the EU Member States
(MS) have taken a number of steps to implement structural labour market reforms to tackle unemployment and to address the social
consequences of the crisis.
Many EU MS have introduced changes in labour taxation and though the overall burden has not decreased due to the fiscal consolidation
constraints, the measures have to a certain extent reduced the cost of labour for low-income groups.
A number of EU MS, in particular those in fiscal and financial difficulties, are implementing ambitious reforms encompassing a review of
their employment legislation to increase flexibility in working arrangements, a reduction of severance pay, the simplification of dismissal
procedures and enhanced flexibility in collective bargaining and wage-setting systems.
Several EU MS are taking steps to reinforce active labour market policies (ALMP) and public employment services (PES) either by
introducing wages subsidies, expanding the target groups of the unemployed, focusing on training of PES employees and the development
of client-oriented service models.
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Unemployment benefits have been reformed in a number of EU MS to increase incentives to work by reducing the maximum duration
and strengthening conditionality and eligibility rules.
A good number of EU MS are taking measures to extend working lives by penalising early retirement, increasing statutory retirement age,
supporting lifelong learning and targeted employment incentives.
A number of EU MS are taking measures to adapt education and training to reflect labour market needs. Some are taking initiatives to
enhance the quality of apprenticeship and traineeship contracts and stimulating the provision of apprenticeship positions in workplaces.
Overall, there has also been progress regarding the implementation of active inclusion strategies focusing on adequate income
support, inclusive labour markets and access to quality services. Some countries have taken measures in the field of anti-discrimination,
accessibility, care and education while in others civil society organisations are encouraged to employ disadvantaged persons through the
allocation of financial help.
In a few MS, a rental social market was created to ensure access to affordable and quality housing for the most vulnerable, while others
are taking more general active labour market measures to integrate people with a weak foothold on the labour market.
Reinforcing Coordination and Multilateral Surveillance in the Area of Employment Policies
In the context of the European Semester with strengthening economic governance, the Employment Committee4 has been undertaking
over the past years an enhanced surveillance of the employment policies of the MS. This peer review (a thematic review and a country
examination) focuses in particular on the implementation of the annual country specific recommendations such as:
- wage policies,
- the effectiveness of Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs),
- the tax wedge on labour,
- early school leavers and education performance,
- youth unemployment.
Altogether, these reviews allow the Council to obtain an overview of the progress made and the state of the implementation. They are
underpinned by the use of appropriate statistical tools to allow for comparing and benchmarking the situation in different MS. A common
statistical framework has been developed, which is undoubtedly an essential tool to facilitate the setting of policy priorities and to allow
for a rigorous analysis of the employment policies of the MS.
1.16. Youth Employment
1.16.1.EU or EU Member States
More than 5.5 million young people (aged 15-24 years) in the EU are unemployed today. The youth unemployment rate is more than
twice as high as the rate for adults (23.2 % versus 9.3 % in the fourth quarter of 2012) and has dramatically increased over the last
four years. In some countries (EL, ES) rates are higher than 50 %. Youth employment is therefore one of the key priorities of the EU and
many actions were undertaken over the last three years at the EU and at national level to tackle this important challenge. The critical
importance of tackling the situation of youth in Europe has been recently reflected at various levels (European Council5, Council6, and
Member States) and in response to the Country-specific Recommendations. The Commission has also been active to promote youth
employment.
The September 2010 flagship EU initiative "Youth on the Move" (YoM)7, aims at enhancing the performance of the education systems and
facilitating the entry of young people into the labour market. Besides actions that aim to make education and training more tailored to
the needs of Europe’s youth, it includes for the first time a policy framework to improve youth employment.
The Commission’s December 2011 Youth Opportunities Initiative (YOI)8 is proposing a stronger cooperation with Member States for
the delivery of action tackling the very high youth unemployment rates. This cooperation was fully integrated into the 2012 European
Semester. Its purpose was to support Member States in urgently defining and implementing appropriate strategies and measures for
tackling youth unemployment by making greater use of available EU funding. Member States, in particular those with the highest youth
unemployment rates, are called upon to take decisive measures in the following four main areas:
•
Preventing early-school leaving;
•
Developing skills that are relevant to the labour market;
4
An advisory body of the Council based on Article 150 TFEU
European Council Conclusions of 9 December 2011, Statement of the Members of the European Council of 30 January 2012, European Council Conclusions
of 1-2 March 2012, European Council Conclusions of 28 – 29 June, inter alia.
6 Council Conclusions on Promoting Youth Employment to achieve the Europe 2020 objectives, Council Conclusions on Towards a job-rich recovery and
giving a better chance to Europe's youth, inter alia.
5
7
COM (2010) 477 final of 15.09.2012
8
COM (2011) 933 final of 20.12.2011
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•
Supporting a first work experience and on the job training;
•
Access to the labour market: getting a (first) job.
By January 2013, about EUR 16 billion of EU financing has been targeted for accelerated delivery or reallocation in the 8 MS with the
highest youth unemployment rates9. This funding will help around 780 000 young people and 55 000 SMEs, as well as support other
growth enhancing measures.10
The country-specific recommendations adopted by the Council of the EU in July 2012, seek to ensure that youth employment remains
high on the policy agenda of all MS where youth unemployment rates are particularly dramatic. These recommendations, given to nearly
all MS, have a strong focus on youth unemployment, education and vocational training, apprenticeships, as well as skills, early childhood
education and care and the funding of education.
The Commission’s Youth Employment Package11 (YEP) of December 2012 included a proposal for a Council Recommendation on
"Establishing a Youth Guarantee", launches a second stage social partners’ consultation on a "Quality Framework for Traineeships",
announces a "European Alliance for Apprenticeships" and outlines ways to reduce obstacles to mobility for young people.
The EU MS agreed upon the Council Recommendation on the Youth Guarantee on 28 February 201312. It calls on Member States to ensure
that all young people up to 25 receive a good quality offer of employment, continued education, an apprenticeship or a traineeship
within four months of leaving formal education or becoming unemployed. In order to ensure the success and rapid implementation of
the Youth Guarantee, the Recommendation includes guidelines for setting up such schemes, covering in particular the need for stronger
partnerships between all concerned stakeholders, early intervention and activation, and making full use of EU funding.
The EUR 6 billion Youth Employment Initiative, agreed upon by the European Council on 7-8 February 2013, will further boost the support
measures set out in the Youth Employment Package, in particular the setting-up and development of youth guarantee schemes in the MS.
As regards the Quality Framework for Traineeships (QFT), the major concern is that traineeships are often misused to replace jobs. The QFT
therefore proposes quality guidelines ensuring that all traineeships provide a high quality learning content and fair working conditions
in a way that traineeships really make education-to-work transitions smoother and they increase the employability of trainees. The YEP
launched a social partner consultation on this topic. The Commission will present a related proposal by December 2013.
The European Alliance for Apprenticeships will be launched in July 2013. It is meant to improve the supply and quality of apprenticeships
across the EU as well as to promote national partnerships for dual vocational training systems, building on good practice existing in
a number of EU Member States. The success factors for apprenticeship schemes are (1) effective partnerships between education and
training institution and companies, and involvement of social partners; (2) high quality of the qualification and learning process; and
(3) integration within national/regional education and training system and a clear regulatory framework, clarifying the responsibilities,
rights and obligations of each party involved.
The substantial differences existing between youth unemployment levels, coupled with a rise in vacancy rates in some EU Member
States, highlight that intra-EU mobility can give young people access to more employment opportunities. The new European job mobility
scheme "Your first EURES job" became operational in May 2012. It aims at helping young people to find their first job in any of the EU
MS as well as companies to recruit from another EU country. This scheme is deemed to provide financial and job placement support to
around 5,000 young people to fill vacancies abroad in the implementation period of the projects (2012 – 2014).
1.17. Quality Employment and Social Protection
1.17.1. EU or EU Member States
Reform of social policies is necessary in order to overcome the current short and long term challenges that the EU is facing – namely
the crisis resulting in increasing long-term unemployment, poverty and inequality, demographic changes and increasing budgetary
constraints. The Commission’s Social Investment Package (February 2013) aims at guiding EU MS to make the structural reforms needed
and on how to adapt their social systems to the challenges above.
The Package is structured around 3 interrelated pillars:
I. Increase the Sustainability And Adequacy of Social Systems Through Simplification and Better Targeting:
•
Simplifying benefit administration and consolidating multiple benefits help saving resources and reduce the administrative burdens
to people who are in need of support.
II. Pursue Activating and Enabling Policies Through Targeted, Conditional and More Effective Support:
•
Benefits and services that raise people’s capacity to participate in society and economy – such as job search assistance, skill training,
and lifelong learning opportunities - can be more effective in improving people’s social and employment situations than cash
benefits alone.
9
EL, ES, IE, IT, LV, LT, PT, SK
The Youth Employment Package presents updated results from the Member States on the basis of a standard questionnaire which has been sent to
each Member State end July.
11 COM (2012) 727-728-729 of 05.12.2012
12 http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/13/st06/st06944.en13.pdf
10
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•
These measures work best when they are complemented with benefits that provide adequate livelihoods. This is why the Package
emphasises the use of ‘reference budgets’ so that benefits reflect an adequate standard of living.
•
Additionally, measures that promote inclusive labour markets – by tackling workplace discrimination, removing barriers to women’s
labour market participation, and streamlining tax and benefit systems to make work pay – are essential for employment growth and
increased participation in society.
III. Social Investment Throughout the Individual’s Life:
Social policies should be targeted to the specific needs arising in childhood, youth and the transition from school to work, parenthood,
the end of one’s career and old age.
Investing in children and youth is critical. Good quality childcare and early childhood education have been proven to have a strong
positive impact on children’s chances of finishing their studies and finding employment. Childcare provision is also strongly correlated
with the employment rates of women with young children and the proportion of women who have access to formal childcare, especially
in the first three years of a child’s life.
Later on during the life course, active ageing policies enable people to make the most of their potential. Employment opportunities for
older people should be accommodated through inclusive workplace measures such as adapted workplaces and training opportunities.
Accessible and affordable transport as well as adapted housing give more control to older people and reduce their needs for long-term
care.
The European Social Fund (ESF), as well as other EU funding instruments such as the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the
Programme for Social Change and Innovation (PSCI), and the European Fund for Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD) will be vital instruments
to support the Social Investment Package.
The Council response to this Commission initiative is currently underway and will be reflected in Council Conclusions to be adopted in
June.
In the ongoing negotiations between the Council of the EU and the European Parliament on the 2014 – 2020 Multiannual Financial
Framework (MFF), future funding will be secured for various programmes and activities in both the field of employment as well as in the
social domain.
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2. ACTIONS UNDERTAKEN BY G20 COUNTRIES IN 2010 - 2013
2.1. Job Creation
2.1.1.Argentina
2.1.1.1. "Credit-Lines" Program (Reform of the Central Bank Charter)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
"Credit-lines" program (Reform of the Central Bank Charter)
Start date
2012
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned (target group, number of
beneficiaries)
To increase employment (it should increase the employment impact of a given level of credit).
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
This program requires the biggest banks to earmark the equivalent of at least 5% of their
deposits to investment loans, particularly to SMEs.
2.1.1.2. Reduction in Individual Banks’ Reserve Requirements (in Pesos) According to The Amount of
Credit Extended to SMEs as a Percentage of Total Credit Extended (Reform of The Central Bank Charter)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Reduction in individual banks' reserve requirements (in pesos) according to the amount of
credit extended to SMEs as a percentage of total credit extended (Reform of the Central Bank
Charter)
Start date
2012
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned (target group, number
of beneficiaries)
To promote employment
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
The higher the share of credit to SMEs, the lower the required reserve ratio. This benefit
reaches a maximum equivalent of 3 % of deposits, and is effective only when credit
outstanding to SMEs exceeds at least 30 % of the total portfolio of loans to the private sector.
2.1.1.3. Bicentennial Program: Financing of Investment in Productive Capacity (Programa de
Financiamiento Productivo del Bicentenario)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Bicentennial Program: Financing of Investment in Productive Capacity (Programa de
Financiamiento Productivo del Bicentenario)
Start date
2010
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned (target group, number
of beneficiaries)
Target group = domestic firms.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
The program has financed more than 400 projects. The main recipient sector has been the
manufacturing sector (71 %), followed by the primary sector and by the services sectors of
transport and telecommunications.
Comments
The aim of the program is to increase productive capacity and competitiveness
to facilitate import substitution and the international expansion of domestic
firms, while maximizing the employment impact of the associated investments.
The loans benefit from a subsidized interest rate. The maturity of the projects can reach five
years and there is a grace period of up to one year, subject to the structure of the projects´
repayment flows.
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2.1.1.4. Procrear Program
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Procrear program
Start date
June 2012
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The program aims to finance 400,000 housing units in four years, including 100,000 in
2012-2013 (compared to a current stock of 221,000 total outstanding mortgage loans), and
is open to over 90 percent of total households. Given the high labor intensity of construction
activity, this program constitutes an element in the government´s policies to promote
employment.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
The Procrear program has two goals: facilitate home-ownership and stimulate construction
activity via improved access to housing finance.
2.1.1.5. Law No. 26,476 – Promotion and Protection of Registered Employment (The Law Was Actually
More Comprehensive, Including a Tax Amnesty Regime, Promotion and Protection of Registered
Employment Favoring Pymes, and Disclosure and Repatriation of Previously Unreported Capital
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Law No. 26,476 – Promotion and protection of registered employment (The law was actually
more comprehensive, including a tax amnesty regime, promotion and protection of registered
employment favoring PYMEs, and disclosure and repatriation of previously unreported capital
Start date
2008
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Stimulate demand for labor by reducing employers' contributions to social security (except
health insurance contributions) for new hiring.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
In 2009: 85,000 companies took advantage of the provisions of this law in hiring some
408,000 persons. The measure seems to have "self-focused" on segments with higher
employment mobility, which was reflected in a high rate of job changes, perhaps at the
choice of the employees.
Comments
This two-year benefit consists of a 50 % reduction in employers' required contributions to
social security during the first year and a 25 % reduction in the following year.
With respect to this particular policy, the context in which it is employed is important. When
implemented in Argentina in the 1990s, it de-stabilized employment. In this implementation,
it was part of a package of complimentary policies that made it effective.
2.1.1.6. Argentina Works Program or the "Social Income with Work" Plan (Programa Argentina Trabajao
Ingreso Social con Trabajo)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Argentina Works Program or the "Social Income with Work" plan (Programa Argentina Trabajao
Ingreso Social con Trabajo)
Start date
2009
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The target group is highly vulnerable populations – members of families without formal
income, pensions or access to other social insurance (beyond the National Food Security Plan).
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
To date: 150,000 persons employed via 6,626 cooperatives.
Comments
The program seeks to create employment building local infrastructure organized through
cooperatives.
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2.1.1.7. More and Better Work for Young People Program (Programa Jóvenes con Más y Mejor Trabajo)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
More and Better Work for Young People Program (Programa Jóvenes con Más y Mejor Trabajo)
Start date
June 2008
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Target population includes young people ages 18 through 24 who have permanent residence in
the country, but have not completed primary and/or secondary education and are unemployed.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Between 2008 and March 2013, almost 600,000 (594,437) young people enrolled in the
program (source: monthly report "Programa Jóvenes con Más y Mejor Trabajo", MTEySS).
Comments
The program seeks to generate opportunities for social inclusion and employment for young
people through integrated activities (e.g. finish compulsory education, obtain training and
practical experience in work environments), preparing them to obtain work or start their own
business.
2.1.2.Brazil
2.1.2.1. Job Creation Through Macroeconomic Measures131415
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Job Creation through macroeconomic measures
Start date
200613
End Date
201114
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
20% increase in investments, credit and tax incentives for strategic sectors and / or labor
intensive sectors.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
% Of GDP invested in the overall economy increased from 16.4 % to 19.3 %.
% Of GDP given in the form of credit in the economy as a whole increased from 30.9 % to
49.1 %
Volume of resources allocated to incentives via tax expenditures increased by 85.4 % Labor
participation rate 16-64 years old decreased by 1.9 %15
Participation of formal employment in total employment, 16 - 64 years increased by 7.4 %.
Comments
This is part of the Priority 1, from Brazil’s National Plan on Employment and Decent Work:
To Create More and Better Jobs, under Equal Opportunities and Treatment.
Agenda Nacional de Trabalho Decente 10. The goal of the program was to direct public
and private investments as well as fiscal and financial stimulus
to sectors considered as strategic for the creation of jobs and for the promotion of
sustainable development, through:
(I) sustainable enterprises;
(II) enterprises directed at the improvement or conservation of the quality of the environment;
(III) micro and small enterprises;
(IV) cooperatives and enterprises with a solidarity based economy;
(V) family farming.
2.1.2.2. Investment: Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) – Phase 2
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Investment: Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) – Phase 2
Start date
June 2011
End Date
December 2012
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
From 2011 to 2014 = R$ 958 Billion public and private investments in: Better City (urban
infrastructure), Citizen Community (safety and social inclusion), My House, My Life (housing),
Water and Light for All (sanitation and access to electric energy for remote locations), Energy
(renewable energy, oil and gas) and Transports (highways, railways, airports, among others).
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Implementation of program activities increased by over 400 % between June 2011 and
December 2012, reached almost half of the investments planned by 2014.
13The
only comprehensive study we have on this initiative has time frame from 2006 to 2011.
only comprehensive study we have on this initiative has time frame from 2006 to 2011.
15Though labor participation rate decreased, job creation has been positive in Brazil, 3.886.515 formal jobs in the private sector were created from
January 2011 to March 2013.
14The
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Comments
Besides direct investment, this program consists of other actions:
Stimulus to Credit and Financing; Improvement of Investment Environment;
Tax Relief and Tax Administration Long Term Fiscal Measures; And Fiscal Consistency.
More information on the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) – Phase 2:
PAC 2 – AXES, AREAS, TARGETS AND ESTIMATED INVESTMENTS
PAC – Better City
Areas – Sanitation, Prevention in Risky Areas, Urban Mobility and Paving.
Target – Tackle the major challenges of large urban areas, thus providing better quality of life.
Estimated investment – US$ 31,3 billion (R$ 57.1 billion) (2011 – 2014).
PAC – Citizen Community
Areas – Units for Immediate Attention (UPA) and Basic Health Units, Day-care and Pre-school
centers, Sports courts at schools, PAC Squares, and Community Police Stations.
Target – Presence of the State in poorer districts – increasing coverage of services.
Estimated investment – US$ 12,6 billion (R$ 23 billion) (2011 – 2014).
PAC – My House, My Life
Areas – My House, My Life, SBPE Financing (Brazilian Savings and Loans System), Urbanization
of Precarious Settlements.
Target – Reduction of housing deficit, stimulating the civil construction sector and generating job
and income.
Estimated investment – US$ 152,5 billion (R$ 278.2 billion) (2011 – 2014)
PAC – Water and Light for All
Areas – Light for All, Water Supply in Urban Areas, and Water Resources.
Target – General access to water and electric energy.
Estimated investment – US$ 16,6 billion (R$ 30.6 billion) (2011 – 2014).
PAC - Transports
Areas – Highways, Railways, Ports, Waterways, Airports, Equipment for local roads.
Target – Consolidate and expand logistics network, interconnecting several modes, thus ensuring
quality and safety.
Estimated investment – US$ 57,3 billion (R$ 104.5 billion) (2011 – 2014) and US$ 2,47 billion
(R$ 4.5 billion) (post-2014).
PAC - Energy
Areas – Generation and Transmission of Electric Energy, Oil and Natural Gas, Shipbuilding,
Renewable Fuels, Energy Efficiency, Mineral Research.
Target – Secure reliable supply through an energy supply mix based on renewable, clean sources;
Develop discoveries in Pre-Salt, expanding its production.
Estimated investment – US$ 255,3 billion (R$ 465.5 billion) (2011 – 2014) and US$ 343,9
billion (R$ 627.1 billion) (post – 2014).
2.1.3.Canada
2.1.3.1. Industrial Research Assistance Program
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Industrial Research Assistance Program
Start date
2010
End Date
2012
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Temporarily expand initiatives for small and medium-sized enterprises.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
In 2009-10, funding was provided to 1,200 small and medium-sized enterprises, helping
maintain or create over 4,500 jobs, and helped 460 post-secondary graduates find employment
and gain invaluable experience.
Comments
2.1.3.2. Infrastructure Stimulus Fund
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Infrastructure Stimulus Fund
Start date
2010
End Date
2011
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
To create jobs and to modernize infrastructure and improve housing across Canada
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Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Over 3,500 projects to improve social housing and First Nations housing across the country
Over 1,500 projects in recreational Infrastructure 380 projects in Knowledge infrastructure.
Comments
Investment of $7.7 billion
2.1.3.3. Work-Sharing
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Work-sharing
Start date
2011
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
To avert layoffs by offering Employment Insurance income benefits to qualifying workers
willing to work a reduced work week while their employer recovers.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
As of February 24, 2013, there were 385 active WS agreements nationally, benefiting
approximately 9,261 participants.
Comments
In 2011 – 12, total expenditures were $43 million
2.1.3.4. Hiring Credit for Small Business16
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Hiring Credit for Small Business
Start date
2011
End Date
2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
In Budget 2011, the Government announced a temporary Hiring Credit for Small Businesses.
This measure provides a credit of up to $1,000 against a small employer’s increase in its
2011 Employment Insurance (EI) premiums compared to those paid in 2010. Through this
initiative, the federal government was looking to stimulate new employment and support
small businesses.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
This temporary credit was available to approximately 536,000 employers whose total EI
premiums were at or below $10,000 in 2010, reducing their 2011 payroll costs by about
$165 million.
Comments
Through Budget 2012, the Government announced an investment of $205 million to extend
the hiring credit for small businesses by one year.
Budget 2013 extends the measure for an additional year and expands the credit to small
businesses with annual premiums of $15,000 or less. This temporary credit would be
available to an estimated 560,00016 employers, allowing these small businesses to reinvest
approximately $225 million in job creation in 2013.
2.1.4. China
Since 2003, China has been implementing a Pro-Employment policy, meaning employment is the key element among economic and
social development. There are several policies for this national Strategy. First, economic and social policies that can boost job creation
are identified; pro-employment financial, trade, industry, and taxation policies are implemented; Second, employment is taken as one
of the key performance indicators of the government at various levels. From 2003 to 2012, job creation was amounted to 11 million
annually.
Job Creation Policies and Programs
From 2003 to the present, China’s labor market has become more market-oriented , and 30 million downsized workers from the SMEs
have been re-employed, and 28 million laid-off and unemployed found jobs; 260 million rural migrant workers in urban areas, compared
with 139 million in 2003.
Labour market activities are better regulated: Laws and Regulations on employment promulgated, and workers’ rights are better
protected. Today, China has more channels for job creation. First, at macro level, the Government encourages labour-intensive industries
development, with preferential credits, taxation and financial policies. Second, SMEs absorb more than 80 % of China’s total workforce,
and China has been promoting SMEs for both economic and employment purposes. Thirdly, private enterprises are now the major channel
for job creation, although some state-owned enterprises are backbones of the industries. The government has made policies for the
private enterprises to have easy access to bank loans and other means for development, and fees for SMEs have been reduced several
times; Forth, China expands tertiary industry, as tertiary industry accounts for only about 35.7% of GDP, much lower than most developed
16Given
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that eligibility parameters have increased for 2013, estimated uptake has also increased.
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nations. Besides, since China is still in the process of industrialization, the government also has policies to develop secondary industry.
However, those green and sustainable projects are priority for support. Fifth, China encourages entrepreneurship by various means.
Entrepreneurship Promotion
In recent years, China promotes entrepreneurship to create jobs mainly by the following measures: (A) The Chinese government specially
formulated policies to encourage and support workers to start their own business, and those policies include fee relief, tax incentives,
easy access to small loans and others. (B) Entrepreneurship training and business services. Workers can participate in entrepreneurship
training with subsidies granted by the Government. Besides, the government also enhances the sense of entrepreneurship among workers
and provides entrepreneurial skills trainings for the workers, and many cities in China have established entrepreneurial incubators that
carry out project consulting, business guidance, small loans and other services. (C) Entrepreneurship model city promotion. The central
government promotes a number of model cities to have some breakthroughs in the construction of five systems on the entrepreneurial
organization and leadership, policy support, entrepreneurship training, business services, and work assessment. From 2010 to 2012, there
were 71 cities named the National Pioneer Cities for Entrepreneurship by the State Council of China.
Employment Promotion for the Quake-hit Areas
In 2008, China encountered a strong earthquake in Wenchuan of Sichuan Province. After 2008, the government has made several
countermeasures to combat the aftermaths of the natural disaster. More than 1.3 million people in the quake-hit areas found jobs after
the Wenchuan Earthquake, and employment recovered in 2009 to the level before 2008. The employment assistance policies for the
quake-hit areas were carried out until 2012. Those policies include subsidies for training, social insurance, travel for the workers. On 20
April 2013, a strong earthquake hit Ya’an City in Sichuan Province. The government skills trainings similar measures as those in Wenchuan
to promote employment in the quake-hit areas.
Government Financial Support
Financial Input from Central Government for employment increased from 10.2 billion RMB in 2005 to 42.3 billion RMB in 2011, and the
budget for employment will increase for the next 10 years.
Supports for Both Workers’ and Employers’ Efforts for Employment
China has been supporting employment initiatives. For example, there are policies that encourage self-employment by reduction or
exemption of taxes and fees. The government also provides subsidies to social insurance contribution for the employed in flexible
employment.
In addition, China supports employers’ recruitment efforts. If an employer recruits more than 100 employees each month, the employer
could have reduction or exemption of taxes and fees, and the government could give subsidies for social insurance contribution.
Unemployment Precaution and Control
China has established unemployment precaution system. All counties and provinces have unemployment precaution mechanism that
divides unemployment into 3 or 5 categories. When unemployment is very high, the government should have emergency policies and
measures to deal with.
2.1.4.1. Employment Promotion Program for College Graduates Program
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Employment Promotion Program for College Graduates Program
Start date
2006
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
College graduates.
Number of beneficiaries more than 6.0 million annually in the last three year.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Initial employment rate of college graduates increased annually.
For example, July 1st, 2009, the initial employment rate of graduates reached 68 %;
July 1st, 2010, the initial employment rate of graduates reached 72.2 %;
July 1st, 2011, the initial employment rate of graduates reached 75 %;
July 1st, 2012, the initial employment rate of graduates reached 78 %.
Comments
Encouraging to take jobs in public administration and public services at the community level
of urban and rural areas;
Encouraging to take jobs at small and medium-sized enterprises and enterprises of non-public
ownership;
Encouraging and supporting to start their own businesses;
Launching the internship program of three million positions in three years;
Enhancing vocational guidance and employment service
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2.1.4.2. Employment Promotion Program For Rural Migrant Workers
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Employment promotion program for rural migrant workers
Start date
2005
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Rural migrant workers.
Number of beneficiaries 260 million.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Millions of rural migrants found jobs in urban areas.
Comments
- linking labor input areas with output areas in order to guide migrant workers to move
orderly;
- reducing the burden on enterprises to stabilize jobs for migrant workers;
- promoting migrant workers to achieve employment in the local or nearby areas;
- supporting returned migrant workers to start their own businesses;
- protecting the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers.
2.1.4.3. Reducing The Burden on Enterprises to Stabilize Employment
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Reducing the burden on enterprises to stabilize employment
Start date
1/1/2009
End Date
31/12/2011.
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Enterprises affected seriously by the crisis
Number of beneficiaries tens of thousand enterprises
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Many enterprises continue to operate during the crisis, and tens of thousands workers
remained employed and employers were encouraged to retain all the workers.
Comments
- allowing enterprises in difficulty to defer the contribution of five kinds of social insurances
within the specified time;
- reducing the rates of four kinds of social insurances;
- providing three kinds of subsidies to enterprises with no or less laid-offs (social insurance
subsidies, position subsidies, on-the-job training subsidies);
- encouraging and supporting enterprises in trouble to consult with employees or trade
unions on working time and salary.
2.1.4.4. Employment Promotion Against Crisis Program
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Employment Promotion against Crisis Program
Start date
01/01/2009
End Date
31/12/2012
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Macro-economic stimulus for employment.
Number of beneficiaries millions of workers.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Million jobs were created due to the infrastructure investment.
Comments
Infrastructure in urban area (railway, airport, etc.)
- post-earthquake reconstruction of Wenchuan area
- low-income housing project
- key infrastructure in rural area (drinking water, electricity, etc.)
- independent innovation and structural adjustment
- environment protection and ecosystem improvement
- health-care and education
2.1.5.European Union
2.1.5.1. European Social Fund's EU Member States allocations for the period 2007-2013
Policy Domain/Activity (Program) name
European Social Fund
ESF EU MS Allocations – 75 billion € Approx.
Start Date
32
2007
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End Date
Result planned (Target Group, number of
beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and activities as of
2013 March)
2013
The European Social Fund (ESF) represents over 10 % of the total EU budget. For the period
2007 to 2013, the ESF budget amounts to EUR 75 billion – or close to EUR 10 billion per
year. This is supplemented by around €50 billion of national public funding. About 11 million
people in the EU benefit from ESF each year. The ESF drive to boost employment aims at all
sectors and groups of people who can benefit, through the following activities:
1. Strengthening employment and mobility – 19 billion € Approx.
The purpose of the ESF is to give European citizens better job prospects and to help them
succeed in their chosen careers. The ESF is redoubling its efforts to boost job creation,
support job-seekers and help keep people in work across Europe.
ESF Priorities under this category:
•
Active Ageing and longer working lives: 1 billion €
•
Active and preventive measures to support employment: 12,5 billion €
•
Employment and training support for workers and companies: 2,5 billion €
•
Supporting self-employment and new business: 2,8 billion €
•
More innovative and productive ways of working: 1,6 billion €
2. Better education - 34.5 billion € Approx.
Across the EU the ESF is financing initiatives to improve education and training and
ensure young people complete their education and get the skills that make them more
competitive on the jobs market. Reducing school drop-out rates is a major priority here,
along with improving vocational and tertiary education opportunities.
ESF Priorities under this category:
•
Development LLL systems: 9,5 billion €
•
Reforming education and training systems: 8,3 billion €
•
Promoting education and training throughout working life: 12,3 billion €
•
Developing human potential in research and development: 4,3 billion €
3. Giving a chance to all- 13.5 billion € Approx.
Employment is the most effective way of giving people independence, financial security
and a sense of belonging. The ESF finances many thousands of projects to help people in
difficulties and those from disadvantaged groups to get skills, to get jobs and have the
same opportunities as others do.
ESF Priorities under this category:
•
Improving equal access to employment: 2,5 billion €
•
Increasing migrants' participation in employment: 1 billion €
•
Integrating disadvantaged people into employment: 10 billion €
4. Better public services - 7.7 billion € Approx.
Reducing regulatory and administrative burdens and promoting high standards of
transparency, integrity and accountability in public administration helps to increase
productivity and strengthen competitiveness.
ESF Priorities under this category:
Comments
•
Improving institutional capacity: 2 billion €
•
Modernization of labour market institutions: 2 billion€
•
Partnerships, networks and initiatives: 0.9 billion €
• Technical assistance: 2,5 billion €
The above figures are ESF funds allocated by Member States to the different activity
areas in the current programming period. ESF programs for 2007-2013 are still under
implementation. EU Member States are in charge of implementing the ESF commitments
and putting in place effective policies.
For further information please see: http://ec.europa.eu/esf/home.jsp?langId=en
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33
2.1.6.France
2.1.6.1. Reduce Labor Costs Via a Competitiveness and Employment Tax Credit (CICE)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Reduce labor costs via a Competitiveness and Employment Tax Credit (CICE). The amount
of the CICE will be calculated in proportion to the gross payroll of the company excluding
salaries over 2.5 times higher than the minimum wage. Businesses will present the margin
generated by the Tax Credit to their Works Councils as an opportunity to invest or take on
more employees.
Start date
Businesses will benefit from the CICE in tax terms for the first time in the 2013 fiscal year.
The economic effect will therefore be immediate.
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
All companies (salaries over 2.5 times minimum wage excluded).
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
34
The State will appoint a monitoring committee with the social partners engaged in the task of
producing a regular joint report on how well the system is working. Cost: €20 billion per year,
with a phased increase over 3 years (€10 billion as from the first year).
Implementation of a Competitiveness and Employment Tax Credit
(tax credit to create jobs and increase business competitiveness).
The objective is to reduce labour costs via a Competitiveness and Employment Tax Credit [Crédit
d’impôt pour la compétitivité et l’emploi (CICE)] by €20 billion per year, with a phased increase
over 3 years (€10 billion as from the first year), to encourage investment and create jobs. This is
a massive and unprecedented measure. The Competitiveness and Employment Tax Credit [Crédit
d’impôt pour la compétitivité et l’emploi (CICE)] will increase over a period of three years, with
a €10 billion reduction as from the first year and an additional €5 billion in the subsequent two
years.
Businesses will benefit from the CICE in tax terms for the first time in the 2013 fiscal year.
The economic effect will therefore be immediate. The Government will also ensure that small
and medium enterprises (SMEs) and Small and Medium Businesses (SMBs) that apply for this
reduction can benefit financially from this as from next year.
The CICE will be a tax credit system where the amount will be calculated in proportion to the
gross payroll excluding salaries over 2.5 times higher than the SMIC [minimum wage in France].
It will provide a permanent way for businesses to recover the equivalent of a reduction
proportional to the gross payroll paid during the year to employees earning up to 2.5 times
the SMIC. The amount owed to the State can be declared against corporate tax or income tax,
depending on the company’s legal form.
This applies to all businesses, whether in the industrial or service sector: the cost of services for
businesses is a key factor for industry, since the cost burden on industry is directly influenced
by the cost of services (the cost of service consumption by businesses is the same as the
payroll).
The tax credit is not a "gift" with no expectation of return: in actual fact, in order to have a
positive impact on competitiveness and therefore on employment levels, any margins freed
up for the businesses in question must be used for investment, training, quality, recruitment,
research and innovation, etc., and not for paying out more to shareholders or for share
buybacks, for example.
This will be verified:
At the "micro-economic" level in each large company:
• through the presence of employee representatives on the Board of Directors or the
Supervisory Board;
• added to this is the role of employee representative bodies that will be called upon
and will provide an opinion on – a company’s demonstration of how it has used "CICE"
aid received the previous year; in particular, companies will be asked to describe how
the gain obtained though this measure has been used for investment, job creation and
upward development. In overall "macro-economic" terms:
• a monitoring committee will be set up to issue a regular joint report on how well the
system is working. Data will be collected to enable an accurate assessment
of the system before further phases are confirmed Implementation of a Competitiveness
and Employment Tax Credit: This system will have no impact on public finances until
2014, since corporate and income tax is taken a year later for any financial year. Half of
the financing will come from further savings on expenditure and the other half from a
change in VAT and a new environmental tax.
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2.1.6.2. Ensure Strong Local Finance Options for VSEs, SMEs and SMBs (New Government Guarantee
to Make Over €500M Available to SMEs, Via a Banque Publique D’investissement
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Ensure strong local finance options for VSEs, SMEs and SMBs (new Government guarantee to
make over €500M available to SMEs, via a Banque Publique d’Investissement.
Start date
1st of January 2013.
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Respond immediately to the funding requirements of SMEs, provide all types of sustainable
finance required by businesses (loans, capital funds, etc.) and ensure that the banking and
finance system works for the actual economy.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
Funding loans have fallen by 3.5 % over the last year.
2.1.6.3. Create the Banque Publique D’investissement (BPI) to Offer Businesses – with Priority Given
to VSEs, SMEs and SMBs – A Local Financing Service Supported by an Extended Portfolio of Financial
Instruments and Consultation Options That Can Be Called Upon at All Points of the Business Development
Process
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Create the Banque Publique d’Investissement (BPI) to offer businesses – with priority given
to VSEs, SMEs and SMBs – a local financing service supported by an extended portfolio of
financial instruments and consultation options that can be called upon at all points of the
business development process
Start date
January 2013
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
2.1.6.4. Over the Next Five Years, Achieve Long – Term Stability with 5 Key Tax Mechanisms for Investment
and Business Survival
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Over the next five years, achieve long-term stability with 5 key tax mechanisms for
investment and business survival
Start date
2013
End Date
2018
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
Objective: Make life easier for businesses by simplifying and stabilising their regulatory and
tax environment, is a government priority.
Those 5 mechanisms are the research tax credit (Crédit d’Impôt Recherche (CIR), mechanisms
encouraging the retention and transfer of businesses "shareholder agreements"), young
innovative businesses [Jeunes Entreprises Innovantes (JEI)], incentives for investing in SMEs
and the local economic tax [Contribution Économique Territoriale (CET)].
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35
2.1.6.5. Development of Short – Time Working, and Introducing Training During Non – Worked Periods
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Development of short-time working, and introducing training during non-worked periods
Start date
End Date
2010
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
State subsidies for short-time working: 10M euros before the crisis, close to 300 M euros in
2010, around 100 M now. Short-time working has been a useful method to preserve existing
jobs. The social partners and the Government have engaged discussions in order to make
short-time working procedures more attractive to businesses. Especially: businesses in the
industrial sector frequently use much more short-time working than businesses in the services
sector.
Why it works: for a long time, short-time working was less frequently used by French companies
than in other countries. Besides, short-time working was more in the culture of industrial
companies, and less widespread in the service sector. Thanks to more public fundings and the
involvement of the social partners, more and more companies have used short-time working
at the peak of the crisis, and an attempt has been made to provide training to workers during
non-worked time.
The challenge now is to implement new simplified administrative procedures for all businesses
so that jobs are preserved and training is increased during economic downturns.
2.1.7.Indonesia
2.1.7.1. Labor Intensive Program and Infrastructure/Temporary Job Creation Through Village
Infrastructure in 360 Regencies/Municipalities
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Labor intensive program and infrastructure/Temporary job creation through village
infrastructure in 360 regencies/municipalities
Start date
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Number of unemployment that have temporary work (90.200 persons)
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
105.037 persons in 358 Districts/Cities.
Comments
Achievement in 2012, Productive labor intensive activity such as goat and cattle farming, fish
and catfish farming, chicken and duck farming.
Labor intensive activities in the village infrastructure development include rural road
construction, village street paving, village bridge rehabilitation, irrigation channel
normalization.
2.1.8.Japan
2.1.8.1. Creation of New Employment Opportunities in Areas Including Long – Term Care, Medicine,
Agriculture and Forestry, Environment and Energy, and also Promoting of Fostering of Human Resources
Based on Local Needs
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
36
Creation of new employment opportunities in areas including long-term care, medicine,
agriculture and forestry, environment and energy, and also рromoting of fostering of human
resources based on local needs
www.g20russia.ru
Start date
FY2010
End Date
FY2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
To create 172,000 jobs across the country.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
350 billion yen was budgeted for the project by FY2010, thereby creating employment for
198,000 people by FY2011.
Comments
2.1.9.Kazakhstan
2.1.9.1. "Employment-2020"
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
"Employment-2020"
Start date
2011
End Date
2020
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The Program plans to cover up to 1.5 millions people.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
The second direction of the EP 2020 "Promoting entrepreneurship in rural areas" created 7.3
million additional jobs. Within the fourth direction of the EP 2020 "Development of rural
areas" created 7.3 million jobs.
Comments
For the period 2011 – 2013. In 2013, the program’s implementation budget allocated 71.4 billion tenge, excluding
contingent financing in the amount of 20.0 billion tenge. As of April 1 of 2013, 23.5 thousand people participated in the Program, 19.8 thousand of them
signed a social contract, 2.2 thousand were employed on the basis of available vacancies.
From the number of participants of the Program who signed the social contracts 16,643
(84.2 %) people are unemployed, 1,937 people (9.8 %) – self-employed, 1,034 people (5.2 %)
referred to the low-income category and 157 (0,8 %) are part-time employees. The share of young people aged under 29 composed 53.9% (10 660 people), the proportion of
women – 51.9 % (10,260 people). "Employment-2020" was launched to promote effective employment of population and raise
level of its income. The program is based on the results of measures that the Kazakhstani
government took in 2009 – 2010 to urgently tackle post-crisis problems on the national labor
market – the State Road Map 2009 – 2010 in particular. The Road Map was pretty successful:
it helped to decrease unemployment level from 6,9 % in 2008 to 5,5 % in 2010 and lowered
the share of population with income below the minimum subsistence level from 13,8 in 2008
to 6,9 % n 2010.
The Program’s main purpose is to raise income level of population through promoting
sustainable and effective employment. The Program’s objectives are the following:
1. To engage self-employed, unemployed and low-income people into effective employment;
2. To develop labor resources to support ongoing policies on economic and indutrial development;
3. To improve the state system of social protection (support).
During the 2011 as a pilot year for the Program, the Employment centers were established
countrywide and continued to be main operators of the Program on local level (16 regions).
In 2012 the government corrected the program and now it consists of four policy domains:
– First domain focuses on linking educational system and regional industries through raising
people's qualifications. Special measures are taken to organize internships for young people.
The government also subsidizes salaries for low-waged positions and for inexperienced
candidates. – Second domain tackles issues of small businesses support in rural areas. The Program
provides educational courses on enterprenership and finances basics and after – small credits
on simplified conditions. At this domain the government also takes measures on improving
infrastructure in rural areas to help businesses.
– Third domain covers issues of labour migration within the country. The government helps
people to move and settle down at more economically developed towns and local areas.
Fourth domain was launched in 2012 aims general development of rural areas.
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37
2.1.10.The Republic of Korea
2.1.10.1. Increasing the Mandatory Employment Rate of the Disabled in Companies
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Increasing the mandatory employment rate of the disabled in companies
*the mandatory employment rate is applied to public enterprises, quasi-government
agencies, and private companies.
Start date
2010
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The mandatory measure aims to provide jobs to those who are willing to work among 2.52
million registered and disabled persons (as of 2011).
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
The number of disabled workers is increased in public organizations and private companies
with more than 50 employees.
Comments
The compulsory employment system for disabled persons: the system imposes duty on
central and local governments, public enterprises and private companies with more than 50
employees to employ persons with disabilities to a fixed rate (from 1991).
105,013 in 2010 -> 117,668 in 2012
2.1.10.2.Implementing the System to Count a Person with Severe Disabilities as Two Disabled Persons
in Employment
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Implementing the system to count a person with severe disabilities as two disabled persons
in employment.
*When a person with severe disabilities is employed, the person is counted as two disabled
persons in determining the compliance with mandatory employment rate of disabled persons.
Start date
2010
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The system promotes the employment of persons with severe disabilities.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
22,483 in 2010 -> 27,435 in 2012
Comments
Non-budget project.
2.1.10.3.Expanding the Support for the Employment of Persons with Severe Disabilities
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Expanding the support for the employment of persons with severe disabilities
Start date
Every year
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Providing support for the employment of persons with severe disabilities.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
The number of participants (employment rate):
Comments
*Support for the employment of persons with severe disabilities: it is an employment
support program to determine the employment of persons with severe disabilities after
providing them with on-the-job-training for 3~7 weeks.
(budget)
1.2 billion won in 2010 -> 2.6 billion won in 2011 -> 2.6 billion won in 2012
38
1,199 persons(69.2 %) in 2010 ->2,116 persons(74.3 %) in 2011 ->2,317 persons(73.8 %) in
2012
www.g20russia.ru
2.1.11.Mexico
2.1.11.1. Promotion of Self – Employment
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Promotion of self-employment
Start date
2002
End Date
2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
From 2010 to March 2013, the program benefited 34,059 people in obtaining an occupation.
In March 2013, 1,226 people were supported.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Through the delivery of the appropriate machinery, equipment or tools, the program promotes
the labor market access of those job seekers with qualifications that face difficulties to find a
job. From 2010 to March 2013, 16,722 initiatives have been supported, 34.6 % more than the
estimated. From January to March 2013, 628 initiatives were supported.
Comments
2.1.12.Russia
2.1.12.1. Introduction of Amendments to the Russian Federation Legislation to Provide Employment for
People with Disabilities
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Introduction of amendments to the Russian Federation Legislation to Provide Employment for
People with Disabilities
Start date
2013
End Date
2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Introduction of addenda to the effective Federal Law On the Social Protection of Persons with
Disabilities in the Russian Federation.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
The Draft Federal Law On the Introduction of Amendments to Articles 4 and 22 of the Federal
Law On the Social Protection of Persons with Disabilities in the Russian Federation is being
considered by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
Comments
The Introduction of Amendments to the Federal Law On the Social Protection of Persons
with Disabilities in the Russian Federation will bridge the gap in the legal regulation of the
employment of people with disabilities for special jobs and establish at a federal level the
same basic equipment requirements for such jobs taking into consideration the limitations of
persons with disabilities.
2.1.12.2. State Programme of the Russian Federation on Accessible Environment
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
State Programme of the Russian Federation on Accessible Environment
Start date
2011
End Date
2015
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Assisting public organisations for persons with disabilities in finding employment for
persons with disabilities at the labour market, including creating jobs and providing access
to jobs.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
In 2012, following a selection process to review the programmes of public organisations for
persons with disabilities, assistance was given in finding employment and creating 540 jobs
for persons with disabilities (the total amount of subsidies from the federal budget to support
public organisations for persons with disabilities was 93.6 million roubles).
Comments
In 2013, public organisations for persons with disabilities plan to give assistance in finding
employment and creating 692 jobs for persons with disabilities (the total amount of subsidies
from the federal budget to support public organisations for persons with disabilities will be
124.36 million roubles).
consultantplus://offline/ref=D116CFEF41166F47AC3F642C5F5DD48B2A8A86D5204182566
5E0FFD299AA4B11470F3D24F6260FE9L57DL
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39
2.1.13.Saudi Arabia
2.1.13.1.Telework Pilot
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Telework Pilot
Start date
March 2013
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Pilot: 300 new jobs Roll-out: high impact as standalone industry.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Pilot being launched
Comments
Initiative to foster Business Process Outsourcing in KSA
Tele-work is a work arrangement whereby an employee can work remotely, without the need
to attend a central place of work.
Aimes to encourage the private sector to invest in developing new opportunities for
employees to work remotely.
The program helps creating new job opportunities in the Kingdom, especially for female job
seekers.
2.1.13.2.Private Schools Teachers Support Program
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Private Schools Teachers Support Program
Start date
Mid 2011
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
33k teachers currently enrolled in program.
This program is executed in partnership with the Ministry of Education. It aims at ensuring
competitive wages for the Teachers in private sectors as to ensure quality education
outcomes. It supports the wages of the Saudi private schools teachers.
Aims to support the salaries of teacher in private and international schools according to the
Royal decree No.120/A. HRDF supports 50 % of salary, for 5 years.
Fund supports teacher (50 %) with the salary not exceeding (2500) riyals per month
deposited in the beneficiary’s account directly, school pays the remaining amount (2500)
riyals per month + transpiration allowance (600) riyals per month.
2.1.13.3.Wage Subsidy Program
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Wage subsidy program
Start date
2007
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Encourage job creation in private sector, program targets SMEs, manufacturing companies
and private schools by matching the salaries.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
155'000 employees currently enrolled in 7'600 employers
Comments
40
– The Wage Subsidy Program (WSP) provides incentives for employers to retain, and
invest in, their workforce and for employees to maintain salary levels and involvement in the
workplace. Payments will be made to:
www.g20russia.ru
Comments
a) employers who recruit Saudi workers with skills lower than those initially demanded, and
train them up to the levels required
b) employees, to supplement wages in order to maintain a decent salary until promotion or
integration within the workplace.
– The Wage Subsidy Program (WSP) provides incentives for employers to retain, and
invest in, their workforce and for employees to maintain salary levels and involvement in the
workplace. Payments will be made to:
a) employers who recruit Saudi workers with skills lower than those initially demanded, and
train them up to the levels required
b) employees, to supplement wages in order to maintain a decent salary until promotion or
integration within the workplace.
– The Advantage of the subsidy program is that the limit of subsidy is higher than current
HRDF programs where the subsidy is up to 4,000 riyals up to four years. Also, the program is
based on the subsidization of the half of the salary for new employees, and the upper limit of
subsidy differs according to the classification of the entity in NITAQAT program
2.1.14.Singapore
2.1.14.1.Policy Coherence/ Special Employment Credit (SEC)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Policy Coherence/ Special Employment Credit (SEC)
Start date
2011
End Date
2016
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The Special Employment Credit (SEC), a wage subsidy, was introduced in 2011 and enhanced
in 2012 to support employers fiscally while raising employability of older Singaporeans.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
With the 2012 enhancements, about 73,000 employers employing 350,000 older Singaporeans
are expected to benefit from the SEC. At the same time, employment rate of local workers
aged 55-64 increased from 59% in 2010 to 64% in 2012.
Comments
Cost of S$470m per year from 2012.
2.1.14.2.Policy Coherence/ Wage Credit Scheme (WCS)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Policy Coherence/ Wage Credit Scheme (WCS)
Start date
2013
End Date
2015
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Introduced to help businesses cope with wage increases and higher-value jobs while
undergoing restructuring towards higher productivity models, by co-funding wage increase
given to employees.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
The first payout will be in 2014 for wage increases in 2013 for Singaporean employees
earning up to a gross monthly wage of S$4,000.
Comments
The WCS will cost S$3.6 billion over 3 years.
2.1.14.3.Policy Coherence/ Workfare Income Supplement (WIS)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Policy Coherence/ Workfare Income Supplement (WIS)
Start date
2007
End Date
Permanent scheme.
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
WIS supplements the wages and retirement savings of older low-wage workers as well as
encourages them to stay employed by providing a top-up to low-wage workers’ income. WIS
was further enhanced in 2013 to increase its benefits and cover more Singaporeans.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Benefit about 480,000 Singaporeans, or 30% of our citizen workforce.
Comments
S$650 million annually.
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41
2.2. Labor Market Measures
2.2.1.Argentina
2.2.1.1. Crisis Prevention Procedure (Procedimeinto Preventivo de Crisis -PPC-)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Crisis Prevention Procedure (Procedimeinto Preventivo de Crisis -PPC-)
Start date
1991
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Preservation of employment/avoidance of mass layoffs. Target populations are employers in
crisis and their employees.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
The goal of this program is to prevent mass layoffs by creating an instance of negotiation and
agreeement with state mediation in cases where companies in crisis decide to take actions
that affect employment.
This procedure existed prior to the 2008 – 2009 international crisis, but has had renewed
importance as a result of this crisis.
2.2.1.2.The Production Recovery Program (Programa para la Recuperación Productiva -REPRO-)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
The Production Recovery Program (Programa para la Recuperación Productiva -REPRO-)
Start date
2002
End Date
Vigente/ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The desired outcome is employment retention through wage and labor cost reductions. The
target populations are employers in crisis and their employees.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
2008: wage subsidies provided for 22,846 workers in 448 enterprises.
In 2009, wage subsidies provided for more than 143,000 workers in 2,769 enterprises.
Comments
The program seeks to limit layoffs by subsidizing a portion of workers' wages in companies
that are in critical condition. The companies undertake to develop a recovery plan and not
lay off staff for a period of up to twelve months.
This program existed prior to the 2008 - 2009 international crisis (created in 2002), but was
strengthened during the crisis.
2.2.1.3.Training and Employment Insurance Program (Seguro de Capacitación y Empleo -SCyE-)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Training and Employment Insurance Program (Seguro de Capacitación y Empleo -SCyE-).
Start date
Started in 2004 but the first benefits were granted in 2006.
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
To help the unemployed who partake in the Heads of Household Program to find employment.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
By March 2013, 107,571 people are covered by the Training and Employment Insurance,
reaching a total of 449, 059 since the beginning of its execution (source: monthly report
"Seguro de Capacitación y Empleo", MTEySS).
Comments
The Training and Employment Insurance Program provides a monthly allowance for up to
two years that counts towards social security benefits. It also provides support to complete
primary and secondary schooling, job orientation and support for job search, referral to social
services, education, job training and support for individual and joint business ventures.
42
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2.2.1.4.Law 26.844, Regulating Employment Relationships for Domestic Employees (Ley N° 26.844:
Ley De Contrato De Trabajo Para El Personal De Casas Particulares)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Law 26.844, regulating employment relationships for domestic employees (Ley N° 26.844: Ley
de contrato de trabajo para el personal de casas particulares).
Start date
2013
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Results planned include a higher level of registration of domestic employees (historically
about 30 %) and the extension of basic benefits (def. of work week, vacation, and provision
of social security) to these workers. The target group is domestic employees, both male and
female (though predominantly women). The program seeks to expand the labor rights of 1
million workers.
Comments
The new law updates and expands domestic workers’ labor rights, with the goal of providing
them with rights similar to enjoyed by workers in other sectors, and seeks to increase the level
of registration (formalization) of domestic employees by employers.
2.2.1.5.Law N° 26,727: New Statute for Rural Laborers, Implemented Via Decree 301/2013. (Ley
N°26.727 Nuevo Estatuto Del Peón Rural Y Su Decreto Reglamentario 301/2013)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Law N° 26,727: New Statute for Rural Laborers, implemented via Decree 301/2013. (Ley
N°26.727 Nuevo Estatuto del Peón Rural y su Decreto Reglamentario 301/2013).
Start date
2013
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The planned result is better labor conditions for the target population, farm workers in both
permanent or temporary employment.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
The objective of the New Stature for Rural Laborers is to regulate and protect certain aspects of
work undertaken in the agricultural sector, in order to broaden the labor rights of agriculutural
workers.
2.2.1.6.Socal Dialogue (Dialogo Social)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Socal Dialogue (Dialogo Social)
Start date
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The target population are registered employees, who are participating in Social Security.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
The number of collective bargaining agreements reached has increased each year since
2008, despite the crisis. In 2008 there were 1,231 agreeements negotiated, while there were
1,513 such agreements negotiated in 2011, a 22 percent increase.
Comments
The state has engaged in collective bargaining and has provided annual increases to the
minimum wage since 2008.
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43
2.2.2.Australia
2.2.2.1. Priority Employment Area Initiatives
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Priority Employment Area Initiatives
Start date
2008 - 09
End Date
30 June 2014
Result planned
Local Employment Coordinators were engaged in 20 vulnerable labour markets to manage
and drive local solutions to labour market issues. The measure includes a flexible funding
pool to help kick - start, implement and support local initiatives, and funding for Jobs and
Skills Expos.
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
Results are being consolidated.
The initiative has been extended on a number of occasions since it was first introduced in
response to the global financial crisis with an additional priority employment area being
announced on 1 June 2013 in Greater Geelong in the state of Victoria.
2.2.2.2. Connecting People with Jobs (Relocation Assistance Program)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Connecting People with Jobs (Relocation Assistance Program)
Start date
1 January 2011
End Date
30 June 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Connecting People with Jobs was a relocation pilot that provided practical and flexible
assistance to job seekers who have been unemployed for three months or more to relocate
for ongoing work or apprenticeships. The pilot commenced on 1 January 2011 with funding
available to assist up to 4000 eligible job seekers to relocate. A wage subsidy was also
available for employers taking on a relocating job seeker in an ongoing position.
The pilot closed to new participants on 30 June 2013.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
Uptake for the Connecting People with Jobs pilot was low with fewer than 1,500 job seekers
relocating over the life of the program.
The pilot was extended and eligibility adjusted during the life of the pilot to respond to
needs of the employment sector.
Consistent feedback is that moving to a new community is a major decision.
2.2.2.3. Move 2 Work
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Move 2 Work
Start date
1 July 2013
End Date
30 June 2014
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Move 2 Work is a new labour mobility and relocation assistance initiative with a budget of
$3.5 million to assist the relocation of 600 job seekers. The initiative provides up to $6,500 to
job seekers with dependents and $4,500 with no dependents to relocate to take up ongoing
employment.
Move 2 Work replaces the Connecting People with Jobs initiative.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
As this initiative has only commenced on 1 July 2013 there is currently no data available.
Comments
Lessons learned from the Connecting People with Jobs pilot were taken into consideration
when designing Move 2 Work providing a more streamlined approach to better meet the
needs of job seekers, providers and employers.
44
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2.2.2.4.Wage Subsidy for the Very Long - Term Unemployed (Wage Connect)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Wage subsidy for the very long - term unemployed (Wage Connect)
Start date
1 January 2012
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
A wage subsidy targeted at eligible job seekers who have been on income support for at
least two years and with no or minimal recent work experience. The subsidy is paid to the
employer and is available for six months at approximately $6,050 for each job placement,
around $233 per week. The initiative is designed to support 35,000 job placements over four
years.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Since its commencement, Wage Connect has proven to be extremely successful and has
supported over 15,500 job seekers into placements.
Comments
This is part of the Building Australia’s Future Workforce package of more than 30 measures.
2.2.2.5.Increased Obligations for Very Long - Term Unemployed (VLTU) Job Seekers
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Increased Obligations for Very Long - Term Unemployed (VLTU) job seekers
Start date
1 July 2012
End Date
2014-15
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
This measure was introduced to support job seekers unemployed for more than 2 years. It
requires job seekers to undertake skills-based Work Experience activities for 11 months of
each year they remain in that phase of employment services. It is expected to support around
150,000 people over three years.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Since its introduction in 2012, over 80,000 VLTU job seekers eligible for this assistance have
been commenced.
Comments
This is part of the Building Australia’s Future Workforce package of more than 30 measures.
2.2.2.6.Remote Jobs and Communities Program
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Remote Jobs and Communities Program
Start date
1 July 2013
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
The Australian Government is investing $A1.5 billion over five years into Remote Jobs and
Communities Program to provide a more integrated and flexible approach to employment
and participation services for people living in remote Australia, including access to skills
development and training linked to local needs and opportunities in remote regions.
As this initiative has only commenced on 1 July 2013 there is currently no data available.
Comments
2.2.3.China
China has several Public Employment Projects throughout the country. The targeted groups are the vulnerable groups, such as women
over 40 years and men over 50 years old. For those public employment projects, the governments provide jobs such as cleaners and
social service workers. These jobs in the public employment projects could be step stones for the career development of the vulnerable
groups.
Besides, the government made tremendous efforts to improve the PES, such as more PES offices in grass-root communities, user-friendly
service and equal service quality. Besides, China is promoting equality for PES among regions and groups and between rural and urban
labour markets.
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From 2004, the Chinese government has been carrying out the Golden Security Project (E-insurance Project), which establishes an
electronic network of human resources and social security services for the entire country, including the grass-root offices. The purpose of
this project is to secure the swift transfer of information of labor, employment and social security. Thanks to this Project, the information
on employment and social security could be shared among a much larger area, and employment has been promoted.
2.2.3.1.Golden Security Project (E-INSURANCE PROJECT)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Golden Security Project (E-INSURANCE PROJECT)
Start date
06 – 30 – 2004
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Workers and jobseekers
Hundreds of millions beneficiaries every year
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Information on employment and social security could be shared across a much larger area,
and employment has been promoted.
Comments
Electronic network of human resources and social security services for the whole country,
including the grass-root offices.
2.2.4.France
2.2.4.1. Social Partners National Agreement of a Labor Market Reform
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Social partners national agreement of a labor market reform
Start date
Social partners agreement: January 11th 2013.
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
More flexicurity for the labor market – Enhances security and predictability, both for firms
and workers – preserve existing jobs – for firms : more predictability on collective lay – off
procedures – better protection of workers thanks to enhanced portability of rights (personal
training account, "rechargeable rights to unemployment insurance, complementary health
insurance etc.
Bill presently discussed in Parliament.
Method: priority given to social dialog to reform the LM WHY IT WORKED: A
fruitful dialogue was launched between the Government and the social partners
in order to select main issues which needed to be addressed and reforms which
needed to be undertaken in order to improve protections of the workers while
having more flexibility on the labor market. It worked thanks to the social
partners who knew what was needed and showed a great sense of responsibilities.
The agreement was signed in October and translated into a law in June.
2.2.4.2.Implementation of the Public Employment Service Reform
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Implementation of the Public Employment Service Reform
Start date
2010
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
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Achieved
This reform was consistent in having the same institution delivering support and guidance for
unemployed and providing unemployment benefits. (labor activation / more efficient public
service). The PES now: around 40 000 employees. Among them, 2000 previously back-office
staff are now providing support to job-seekers.
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2.2.5.Italy
2.2.5.1.Labour Market Reform (L. 92/2012)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Labour market reform (L. 92/2012)
Start date
July 2012
End Date
December 2016 (end of phasing in).
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Making labour market more inclusive and dynamic; tackling labour market segmentation;
streamlining and enhancing social safety net; increasing exit flexibility; reforming PES;
enhancing life-long learning programmes.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Labour demand shift toward typical contracts. Coverage of unemployed benefits extended to
apprentices and occasional workers. 50 % contributory reliefs for the engagements of women
and older workers.
Comments
Economic crisis is hampering reform to fully empower all its provisions.
2.2.5.2.Productivity Related Wage
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Productivity related wage
Start date
January 2013
End Date
December 2015
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Ensure better alignment between wages and productivity at firm-level.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
2.2.5.3.Tax Incentives for Women and Young Engagements
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Tax incentives for women and young engagements
Start date
October 2012
End Date
March 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Promoting youth (16 – 29) and women employment on a permanent basis
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
The measure is still under monitoring. Allowances will be granted subjected to the effective
duration of employment contracts (not less than 12 months).
2.2.5.4.Contributory Reliefs for Employers Hiring Women and Older Workers
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Contributory reliefs for employers hiring women and older workers
Start date
January 2013
End Date
December 2015
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Increasing female and older workers employment. Target groups are women unemployed for
at least 6 months in disadvantaged area or women unemployed for more than 24 months all
over the country and over – 50 people.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
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Comments
50 % contributory reliefs.
2.2.5.5.Monetary Allowances (Voucher) to Access Childcare Services
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Monetary allowances (voucher) to access Childcare Services
Start date
January 2013
End Date
December 2015
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Promote female employment and facilitate work-life balance
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
The measure has been introduced as experimental and is funded by 20 mln of euros.
Allowances are mean-tested.
2.2.6.Kazakhstan
2.2.6.1."Employment-2020"
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
"Employment-2020"
Start date
2011
End Date
2020
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
In 2012 it was planned to decrease the unemployment rate to 5,8 %.
The program aims to decrease unemployment level to 5,8 % in 2012, 5,7% in 2013, 5,6 % in
2014.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
The actual unemployment rate was 5.4 %.
In order to effectively regulate the labor market at all levels of employment are developed
maps of regions over the next three years.
They reflect the condition of the regional labor markets, dynamics of the level of employment
and share of the self-employed, including employment in rural areas and districts. This
allowed to take comprehensive measures to promote employment, and especially in training
and re-training sectors.
Currently, together with the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan
we started training activities for the occupations which are highly demanded at the labor
market. Over two years of implementation, programs in vocational and technical education
reached more than 80,000 people.
In addition, over the last two years, the centers for employment employed nearly 430 thousand
people. As a result, the unemployment rate decreased to 5.4 % in 2012.
2.2.7.Mexico
2.2.7.1. Constitutional Reform on Human Rights
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Constitutional reform on Human Rights
Start date
Issued on June 1st, 2011
End Date
Current
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Applies to all the Mexican citizens
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Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
The reform rises to constitutional rank the Human Rights comprised in treaties ratified by
Mexico.
Authorities must promote, respect, protect and warranty Human Rights according to the
principles of universality, interdependence, indivisibility and progressivity, as well as prevent,
investigate, sanction and repair all violations to Human Rights.
In addition, it allows the National Commission for Human Rights to deal with labor issues.
Comments
The purpose behind this action was to broaden the protection of citizens regarding Human
Rights.
2.2.7.2. Decree Enacting the Labor Law Reform
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Decree enacting the Labor Law Reform
Start date
Published on November 30th, 2012
End Date
Current
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The Federal Labor Law is generally applicable throughout Mexico and rules the labor relations
comprised in the article 123 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
It incorporates elements established by the International Labor Organization related to decent
work and integrates others regarding the elimination of discrimination. It also establishes that
productivity includes shared benefits.
In addition, makes more flexible and less costly hiring process, while keeping intact the labor
rights of workers.
Some of the most important contributions of this reform are the following
1. Defines decent work. (Art 2, LFT)
2. Includes substantive equality. (Art. 2, LFT)
3. Prohibits discrimination. (Art. 3, LFT)
4. Defines labor and sexual harassment . (Art. 3, LFT)
5. Protection to pregnant women. (Art. 170, LFT)
Comments
The Mexican Labor Law Reform had the purpose of updating the Legal Labor Framework
considering the actual conditions of the current labor market. Particularly, to strengthen
productivity and competitiveness.
2.2.8.Russia
Economic and social policy of the government of the Russian Federation in 2010 - 2011 was more focused on alleviating the impact of
crisis, while also aimed at avoiding irretrievable losses of industrial and technological capacities; additionally, the government provided
social support for the unemployed and those under the risk of losing their jobs (layoffs).
The economic crisis accelerated the process of release of excess (ineffective) workforce from work places. The employers of a number of
enterprises were forced to start the process of optimization of staff numbers. Thus, a large group of ‘extra’ workers appeared at the labor
market. Under these circumstances, one of the main tasks of the state policy in the sphere of employment was the adaptation of the
unemployed to the new economic realities and their occupational guidance to other types of economic activity.
The state policy conducted during that period has been expressly social. The government of the Russian Federation had to take temporary
measures to ‘preserve’ ineffective employment, organize large-scale public and temporary work places for the unemployed and those
under the risk of losing their part-time jobs.
The Law of the Russian Federation On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation has been amended to reflect that in the
event of critical situations in the labor market of certain constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the government of the Russian
Federation shall have the right to implement measures and develop activities aimed at reducing tensions on the labor market in these
constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
The state policy in the sphere of employment was a part of ongoing measures to promote employment, as well as additional measures to
reduce tensions on the labor market, carried out in accordance with the decision of the government of the Russian Federation.
The total amount of federal funds spent on the implementation of additional activities in 2010 amounted to 35.6 billion rubles.
Within the circumstances of considerable levels of underemployment and workers on forced leave and down time, one of the factors
limiting massive layoffs of workers was the organization of public and temporary work places.
Over 1.9 million people and more than 199 thousand of created permanent jobs among small business have acted as additional measures
to reduce tensions at the labor market in 2010. About 9 thousand citizens have found work in other geographic locations. More than 7.8
thousand of unemployed persons with disabilities found employment at workplaces, where the employers equipped their work spaces to
meet physical needs of persons with disabilities.
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Measures have been taken to improve competitiveness and professional mobility of the workforce. 138 thousand workers under the risk
of layoffs have completed advanced professional training. 72 thousand of graduates of professional schools and colleges have been
assigned to complete internships and apprenticeships to obtain work experience, enabling them to gain a foothold in the workplace.
The implementation of the advanced learning activities has allowed employers to implement the retraining of personnel to new activities
and increase the skill level of workers and have them master new professions, avoiding the loss of employment (wages) under the
conditions of reorganization, restructuring, declining production, services, or suspended enterprise operations.
Under these circumstances, one of the main tasks of the state policy in the sphere of employment was the adaptation of the unemployed
and companies to the new economic realities and their occupational guidance to other types of economic activity.
In 2011, there has been proposed the implementation of regional programs envisioning additional measures designed to further reduce
tensions on labor market of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. However, under the conditions stabilizing situation on the
labor market, the new priorities for the implementation of regional programs have been identified.
Considering the reducing tensions and stabilizing of the situation on the labor market, the volume of public works for part-time personnel
(the number of these employees went down dramatically, from 1.6 million people, in December of 2009, to 548.4 thousand people, in
December of 2010) have been significantly decreased. Public works were organized for members of the core and backbone enterprises,
job seekers and the unemployed living in single-industry towns.
In 2011, the special attention was given to measures aimed at promoting the quality of employment and labor mobility, improving the
competitiveness of workers and the unemployed on the labor market. These measures primarily include advanced vocational training,
which in previous years has been most relevant in production upgrades, implementation of investment projects in the industry (launching
new production sites, upgrades of the existing ones, etc.).
At the same time, the transition to innovative technologies has led to reduction in jobs with hazardous or dangerous working conditions,
which resulted in the need to remove the majority of workers (especially women) from these types of enterprises. To employ this category
of workers, their professional education for new types of economic activities has been organized.
Due to the improvements in the labor market situation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, including single industry
towns, in 2011, to implement additional activities in single-industry towns, 3.1 billion rubles of the consolidated budget has been
appropriated, including 2.9 billion rubles in subsidies from the federal budget. The events were attended by 152.7 thousand people living
in single-industry settlements (1 % of the population).
In 2011, over 554.9 thousand people took part in the additional measures implemented to reduce tension at the labor markets of the
constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The total amount of federal funds spent on the implementation of additional activities in
2011 amounted to 18.1 billion rubles.
By the end of 2011, the Russian economy had overcome the impact of the economic crisis, showing steady growth in industrial production
and GDP.
Whereas the crisis period predetermined the main task of the state, which was to maintain social stability, prevent the uncontrolled
growth of unemployment and declining living standards, and the policies were expressly social by their nature, the task of improving the
functioning of the labor market became much more important in the post-crisis period.
In 2012, the labor market had stabilized, the numbers of overall and registered unemployment came back to pre-crisis period and even
declined slightly.
According to data from Rosstat, in December 2012, the total number of unemployed stood at 4.0 million, total unemployment amounted
to 5.3 per cent of the economically active population.
The overall level of registered unemployment in the Russian Federation since the beginning of 2012 decreased from 1.7 % to 1.4 % of the
economically active population.
However, the analysis of the labor market situation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation shows that the employment
situation remains difficult in regions related to territories with the tense situation at the labor market.
In 2012, these constituent entities of the Russian Federation continued the implementation of additional measures to reduce tensions
at labor market, involving the organization of advanced vocational education and training of employees, organization of professional
testing of job seekers, training of graduates of vocational education institutions, assisting the unemployed and job-seekers in other
constituent entities of the Russian Federation, with securing jobs, which amounted to 959.5 million rubles from the federal budget. The
overall number of participants of these events was over 35 thousand people.
In 2012, the subsidies from the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (1.5 billion rubles) have
been allocated in full.
Given the positive practice of implementing additional measures aimed at reducing tensions at the labor markets of the constituent
entities of the Russian Federation, in 2012, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation referred to as the territories with the tense
situation at the labor market, continued their activities aimed at reducing tensions at the labor market of Russian Federation constituent
entities in 2013, including:
Advanced professional training and work placements for companies’ workers, including workers at risk of layoffs (down time, introduction
of part-time work, implementation of measures to release employees) (further measures included advanced professional training);
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Apprenticeships for college graduates, including, in other constituent entities of the Russian Federation; professional education and
certification for the purpose of receiving documents, confirming professional qualification;
Incentives for employers operating in the Russian Federation with a level of unemployment registered below the national average, filling
of vacancies by duly recognized unemployed and job seekers residing in the Russian Federation with a tense situation on the labor
market;
Aiding employability of the unemployed in work places created by the unemployed opening their own businesses via regional programs
aimed at reducing tensions on the labor market.
Facilitating the employment of nationals residing in the territory of the North Caucasus federal district, other constituent entities of the
Russian Federation, through the state employment service agency of Stavropol Interregional Resource Center.
These activities are aimed at reducing tensions at the labor market in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation where indicators
for the labor market situation are much worse as compared to the Russian Federation in general.
The activities proposed for implementation in 2013 are aimed at reducing the number of unemployed citizens and preventing an increase
in this number in particular constituent entities of the Russian Federation through apprenticeships for unemployed graduates, vocational
training, retraining and internships, promoting territorial mobility and stimulating the creation of new jobs.
For additional events, aimed at reducing tensions at the labor market in 15 constituent entities of the Russian Federation referred to as
the territories with the tense situation at the labor market, 1198.3 million rubles have been allocated in 2013 from the federal budget.
The overall number of participants of these events will amount to 24.0 thousand people.
2.2.9.Saudi Arabia
2.2.9.1.Nitaqat
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Nitaqat
Start date
Current
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Applied to all business owners
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
Newly added Nitaqat points to employers of women and disabled
2.2.9.2.Tawafuq
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Tawafuq
Start date
End of 2012
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Targeting disabled job-seekers, about 1m Saudi nationals
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Currently pilots
Comments
– Broad strategy which aims to promote and encourage the employment of people with
disabilities in the Kingdom
– Six key focus areas are:
1. regulations & frameworks,
2. accessibility,
3. stakeholder awareness,
4. employment programs,
5. skills & training,
6. disability data
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2.2.9.3.Taqat Online
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Taqat Online
Start date
May 2012
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Matching between unemployed Saudis and private sector vacancies: >2m Saudi registrants
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
>2m Saudi registrants achieved
>1000 jobs posted per month
>20k applications per month
Comments
– this employment channel electronically connects and matches job seekers with the best
available job opportunities.
– It utilizes a commercial recruitment Engine to enable online employment services;
Additionally, recruitment offices can utilize this channel as well.
– It enables employment through intelligent matching between Job Seekers and available job
market vacancies.
2.2.9.4.Liqaat
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Liqaat
Start date
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
12 events per year,
of participants
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
15,000 to date, 4 events so far, plan for ~12 events/year
Comments
– this employment channel provides job seekers with access to new job opportunities and
employers by organizing job fairs.
– liqa’at program aims to facilitate faster job market nationalization via practical traditional
job fairs
– liqa’at program works to search, analyse, classify, and match job seekers to employers’
requirements
– through Liqa’at, interview-based job fairs are organized by HRDF where job openings of
participating employers are pre-matched with Job Seekers profiles and Job Seekers are invited
based on opening matches. Job Seekers have pre-scheduled set of interviews. An open day is
also available for those that have not been invited.
– liqaat – physical job fairs organized in Riyadh, Makkah, Jeddah, Damman, Abha
2.2.9.5.E-Liqaat
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
E-Liqaat
Start date
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
50k participants (Hafiz beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
20k participants in the program so far
Comments
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– an electronic equivalent to Liqa’at that takes place through Virtual Job Fair: this employment
channel brings jobseekers together with employers via electronic fairs, along with direct
employer interaction.
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2.2.9.6.Taqat Recruitment Offices
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Taqat Recruitment Offices
Start date
December 2012
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Open target
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
27 Local recruitment offices
~1'000 job placements per month
Comments
– this employment channel utilizes offices which help job seekers prepare for a job and find
vacancies near their homes.
– this channel is about partnering with local Recruitment offices through Taqaat Online to
post jobs and secure interviews with employers. The TRO model is a performance based
model where they get paid by HRDF as they successfully place people on the jobs, three
months after job uptake (registration with social insurance entity), six months after, and one
year of sustainable employment. In the future ROs might be able to franchise Liqaat. 800 SAR
is provided for each successful placement, 300 for first 3 months sustained placement, 600 for
first 6 months and 600 for first 12 months.
2.2.9.7. Job Placement Centers
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Job Placement Centers
Start date
Ongoing
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Increase capacity dramatically in 2013.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
20k job-seekers served monthly
>40 Job Placement centers in operation and ramping up
Comments
– this employment channel provides job seekers with evaluation, training and communication
skills, and links them with suitable job opportunities.
– job Placement Centres (JPC) is a Taqaat Employment Channel. Job Placements Сenters are
established based on PPP model across the kingdom to further coach Job Seekers and secure
sustainable and competitive jobs for them.
– job Seekers in the Hafiz program will be referred to JPCs according to segmentation criteria
(e.g. gender, location, ration of L1:L2) a where it is determined that other channels are not
suitable for such Job Seekers. A referral engine is being built for this and other purposes
– in the future the employability of job-seekers shall be evaluated and the hardest to help
would be referred to JPCs.
2.2.10.Spain
2.2.10.1.Indefinite Contract to Support Entrepreneurs
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Indefinite contract to support entrepreneurs
Start date
End Date
This is a temporary measure, in force until the unemployment rate falls below 15 %.
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Companies with up to 50 workers at the time of contract or self-employed workers. 77.260
contracts for entrepreneurs have been signed since the launch of the labour market reform
until December 2012.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
95.392 contract had been signed by the end of March 2013. The contracts are being closely
monitored in order to study their survival rate and their incidence on permanent hiring as a
whole.
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Comments
The aim of this new contractual modality is to encourage permanent contracts amongst SMEs
with up to 50 workers. It includes an extended (one year) probation period in response to the
uncertainty SMEs face in the current economic context. The contract also includes a series of
fiscal incentives that have been specifically designed in order to encourage hiring of those
groups facing the highest employability challenges: young workers below 30 and seniors over
45. The temporary nature of these incentives, their targeting, as well as the requirements to
be met by the firm (subsidies are made conditional to stability in employment and are not
compatible with collective dismissals within the firm) limits deadweight effects and enhances
effectiveness.
2.2.10.2.New Training and Apprenticeship Contract: Basis for Dual Vocational Training
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
New Training and Apprenticeship Contract: Basis for dual vocational training
Start date
February 2012: the labour market reform introduced significant novelties in the design of
this contract. November 2012: regulatory developments in place
End Date
Permanent measure
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Young people 16-25 (and, until the unemployment rate falls below 15%, those up to 30 years
of age). It may be held by all companies, whatever their size is and served by all authorised
centres or training institutions.
60.584 contracts were signed during 2012.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
63.672 contracts have been signed until the end of January 2013.
The training and apprenticeship contract was reformed in order to the labour market's real
needs (in terms of workers' qualifications) and to effectively promote the employability of
young people. The contract allows young workers to combine certifiable vocational training
with a work contract, thus enhancing employability. Firms benefit from more flexible
working-time limits and the possibility to carry out the VT component at the firm,
provided they meet adequate infraestructure and human resources requirements. For the
first time, the possibility to combine paid work with VET within the employemnt system
(via the training contract) and within the education system (via scholarships) have come
together in a single regulatory framework. The new framework is hence the basis for the new
dual vocational training system, for which an implementation strategy 2013 – 2015 is already
in place.
2.2.10.3.Reform of the Vocational Training for Employment System
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Reform of the vocational training for employment system
Start date
A gradual process of reform started under the labour market reform, in February 2012.
End Date
The reform is permanent. However, its gradual nature implies progress is ongoing.
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Employed and unemployed workers
General call for tenders: 243.000 students. Youth-specific call fo tenders: 29.000 students.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Enhanced competition, efficiency, and transparency within the system: an increase in the
number of offers presented (twice as many in the general call and 5.5 times as many in the
youth-specific call) and a significant cost reduction (27 % in the cost per student/hour in the
youth-specific call for tenders with respect to the previous year).
Comments
Private training agencies and centres have been given a more relevant role in the
vocational training for employment system: they contribute to the design and planning of priority
areas (prospective market analysis) and, most importantly, they are eligible to public funds
for the management of training programmes. Previously, management was reserved to the
social agents, but a process of competitive tendering has been introduced that respects the
principles of objectivity, transparency and efficiency.
The reform of the vocational training for employment system is envisaged as a gradual
process. As such, the entire system is being subject to evaluation, the outcome of which will
determine possible weaknesses and priorities, room for improvement and possibilities to
strengthen the measures taken.
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2.2.11.UK
2.2.11.1. Work Programme
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Work Programme
Start date
June 2011
End Date
Initial five-year contracts to 2016
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Long-term unemployed or those at risk of long-term unemployment
3.3 million (approx. 8 % of the working age population).
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
200,000 job entries up to September 2012, according to ERSA, the trade body for the welfare
to work industry.
Comments
Personalised support provided to jobseekers by voluntary and private sector employment
providers, who are paid by employment and job retention results.
Next statistics release due at the end of June 2013.
2.2.12.USA
2.2.12.1.Extension of the Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC) Program
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Extension of the Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC) Program
Start date
06.30.08
End Date
12.28.13
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Workers unable to find work as a result of the economic downturn - 4.0 million.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
The long-term unemployed continued to receive benefits after exhausting their state benefit
entitlement, which enabled those recipients to continue at some minimal level to meet their
financial obligations while continuing to search for work. Since enactment in June 2008,
U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Unemployment Insurance has paid $212 billion in EUC
benefits to 22 million people.
Comments
Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC) is a temporary program that provides federal
extension of unemployment benefits. EUC has been extended numerous times and a recent
extension changed the total unemployment rate triggers for states to qualify for different
tiers of benefits. Benefit levels were also changed. For more information: http://wdr.doleta.
gov/directives/attach/UIPL/UIPL_4_10_Chg10.pdf
2.2.12.2.Increase Reemployment Services (RES) and Reemployment and Eligibility Assessments (REA)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Increase Reemployment Services (RES) and Reemployment and Eligibility Assessments (REA).
Start date
03.23.12
End Date
12.28.13
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
EUC claimants, 2.7 million
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Reemployment assistance to the unemployed results in more rapid reemployment, shorter
claim duration, and fewer erroneous payments of unemployment compensation.
Comments
This measure requires states to provide Reemployment Services (RES) and Reemployment
and Eligibility Assessments (REA) to new Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC)
claimants and requires EUC claimants referred to RES and REA to participate in those services
and actively seek work. RES and REA must include labor market and career information,
assessment of the individual’s skills, orientation to American Job Center services, and
in-person review of the individuals’ eligibility based on work search activities. This measure
also defines additional (optional) RES and REA services that states can provide. For more
information: http://wdr.doleta.gov/directives/attach/TEGL/tegl_20_11_acc.pdf
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2.2.12.3.Promotion of Short-Time Compensation (STC) Program
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Promotion of Short-Time Compensation (STC) Program
Start date
03.23.12
End Date
12.28.13
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Unemployed, 50 000
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
STC (worksharing) is used by states as a layoff aversion strategy that enables workers to
remain employed and employers to retain their trained staff during times of reduced business
activity.
Comments
This measure requires states to provide Reemployment Services (RES) and Reemployment
and Eligibility Assessments (REA) to new Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC)
claimants and requires EUC claimants referred to RES and REA to participate in those services
and actively seek work. RES and REA must include labor market and career information,
assessment of the individual’s skills, orientation to American Job Center services, and
in-person review of the individuals’ eligibility based on work search activities. This measure
also defines additional (optional) RES and REA services that states can provide. For more
information: http://wdr.doleta.gov/directives/attach/TEGL/tegl_20_11_acc.pdf
2.2.12.4.Expansion of Self-Employment Assistance (SEA)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Expansion of Self-Employment Assistance (SEA)
Start date
Guidance issued 5/24/12.
End Date
Grant funding expires 10/31/13. Program evaluation report due by 2/22/17.
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Long-term unemployed individuals who wish to establish their own businesses using
temporary income support (in lieu of receiving unemployment compensation) and access to
entrepreneurial training and services.
Number of beneficiaries 20 000
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Entrepreneurship and small business development are promoted both as a reemployment
strategy for unemployment insurance claimants and as a means to support economic
development through job creation.
Comments
States are allowed to expand Self-Employment Assistance (SEA) eligibility to include
Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC) claimants. This measure funds temporary
grants to states to develop, implement, or administer a SEA program, with additional
grants available to winning states to promote SEA and enroll individuals. The Department
of Labor helps states implement SEA programs by developing model legislative language,
providing technical assistance and guidance, and establishing state reporting requirements,
and evaluating the program. For more information: https://www.ows.doleta.gov/unemploy/
jobcreact.asp#Self-Employment.
2.2.12.5.Tax Credits for Employers that Hire Veterans with Disabilities
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Tax credits for employers that hire veterans with disabilities
Start date
Applies to eligible new hires on or after 11/22/11
End Date
Applies to eligible new hires before 12/31/13
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Unemployed military veterans
34,000 applications for newly hired veterans were certified by State Workforce Agencies in
Fiscal Year 2012.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
56
In FY 2012, 34,000 veterans attained employment.
The goal of the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) is to reduce the unemployment rate
of certain target groups who have consistently faced significant barriers to employment,
including military veterans with disabilities. Private-sector businesses and certain non-profit
organizations can claim this tax credit for hiring military veterans meeting certain criteria,
which include unemployment, service-connected disability, and low income.
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2.2.12.6.Improve the Employment and Education Outcomes of Persons with Disabilities
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Improve the employment and education outcomes of persons with disabilities
Start date
2010
End Date
To be determined
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Persons with disabilities in 23 states
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
23 states have been awarded grants to improve coordination and collaboration among
employment and training programs at state and local levels and to build effective community
partnerships that leverage public and private resources to better serve individuals with
disabilities and improve employment outcomes.
Comments
The Disability Employment Initiative grants funds to states to implement successful service
delivery strategies that improve the employment and education outcomes of persons with
disabilities who are unemployed, underemployed, and/or receiving Social Security disability
benefits.
2.3. Youth Employment
2.3.1.Brazil
2.3.1.1.Professional apprenticeship National Plan
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Professional apprenticeship National Plan
Start date
2010
End Date
2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Target group: Unemployed workers aged 14 to 24 and people with disabilities.
Number of beneficiaries: 2013: 306.000
Investments (US$):
2010: 150.000
2011: 150.000
2012: 150.000
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Number of beneficiaries:
2010: 201.097
2011: 264.764
2012: 286.827
Comments
Medium and large companies must hire apprentices in at least 5 % and at most 15 % of the
workforce
2.3.2.Canada
2.3.2.1.Youth Employment Strategy (YES)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Youth Employment Strategy (YES)
Start date
2010
End Date
2014
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The YES is designed to enhance employability skills, facilitate youth transition to the labour
market, encourage educational attainment, and increase the number of skilled young
Canadians in the workforce
The YES has three key programs: Skills Link, Career Focus, and Summer Work Experience.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
In 2011 – 12, additional EAP funding, supported approximately 12,000 Skills Link youth, of
which more than 6,000 found employment or became self-employed and over 2,000 returned
to school.
Career Focus served over 1,000 youth in workplace internships; and, Canada Summer Jobs
helped create approximately 36,000 jobs for youth in more than 23,000 organizations across
the country.
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57
Comments
$300M annually
Budget 2012 provided an additional $50M over two years.
Budget 2013 included an additional investment of $70M to support 5,000 new paid
internships for recent post-secondary graduates through Career Focus to help youth
transition from school to their first job. As well, the Budget proposed reallocation of $19M
over 2 years to promote education in high-demand fields, including the skilled trades,
science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) and extended support for
Pathways to Education Canada for students in low-income communities.
2.3.3.China
From the statistics, China’s urban registered unemployment rate has been at a low level for many years. Although China has not released
internationally recognized survey unemployment rate, various sources indicate that our surveyed unemployment rate is not as high as
some people speculated in accordance with the information disclosed by the relevant departments.
In China, the annual number of college and university graduates has been increasing very fast. In 2003, there were only 2.12 million
college and university graduates, however, this number jumped to 6.99 million in 2012. From 2008, the government encourages college
and university graduates to take jobs in public administration and public services at the community level of urban and rural areas. If a
college graduate can work for 2 years at the community level, she or he has the opportunity to become a public servant; These graduates
are also encouraged to take jobs at small and medium-sized enterprises and enterprises of non-public ownership. Colleges have vocational
guidance and other employment services. More than 90 % of college graduates found jobs during the year of graduation.
In China, there are more than 260 million rural migrant workers, 70 %of which are young workers aged less than 35 years old. There is a
assistance package for the rural migrants. In order to promote employment of the rural migrants, the State Council promulgated the
Circular on Promotion of Rural Migrants Training in 2010. The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security has carried out the policies
of the State Council, and established many training bases in various areas.
Many agencies are helping the rural migrants in different ways. The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development plans to build
apartments and houses that are affordable for migrant workers, so as to help them integrate into local societies. The Ministry of Education will further enhance the implementation of a government-led education policy to help children of migrant workers study in full-time
public schools. Currently, 80 percent of migrant workers’ children are benefiting from free compulsory education in public schools in urban
areas where their parents are working. The All-China Women’s Federation will take the lead in the "Sharing Blue Sky" project, which aims
to improve quality of living and education for the children who are not able to go with parents to urban areas. It is believed that this
project can make migrant workers more comfortable working in cities, without worrying too much about their children who are still in
hometowns. Government agencies in charge of population and family planning have developed standards for the administration of family
planning of migrant workers and implemented a "Care and Love" project to help migrant workers. Government agencies under the Ministry
of Civil Affairs will implement the instructions given by the State Council on improving community service to ensure the same services are
available for both migrant workers and permanent residents. Government agencies in charge of public security will further promote reform
of the household registration system and encourage migrant workers to become permanent residents according to the relevant policies.
2.3.4.European Union
17
2.3.4.1. Youth Guarantee
Policy Domain/Activity (Program) name
Youth Guarantee
Start Date
April 2013: The Council adopted the Recommendation on Establishing a Youth Guarantee
(YG) on 22 April 201317.
End Date
On-going
Result planned (Target Group, number of
beneficiaries)
17
It calls on Member States to ensure that all young people up to 25 receive a good quality
offer of employment, continued education, an apprenticeship or a traineeship within four
months of leaving formal education or becoming unemployed. In order to ensure the success
and rapid implementation of the Youth Guarantee, the Recommendation includes guidelines
for setting up such schemes, covering in particular the need for stronger partnerships
between all concerned stakeholders, early intervention and activation, and making full
use of EU funding. The YG is a crucial structural reform, making public institutions work
better (together) and improving the functioning of the economy (helping employment and
productivity).
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2013:120:0001:0006:EN:PDF
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Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and activities as of
2013 March)
On-going activities
Comments
The European Commission has issued a Communication "Call to Action on Youth
Unemployment" on 19 June as input to the 27-28 June European Council. It calls for urgent
action on youth unemployment including for Member States with regions with youth
unemployment rates above 25% to submit Youth Guarantee Implementation Plans by
October 2013.
The Proposal for the ESF Regulation for the next programming period 2014-2020 includes
a dedicated ESF investment priority targeting the sustainable labour market integration
of young NEETs. Member States facing high youth unemployment rates are thus expected
to identify young unemployed persons as well as NEETs as a specific target group for ESF
funding.
The Youth Guarantee will be further supported by the EUR 6 billion Youth Employment
Initiative (see below).
2.3.4.2. Youth Employment Initiative18
Policy Domain/Activity (Program) name
Youth Employment Initiative
Start Date
2014
End Date
On-going to 2020
Result planned (Target Group, number of
beneficiaries)
The EUR 6 billion Youth Employment Initiative (YEI adopted by the European Council in
February 2013 will further boost support in particular to the Youth Guarantee.
It will build on the already very significant support provided by the EU structural funds by
earmarking at least EUR 3 billion from the European Social Fund (ESF) and a further EUR
3 billion from a new dedicated budget line to fund measures to support young people
(7.5 million people in the 15-24 age group are neither in employment nor in education or
training), especially the Youth Guarantee.
This funding will be open to all regions where the youth unemployment rate is over 25%.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and activities as of
2013 March)
Rules proposed by the Commission on 12 March 201318
Comments
2.3.4.3.European Alliance for Apprenticeships
Policy Domain/Activity (Program) name
European Alliance for Apprenticeships
Start Date
2 July 2013
18
http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=89&newsId=1829&furtherNews=yes
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59
End Date
On-going
Result planned (Target Group, number of
beneficiaries)
The European Alliance for Apprenticeships aims to increase the quality and supply of
apprenticeships across Europe and to change mind-sets towards this type of learning. The
Alliance is a platform that brings together public authorities, business and social partners,
VET providers, youth representatives and other key actors such as chambers in order to
coordinate and upscale different initiatives for successful apprenticeship type schemes, as
well as to promote national partnerships for dual vocational training systems.
There are three strands of action: (1) targeted knowledge transfer and support for reform of
apprenticeship systems; (2) promoting the benefits of apprenticeships; and (3) making smart
use of EU funding and resources.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and activities as of
2013 March)
On-going Activities
Comments
The European Alliance for Apprenticeships will be launched on 2 July 2013 in the context of
WorldSkills competition in Leipzig, Germany.
2.3.4.4. Quality Framework for Traineeships
Policy Domain/Activity (Program) name
Quality Framework for Traineeships
Start Date
December 2013
End Date
On-going
Result planned (Target Group, number of
beneficiaries)
As regards the Quality Framework for Traineeships (QFT), the major concern is that in
some traineeships young people do not learn anything useful and are simply used as a
cheap labour force. The QFT will therefore propose quality guidelines ensuring that all
traineeships provide a high quality learning content and fair working conditions in a way
that traineeships really make education-to-work transitions smoother and increase the
employability of trainees.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and activities as of
2013 March)
The Commission will present a related proposal by December 2013.
Comments
2.3.4.5. Youth Opportunity Initiative (YOI)19
Policy Domain/Activity (Program) name
Youth Opportunity Initiative
Start Date
Dec 2011
End Date
On-going
Result planned (Target Group, number of
beneficiaries)
Its purpose was to support Member States in urgently defining and implementing appropriate
strategies and measures for tackling youth unemployment by making greater use of available
EU funding. Member States, in particular those with the highest youth unemployment rates,
are called upon to take decisive measures in the following four main areas:
•
•
•
•
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and activities as of
2013 March)
Preventing early-school leaving;
Developing skills that are relevant to the labour market;
Supporting a first work experience and on-the-job training;
Access to the labour market: getting a (first) job.
By January 2013, following the Action Team meetings in the 8 Member States19 with the
highest youth unemployment rates, about EUR 16 billion of EU financing had been targeted
for accelerated delivery or reallocation. This funding will help around 780 000 young people
and 55 000 SMEs, as well as support other growth-enhancing measures.
Comments
19
EL, ES, IE, IT, LV, LT, PT, SK
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2.3.4.6.European job mobility schemes
Policy Domain/Activity (Program) name
Your First EURES Job
Start Date
May 2012
End Date
On-going
Result planned (Target Group, number of
beneficiaries)
The pilot scheme which aims at helping young people to find their first job in any EU
Member State, and supporting companies to recruit from another EU country. The scheme
aims to provide financial and job placement support to around 5,000 young people in order
to fill vacancies abroad during the implementation period (2012 – 2014). It will be extended
in 2013 to cover apprenticeship and traineeship placements.
The EURES portal gives access to over 1.4 million job vacancies and nearly 31 000 registered
employers. The EURES Reform aims to make it easier for jobseekers to contact employers
looking for particular skills, to focus on sectors and occupations with skills shortages and to
support targeted mobility schemes for young people
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and activities as of
2013 March)
On-going activities
Comments
2.3.4.7. Creating jobs: helping firms to recruit young people
Policy Domain/Activity (Program) name
Support for SMEs in creating jobs for young people
Start Date
2013
End Date
2015
Result planned (Target Group, number of
beneficiaries)
EU instruments, in particular the European Regional Development Fund, play an important
role, both in providing direct support to SMEs and co-funding a wide range of financial
instruments. The European Investment Bank (EIB) also has a crucial role to play with regard
to access to finance for SMEs. The recent capital increase of EUR 10 billion is expected
to allow EUR 12.5 billion to be released annually in direct financial support for SMEs in
2013-15 and may mobilise in total around EUR 37.5 billion in SME loans when other types
of lending indirectly benefiting SMEs and co-financing are taken into account. In addition,
the Commission is currently working with the EIB to develop joint instruments to support
lending to SMEs.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and activities as of
2013 March)
On-going activities
Comments
2.3.5.France
2.3.5.1. Jobs for the Future Contrats D’avenir (New Jobs, Mainly in the Public & Non-Profit Sectors for
Vulnerable Youth, Especially in Economically Depressed Areas. Non Fixed Term Contract, Regular Wage,
Subsidised Jobs)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Jobs for the future Contrats d’avenir (new jobs, mainly in the public & non-profit sectors
for vulnerable youth, especially in economically depressed areas. Non fixed term contract,
regular wage, subsidised jobs)
Start date
March 2013
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
150 000, before Dec. 2014
This programme just started. 20 000 jobs created since the end of 2012.
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61
Comments
In France, each year, 120 000 youth enter the LM without any diploma. A lot of them are
unemployed, with no work experience. When they find a job, it’s usually a precarious job.
Cost: 2.3 billion euros for the next 3 years.
WHY IT IS APPROPRIATE AND CHALLENGING this programme is most appropriate, and in
the meantime challenging, since it has been carefully designed and targeted to adress the
major issue of low-skilled and vulnerable youth unemployment.
2.3.5.2.Generation Contracts Contrats De Generation (4 000 Euros/Year Subsidy, for 3 Years, for a
Company Which Hires a Young Worker and Preserves the Job of an Older Worker)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Generation contracts Contrats de generation (4 000 euros/year subsidy, for 3 years, for a
company which hires a young worker AND preserves the job of an older worker)
Start date
2013
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
500 000 contracts subsidised form now on till 2017 (100 000 a year)
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
The law has just been passed.
Comments
Before the bill was scheduled in Parliament, a national social partners agreement was signed
on this issue.
In order to avoid windfall effects, only companies with less than 300 employees can benefit
In those between 50 – 300 employees, a company-level agreement must have been signed by
the social partners for the company to be eligible to the subsidies. In companies with more
than 300 employees: social partners agreement on youth and older workers employment
compulsory, no hiring subsidy.
Implementation of a Competitiveness and Employment Tax Credit (tax credit to create jobs and increase business competitiveness)
The objective is to reduce labour costs via a Competitiveness and Employment Tax Credit [Crédit d’impôt pour la compétitivité et l’emploi
(CICE)] by €20 billion per year, with a phased increase over 3 years (€10 billion as from the first year), to encourage investment and
create jobs. This is a massive and unprecedented measure. The Competitiveness and Employment Tax Credit [Crédit d’impôt pour la
compétitivité et l’emploi (CICE)] will increase over a period of three years, with a €10 billion reduction as from the first year and an
additional €5 billion in the subsequent two years.
Businesses will benefit from the CICE in tax terms for the first time in the 2013 fiscal year. The economic effect will therefore be
immediate. The Government will also ensure that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and Small and Medium Businesses (SMBs) that
apply for this reduction can benefit financially from this as from next year.
The CICE will be a tax credit system where the amount will be calculated in proportion to the gross payroll excluding salaries over 2.5
times higher than the SMIC [minimum wage in France].
It will provide a permanent way for businesses to recover the equivalent of a reduction proportional to the gross payroll paid during the
year to employees earning up to 2.5 times the SMIC. The amount owed to the State can be declared against corporate tax or income tax,
depending on the company’s legal form.
This applies to all businesses, whether in the industrial or service sector: the cost of services for businesses is a key factor for industry,
since the cost burden on industry is directly influenced by the cost of services (the cost of service consumption by businesses is the same
as the payroll).
The tax credit is not a “gift” with no expectation of return: in actual fact, in order to have a positive impact on competitiveness and
therefore on employment levels, any margins freed up for the businesses in question must be used for investment, training, quality,
recruitment, research and innovation, etc., and not for paying out more to shareholders or for share buybacks, for example.
This will be verified:
At the “micro-economic” level in each large company:
•
through the presence of employee representatives on the Board of Directors or the Supervisory Board;
•
added to this is the role of employee representative bodies that will be called upon – and will provide an opinion on – a company’s
demonstration of how it has used “CICE” aid received the previous year; in particular, companies will be asked to describe how the
gain obtained though this measure has been used for investment, job creation and upward development.
In overall “macro-economic” terms:
•
a monitoring committee will be set up to issue a regular joint report on how well the system is working. Data will be collected to
enable an accurate assessment of the system before further phases are confirmed.
Implementation of a Competitiveness and Employment Tax Credit:
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This system will have no impact on public finances until 2014, since corporate and income tax is taken a year later for any financial year.
Half of the financing will come from further savings on expenditure and the other half from a change in VAT and a new environmental
tax.
2.3.6.Germany
2.3.6.1.National Pact to Promote Training and Young Skilled Workers in Germany ("Ausbildungspakt")
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
National Pact to Promote Training and Young Skilled Workers in Germany ("Ausbildungspakt")
Start date
2004 – extended and refined in 2010
End Date
2014
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Aim: to provide a range of training opportunities to all young people who are willing and able
to hold down an apprenticeship
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
New apprenticeship positions:
2011: 71.300
2012: 69.100
New apprenticing companies:
2011: 43.600
2012: 41.660
Comments
2.3.6.2.Bilateral Cooperation on Youth Employment with Italy (German Italian Employment Initiative),
Focus: Labour Market Policy, Vocational Training and Mobility
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Bilateral Cooperation on Youth Employment with Italy (German Italian Employment Initiative),
Focus: labour market policy, vocational training and mobility
Start date
Nov. 2012
End Date
Nov. 2015
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Closer Cooperation, joint activities, exchange of information and best practises, learning from
each other.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Conference on youth employment in Nov 2012;
workshop on the evaluation of labour market reforms.
Comments
2.3.6.3.Mobipro-Eu (German Title)/the Job Of My Life (English Title)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
MobiPro – EU (German title)/The Job of my Life (English title)
Start date
2.1. 2013
End Date
31.12. 2016
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Contribution to tackling youth unemployment in the EU. The programme aims at 1. Unemployed
skilled workers from EU who are interested in taking up qualified employment in a so-called
"bottleneck" job in Germany; 2. Young people from the EU interested in a dual vocational
training in Germany.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
Enhance professional mobility within the EU. Strengthening the EU labour market.
First results are expected by the end of the year.
Currently, there is a greater interest among young Europeans planning to go to Germany for a
dual vocational training than for a qualified job.
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2.3.6.4.Act for Improving the Chances of Integration in the Labor Market ("Gesetz Zur Verbesserung
Der Eingliederungschancen Am Arbeitsmarkt")
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Act for improving the chances of integration in the labor market ("Gesetz zur Verbesserung der
Eingliederungschancen am Arbeitsmarkt")
Start date
2012
End Date
open
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The benefits of active employment promotion for young people have been restructured and
more clearly structured. Aim: Young people shall pass into vocational training as directly as
possible.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
The causal impact on the current situation at the job market is not identified.
The act contains a number of legislative amendments. For instance, career entry support
("Berufsein-stiegsbegleitung) was made a permanent feature of the Labour Promotion act
("SGB III").
2.3.6.5."IdA-Integration Durch Austausch" (Integration Through Exchange)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
"IdA-Integration durch Austausch" (Integration through Exchange)
Start date
10/ 2008
End Date
12/ 2014
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The objective of the IdA program is to improve the chances of the disadvantaged and disabled
people at the labour and training market through work stays in other EU countries.
Target groups are youth and young adults with special support needs in the transition
between school and training, such as school dropouts, as well as at the interface between
training and occupation, such as young people after completion of ex-company training,
single parents and disabled people.
Number of beneficiaries planned: 10.000 participants
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Until March 2013 about 13.000 participants took part in the project activities. Of these 13.000
participants about 8.000 the disadvantaged participants participated in internships abroad.
The other participants took part in study visits and expert exchanges.
80 % of participants had already been (long-term) unemployed for an average duration of 15
month. Most of the participants are not older than 25.
Up to six months after IdA two third of all participants are already in training or in
socially-insured employment.
Comments
The evaluation results of the IdA Program show in particular positive results with regard to
the result indicators "growth in competence" than also of "improving the foreign language
knowledge" of disadvantaged young people. With regard to professional competence benefit
the low education groups (high school or no school qualifications).
2.3.6.6."Berufsbildung Ohne Grenzen"
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
"Berufsbildung ohne Grenzen"
Start date
02/2009
End Date
12/2014
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
With the program "Training without Borders" the chambers provide their companies with
professional advice on learning stays for trainees and young skilled workers abroad. The
program supports enterprises in organizing and carrying out stays abroad. A nationwide
coaching network has been build up for this. In crafts chambers and chambers of industry
and commerce, over 35 mobility coaches provide advice and support to businesses, trainees
and young skilled workers. The goal of the network is to convince the target group of the
importance of vocational traineeships abroad.
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Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Until march 2013 about 2000 young people completed part of their training abroad with
support from mobility coaches. In exchange, about 900 trainees and young skilled workers
from other European countries gained insights into companies in Germany.
The evaluation results of the program are showing positive results in improving foreign
language proficiency and intercultural competency and imparting new qualifications.
Acquiring international and intercultural competencies is now essential for a successful
career, because enterprises are increasingly looking for mobile, adaptable personnel with
international experience. The best way for young people to obtain these qualifications and set
themselves apart from other applicants on the labour market is a stay abroad.
Comments
2.3.7.India
2.3.7.1. Youth and Women: Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG) – It
is known as ‘Sabla’
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Youth and Women: Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG) – It
is known as ‘Sabla’
Start date
Sept 2010
End Date
Ongoing as on May 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The scheme covers all adolescent girls in the age group of 11 to 18 years, under two categories
ie. 11 to 14 years and 14 to 18 years. Nearly 100 lakh adolescent girls per annum are expected
to be benefitted under the scheme.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
Against an allocation of 750 crore for 2012 – 13, 496 crore has been released to states/UTs
benefiting 87.23 lakh adolescent girls as on 31.12.2012
RGSEAG is a centrally sponsored scheme, implemented through the State Governments/UTs
with 100% financial assistance from the Central Government for all inputs, except nutrition
provision for which Government of India share up to the extent of 50 % of the financial norms
or the actual expenditure incurred, whichever is less.
With the objective to improve the nutritional and health status of adolescent girls in the age
group of 11 – 18 years and empower them by providing education in life-skills, health and
nutrition, the Government of India introduced the Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of
Adolescent Girls–SABLA in November, 2010. The Scheme also aims at equipping girls with
information on family welfare, health and hygiene, existing public services, etc., and to draw
out-of-school girls into the formal or non-formal education systems. The focus of the Scheme
is primarily on out-of-school girls. An integrated package of services – comprising nutrition
and non-nutrition components – are provided to adolescent girls, the ‘Nutrition Component’
targeting out-of-school girls between 11 and 14 and all girls in the 14 – 18 age – group. The
scheme is implemented through the Angan Wadi Centres (AWC) which is the focal point
for the delivery of the services. ICDS infrastructure is used for its implementation. Where the
infrastructure and facilities at the AWC are not adequate, the Scheme is implemented using
alternate arrangements like school building/ panchayat buildings/community buildings,
etc. with space earmarked for the purpose. State Governments/UTs involve Panchayati
Raj Institutions (PRIs), NGOs, CBOs, other institutions for the successful implementation.
Keeping in view the expansion under ICDS Scheme, the allocation for ICDS was enhanced
from the Budget Estimates of Rs. 6,705 crore to Rs. 8162 crore for the year 2009 – 10. For the
year 2010 – 11, an allocation of Rs. 8700 crore has been made.
2.3.7.2. Youth and Women: Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY) – Conditional Maternity
Benefit (CMB) scheme
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Youth and Women: Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY) – Conditional Maternity
Benefit (CMB) scheme
Start date
October 2010
End Date
Ongoing as of May 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Above 75 % percent of women in the 52 selected districts Pregnant and lactating women
are envisaged to avail the benefits initially under IGMSY, since it is a self selecting scheme.
The scheme expected to cover around 13.8 lakh pregnant and lactating women from the 52
selected districts.
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Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
As on date more than 3 lakh beneficiaries are covered and Rs.
27 crore released to states.In 2012-13, the scheme has a budgetary outlay of Rs. 520 crore
with coverage of 12.5 lakh pregnant and lactating women.
Comments
IGMSY is a centrally sponsored scheme which is implemented through the State ICDS Cells
with 100 % financial assistance from the Ministry of Women and Child Development. The
day to day implementation and administrative matters is the responsibility of the State
Government. The Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY) Scheme is a special intervention designed
to target pregnant and lactating mothers on a pilot basis. Out of these 52 districts, 11 each
are selected from good and weak performing districts, 26 from medium performing districts
and 4 are UTs. A mix of good performing, poor performing and medium performing districts
have been selected to test check the success of implementation viz-a-viz. demand and supply.
The districts have been selected from across the country based on six indicators which are
available from DLHS-3. These were given equal weightages. The indicators are :- Percent
Comments
literate Female Population (Age 7+), Mothers registered in the first trimester when they
were pregnant with last live birth/still birth (%), Mothers who had at least 3 Ante-Natal care
visits during the last pregnancy (%),Institutional births (%), Children (12-23 months) fully
immunized (BCG, 3 doses each of DPT, and Polio and Measles) (%) and Children breastfed
within one hour of birth (%).
The Scheme provided cash directly to Pregnant and lactating women during pregnancy and
lactation. It partly compensated for the wage loss to pregnant & lactating women both
prior to and after delivery of the child and encourage increased access to supplementary
nutrition under ICDS Scheme. The rationale of the scheme are care during pregnancy and
delivery, Infant Care, Registration of birth of the child, immunization and a cash benefit of Rs.
1000/- after six months of birth of the child by ensuring exclusive breastfeeding. There are
incentives to Anganwadi Workers (AWWs) and Helpers (AWHs).
2.3.7.3. Youth and Women and Skill Development: National Mission for Empowerment of Women
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Youth and Women and Skill Development: National Mission for Empowerment of Women
Start date
April 2011
End Date
Ongoing as of May 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The mission strengthens the process that promote holistic development of women, gender,
equity and gender justice through inter-sectoral convergence of programmes.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Constituted National Mission Authority headed by the Prime Minister of India, National
Resource Centre for Women State Resource Centres for Women (SRCW) in 14 States,
Inter Ministerial Co-ordination Committee, Central Monitoring Committee under the
Chairmanship of Minister, Pilot Convergence models are set up in select districts. Small scale
Pilot Convergence mode is launched in select districts.
Comments
Ministry of Women and Child Development is the nodal Ministry Convergence and Beneficiaries
For Health and Empowerment convergences are achieved with the following schemes:
Integrated Child Development Services, Janani Suraksha Yojana, Rashtriya Swasthya Bima
Yojana. National Food Security Mission, National Rural Health Mission, Targeted Public
Distribution System, Antyodaya Anna Yojana.
For Education and Empowerment convergences are achieved with the following schemes:
District Primary Education Programme, Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya, Sarva Shiksha
Abhiyan, Incentive to Girls for Secondary Education, National Programme for Education of
Girls at Elementary Level, Eklavya Model Residential School, Establishment of Ashram Schools
in Tribal Sub-Plan Areas, Upgradation Of Merit Of Sc/St Students, Central Sector Scholarship
of Top Class Education For SC students, Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship Scheme for SC/
ST, Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan, Scheme for construction and running of Girls’
Hostel for students of Secondary & Higher Secondary Schools, Indira Gandhi Scholarship for
Single Girl Child for pursuing Higher and Technical Education, Scheme of Capacity Building
for Women Managers in Higher Education, Development of Women Studies in Colleges and
Universities.
For Economic Empowerment convergences are achieved with the following schemes:
Support to Training and Employment Program for Women, Self -Employment Scheme for
Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers, Mahilasamakhya, Working Women’s Hostel, Rajiv Gandhi
National Crèche, Scheme of Marketing Development of Tribal Products/Produce.
For Legal & Political Empowerment are achieved with the following schemes:
Ujjawala Scheme for Prevention of Trafficking and Rescue, Rehabilitation and Reintegration,
Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana , A Conditional Maternity Benefit Scheme, Rajiv Gandhi
Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls - Sabla, Financial Assistance and Support
Services to Victims Of Rape: A Scheme For Restorative Justice, Leadership Development of
Minority Women Scheme.
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2.3.7.4. Youth and Women: National Programme for Youth and Adolescent Development (NPYAD
Scheme.)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Youth and Women: National Programme for Youth and Adolescent Development (NPYAD
Scheme)
Start date
2009
End Date
Ongoing
as of May 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The targeted beneficiaries are youth and adolescents under a youth network recognized by
the State or Central Government. They include members of youth clubs affiliated to Nehru
Yuva Kendra Sangathan or State Governments, NSS Units, or student youth in Schools,
Colleges and Universities. Adolescents and Youth from other established youth organizations.
Preference is given to the youth with special abilities and youth belonging to scheduled caste,
scheduled tribes and other weaker sections.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
About Rs.46 crores is spent during 2011 – 2013. National Youth Awards are given every
year to motivate young person’s to achieve excellence in the field of national service and to
encourage them to develop a sense of responsibility to their community and to improve their
own potential as good citizens and young leaders. Organized the National Youth Festival on
annual basis. Each festival has a specific theme. For instance, in 2012 theme of the Festival
was ‘Celebrating Diversity in Unity’. About 5000 youth from all over the country participates.
The Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award is given as the highest national recognition
for outstanding achievements in the field of adventure on land, sea and air.
Capacity Building programmes were organized for Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS)
and National Service Scheme (NSS), Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development
(RGNIYD).
Comments
Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports is the nodal Ministry
2.3.7.5.Youth and Women: Schemes of Scholarship, Free Coaching Allied Scheme for Students
Belonging to Minorities
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Youth and Women: Schemes of scholarship, free coaching &allied scheme for students
belonging to Minorities
Start date
July 2012
End Date
Ongoing as of May 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Students belonging to minority communities with parental income not exceeding Rs.2 lakh
per annum.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Of the targeted 5 lakh students 755643 students availed this scheme in 2012 – 13. Of the
allocated Rs.500 crore Rs.326.55 was spend during the same period. Till date 6716 students
got free coaching and Rs. 87014825 has been spent.
The annual plan outlay for the development of minorities was raised from Rs. 2850 crore in
2011-12 to Rs. 3135 crore in 2012 – 13.
Comments
The five communities-Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, and Parsis, notified as minority
communities, constitute 18.42 per cent of the total population of the country.
Scholarships are awarded to meritorious students belonging to economically weaker sections
of minority community so as to provide them with better opportunities for higher education,
increase their rate of attainment in higher education and enhance their employability.
Programmes are being implemented through states, government's apex corporations, and
NGOs for the upliftment of disadvantaged and marginalized sections of society. Scholarship
is awarded to the students who have secured not less than 50% marks or equivalent grade in
the previous final examination.
The free entrance coaching scheme aims to empower the minority communities, which are
relatively disadvantaged section of society, by assisting them as well as those institutions
working for them, towards enhancing their skills and capabilities to make them employable in
industries, services and business sectors in addition to the government sector. It has the built
in resilience to adapt itself to the market dynamics on a continuous basis so that the target
groups are not deprived of the professional acumen demanded by the changing/emerging
market needs and opportunities for employment at domestic as well as international levels.
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2.3.7.6. Youth and Women: Schemes of Scholarship, Free Coaching Allied Scheme for Students
Belonging to the Scheduled Castes
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Youth and Women: Schemes of scholarship, free coaching &allied scheme for students
belonging to the Scheduled Castes
Start date
July 2012
End Date
Ongoing as of May 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Students belonging to Scheduled caste with parental income not exceeding Rs.2 lakh per
annum.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Rs. 2093.73 crore was allocated to states during 2012 – 13. About 70 lakh students were
benefitted during 2012-13.
Comments
The Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment is the nodal Ministry to oversee the interests
of the Scheduled Castes.
This centrally sponsored scholarship scheme has been introduced for Scheduled Caste
students studying in classes IX and X. It benefits about 40 lakh students. Scholarship under
the Pre metric Scheme is available for studies in India only and is awarded by the Government
of the State/Union Territory to which the applicant belongs i.e. where he is domiciled. The
scholarship is payable for 10 months in an academic year. The scholarship is dependent on
the satisfactory progress and conduct of the student. The Post metric Scheme provides for
100 per cent Central Assistance to the State Governments and UT Administrations over and
above the respective committed liability of the State/UT. The committed liability of the North
Eastern States has, however, been dispensed with. The scheme presently covers over 30 lakh
Scheduled Caste students. Students who pursue their studies through correspondence courses
are also eligible for the scheme and the term correspondence includes distant and continuing
education. Employed students whose income combined with the income of their parents/
guardians does not exceed the maximum prescribed income ceiling are also made eligible to
post-metric scholarships. All children of the same parents/guardians are entitled to receive
benefits of the scheme.
2.3.7.7.Youth And Women: Schemes of Scholarship, Free Coaching Allied Scheme for Students
Belonging to Scheduled Tribes
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Youth and Women: Schemes of scholarship, free coaching &allied scheme for students
belonging to Scheduled Tribes
Start date
Revised of July 2010
End Date
Ongoing as of May 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
100 per cent financial assistance is provided to ST students whose family income is less than
or equal to Rs. 2 lakh per annum
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
During the 11th Five Year Plan period (2007-08 to 2011 – 12), an amount of Rs. 2118.44 crore
was released to cover 68.43 lakh students. During the financial year 2012 – 13, the BE is Rs.
748.50 crore, out of this, an amount of Rs. 483.43 crore has been released to cover 15 lakh
students till date.
Comments
The Ministry of Tribal Affairs is the nodal ministry.
The scheme covers professional, technical as well as non-professional and non-technical
courses at various levels and the scheme also includes correspondence courses including
distance and continuing education. The scheme is implemented by the State Government and
UT Administrations, which receive 100 % Central Assistance over and above the committed
liability which is required to be borne by them from their own budgetary provisions.
2.3.8.Italy
2.3.8.1.Bilateral Cooperation on Youth Employment With Germany. "Working Together to Foster Youth
Employment". Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the Field of Labour Market Policy
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
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Bilateral Cooperation on Youth Employment with Germany. "Working together to foster youth
employment". Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation in the filed of labour market
policy
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Start date
Nov. 2012
End Date
Nov. 2015
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Focus: labour market policy, vocational training and mobility
Closer Cooperation, joint activities, exchange of information and best practises, learning from
each other
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Conference on youth employment in Nov 2012; workshop on the evaluation of labour market
reforms in February 2013;
Comments
2.3.8.2.Tax incentives for Women and Young Engagements
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Tax incentives for women and young engagements
Start date
October 2012
End Date
March 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Promoting youth (16 – 29) and women employment on a permanent basis.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
The measure is still under monitoring. Allowances will be granted subjected to the effective
duration of employment contracts (not less than 12 months).
2.3.8.3.Inter-Generational Solidarity Schemes
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Inter-generational Solidarity Schemes
Start date
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Promoting youth employment
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
According to a draft decree such schemes would work as follows: an older worker agrees to
transform his/her contract to a part-time contract; a young worker is hired as apprentice or
on a permanent basis; the State ensures a full social contribution payment for older workers,
covering the missing part due to working hours reduction, thereby providing for and adequate
pension coverage.
2.3.9.Japan
2.3.9.1.Taking Measures Such as Establishing "Hello Work to Support New Graduates",
Doubling the Number of Specialized Counselors for the Youth Employment, Etc
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Taking measures such as establishing "Hello Work to Support New Graduates",
doubling the number of specialized counselors for the youth employment, etc
Start date
FY2010
End Date
Now ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
More than 339,000 people used "Hello Work to Support New Graduates" in FY2011.
More than 104,000 people obtained employment with the support of the specialized
counselors in FY2011.
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Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
810,000 people used "Hello Work to Support New Graduates" from September 2010 to
March 2011 , and 223,000 people obtained employment with the support of the specialized
counselors.
Comments
2.3.10.Kazakhstan
2.3.10.1."Employment – 2020"
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
"Employment-2020"
Start date
2011
End Date
2020
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
In 2012 it was planned to reduce the youth unemployment rate to 5.2 %
The share of people covered by the employment activities of the "Employment Program
2020", of the number who applied for participation, including the proportion of young people
- 55.5 %
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
The actual level of youth unemployment rate was 3.9 %.
The actual proportion of young people who served in activities in the "Employment Program
2020" of the number who applied for participation amounted to 58.7 % (60,315 people).
Comments
Priority opportunities to participate in the program are provided for rural youth.
2.3.11.The Republic of Korea
2.3.11.1.‘My work, My Tomorrow’ Project for the Youth
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
‘My work, my tomorrow’ project for the youth
Start date
2010
End Date
2012
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
To create 71,000 jobs for youth
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Created 73,299 jobs
Comments
The project was implemented in two stages.
– the first stage focused on including young people into labor market.
– the second stage aimed to promote opportunities for self-improvement of young people
after their inclusion into labor market.
2.3.11.2.The Youth Internship Program for SMEs
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
The youth internship program for SMEs
Start date
2009
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The program aims to provide the youth with internship opportunities at SMEs to improve
their vocational competency and to increase the possibility of them to be employed as regular
workers.
– (the beneficiaries of the program)
The unemployed youth between the age of 19 and 29, and SMEs with more than 5 full-time
workers.
– (participants)
30,000 in 2010 / 32,000 in 2011 / 40,000 in 2012 / 50,000 in 2013
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Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
– the program created jobs for the youth 29,554 in 2010 / 32,220 in 2011 / 37,455 in 2012
– the rate of interns converted to regular status after their internship 90.1 % in 2010 / 91.3
% in 2011 / 84.5 % in 2012
Comments
2.3.11.3.Youth Employment Academy
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Youth Employment Academy
Start date
2011
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Business and employers’ organizations directly provide youths with education customized to
the demand of the workplace in cooperation with universities and help them to be employed
in cooperation enterprises.
– (The beneficiaries of the program) The graduates-to-be and graduates(under the age of 29)
– (Participants) 8,000 in 2011 / 8,000 in 2012 / 14,000 in 2013
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
The Academy aims to promote the inclusion of youths into labor market by supporting their
employment while at school to reduce times between jobs.
(budget)
28.8 billion won in 2011
22.4 billion won in 2012
39.3 billion won in 2013
2.3.11.4.Support for Employment Officers
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Support for Employment Officers
*Employment Officer: experts who set up plans for the employment of students and help them
improve their vocational competency in universities and specialized high-schools.
Start date
2006
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The government aims to provide support for universities and specialized high-schools to
hire Employment Officers so that schools’ capability to support students’ employment is
strengthened thereby promoting seamless inclusion of students into labor market.
– (Beneficiaries) Students of the universities and specialized schools with Employment
Officers.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
(Universities) The increase in employment rate was 1.0 % higher in the universities which
received support for Employment Officers than the average employment rate of other
universities.
(increase in the employment rate of specialized high-schools)
16.7 % in 2009 -> 19.2 % in 2010 -> 25.9 % in 2011 -> 38.4 % in 2012
Comments
(budget)
15 billion won in 2010
8.5 billion won in 2011
3.3 billion won in 2012
7.9 billion won in 2013
2.3.12.Mexico
2.3.12.1.Education- Business Entailment Award
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Education- Business entailment Award
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Start date
2011
End Date
2012
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
To receive 112 cases from institutions of secondary and higher education and business.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
In 2012, 164 cases from 27 federal states were received. 18 winners and seven special
mentions.
Comments
2.3.12.2.Programa de Apoyo al Empleo-PAE [Employment Support Program]
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Programa de Apoyo al Empleo-PAE [Employment Support Program]
Start date
2002
End Date
2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
This program comprehends actions targeted at specific groups of population such as young
people, enabling them to find appropriate solutions in order to facilitate their labor market
access.
From 2010 to March 2013, STPS has supported 782,535 young people, 56.9 % of the total of
people assisted.
In the period from January to March 2013, 34,331 young people were supported.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
This program seeks to solve the labor supply and demand mismatch, due to the lack of
knowledge, job skills, or other problems faced by the young people, like the lack of experience.
From 2010 to March 2013, the employment rate of this group reached 64 %.
Comments
2.3.12.3.Comisiones Para La Vinculación Educación-Empresa [Commissions for Education – Business
Entailment]
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Comisiones para la vinculación Educación-Empresa [Commissions for Education-Business
Entailment]
Start date
2010
End Date
2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
To continue with the installation of Committees in other entities.
These Committees are integrated by representatives from education, productive, social and
public sectors, focused in promoting an efficient coordination among education and labor
demand.
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
There have been six national meetings for discussion and analysis.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
30 committees in operation (including regional commissions in several federal entities)
These actions have contributed to define and identify talents in a regional basis, as well as to
create statistical tools and measurement for each state.
More than 1,000 experts and experts in these issues attended the meetings, representing
over than 300 organizations and institutions of the productive sectors and public, private and
social partners.
Comments
National meetings have been held in Mexico City, Jalisco, Chiapas and Guanajuato.
2.3.13.Russia
Promoting youth employment is one of the key tasks of the state employment service agencies, in particular for providing young people
with an informed choice of profession and type of work selected, on receiving professional education in accordance with the labor market
requirements.
According to population employment surveys, the proportion of young people aged 15-29 in the Russian Federation in 2012 amounted
to approximately 24.2 % of the economically active population. The total number of the unemployed calculated in accordance with ILO
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methodologies, includes about 42.6 % of young people.
Each year, about 10 percent of the graduates of vocational education institutions face the risk of unemployment. During the crisis, these
numbers reached approximately 15 % of the total number of graduates at all education levels.
The most common causes of unemployment are the lack of vacancies (52.2 %), lack of professional experience (seniority) (47.8 %), low
wages (30.4 %), the lack of available jobs by specialty (17.4 %).
In 2012, 2.1 million of young people aged 14-29, have applied to the state employment service agencies; in 2011, 2.5 million people. In
2012, more than 71.9 % of applicants have found jobs (gainful employment) with the assistance of state employment service agencies;
in 2011, 71.0 %. By the beginning of 2012, 365.7 thousand young people of this age group were registered as unemployed at the state
employment service agencies (in 2011, 466.3 thousand people; at the end of the year, 2012, 289.3 thousand people).
The number of graduates of primary and secondary professional education institutions, first-time job seekers seeking employment
applying to the state employment service agencies for assistance in finding suitable work in 2012 year amounted to 34.9 thousand
people (in year 2011, 52.1 thousand people). 19.4 thousand people, or 55.6 % of applicants have found jobs (gainful employment) with
the assistance of state employment service agencies; ( in 2011, 34.0 thousand people or 65.3 %).
In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation of April 19, 1991, No 1032 – 1 On Employment of the Population in the Russian
Federation, citizens, including young people, are provided with public services in the area of employment assistance:
– assistance to citizens in finding suitable employment, and employers, in recruiting the required staff;
– information on the labor market situation in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
– organization of job fairs and job trainings;
– organization of professional orientation for assistance with choosing activity field (profession), job placement, vocational training;
– psychological support for the unemployed;
– professional training, retraining and advanced training of the unemployed; including education in other geographic areas;
– organization of paid community work;
– organization of temporary employment of minors between the ages of 14 to 18 when not in school, unemployed persons experiencing
difficulties in finding work, unemployed aged 18 to 20, who are graduates of educational institutions of primary and secondary
professional education, and first-time job-seekers;
– social rehabilitation of unemployed persons and their return to the labor market;
– assisting in self-employment of the unemployed, including assistance to persons recognized as unemployed and having completed
vocational training, retraining and improvement of professional skills under the guidance of the state employment services agencies,
one-time financial assistance at the time of state registration as a legal entity or individual entrepreneur, or farmer enterprise and lump
sum financial assistance for the preparation of documents for the respective state registration;
– assistance for the unemployed in moving, and the unemployed and their family members in moving to another locality for employment
secured with the assistance of the state employment service agencies.
To provide expanded employment opportunities, the acquisition of labor skills and adaptation to the labor market, the service is
implemented assisting the employment of the unemployed youth aged 18 to 20, who are the graduates of primary and secondary
professional education institutions. In 2012, 10.2 thousand people were temporarily employed in this category of the unemployed (in
2011, 16.0 thousand people).
One of the areas of activity of the state employment services agencies is facilitation of temporary employment of minors, aged 14 to 18
at the time free from school classes. For this purpose, the employment services make arrangements for temporary employment of minors
between the ages of 14 to 18, in their free time, to help create the conditions for the involvement of teenagers in work, assisting them in
learning professional skills and providing financial support.
In 2012, 779,300 minors between the ages of 14 and 18, or 92.5 % of the total number of students who sought assistance in finding
work in their free time, have found temporary employment (in 2011, 858,900 people, or 92.5 %, respectively). The majority (96.7 %) of
participants in this set of measures were students of general educational institutions. More than 2 % of the number of minors, 14 to 18,
who received this public service, were orphans and children deprived of parental care.
Furthermore, under the measures for the organization of temporary employment for unemployed citizens experiencing difficulties in
finding work, temporary employment is also provided for people between the ages of 16 and 18 officially recognized as unemployed. In
2012, temporary employment had been found for 3700 unemployed citizens aged 16 – 18 (in 2011, 5900).
In 2012, 24,500 people aged 18 – 29 and registered at employment service agencies received the public service to promote
self-employment, which amounts to 29.3 % of the total number of people who received this public service.
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The current trend is that once in a while the labor market becomes oversaturated with certain professions, while there is a shortage of
training for high-demand occupations due to mismatch between the process of training and the labor market needs. In particular, this
concerns the training of specialists with primary and secondary professional education.
One of the problems of youth employment is the mismatch of professional and qualification structure of graduates with the needs of the
labor market, inadequate quality of professional education.
In order to reduce the imbalance of supply and demand at the labor market, and improve competitiveness and labor mobility of the
unemployed, including young people, the employment service offices organize vocational training for the unemployed (vocational
training, retraining and professional development).
In order to define the needs of organizations in certain occupations (professions), the employment service offices carry out the analysis
of the labor market, defining the main directions of vocational training for the unemployed. Currently, the employment service agencies
were formed in response to the changing demands of the labor market with a list of about 500 major occupations and professions, for
which there is strong demand among the employers.
In 2012, 140,900 unemployed persons aged 16 – 29 underwent professional training, retraining and advanced training, which is 12.7 % of
the total number of unemployed citizens in this age group (in 2011 – 194,400 or 13.1 %).
The largest number of the unemployed are directed to complete professional training in the following occupations (professions):
process engineer, production engineer, QA engineer, construction supervision engineer for the organization of production management,
accountant, clerical, CNC maintenance technician, machinery and equipment repair and maintenance technician, safe heating installation
technician, electrical equipment repair and service technician, driver, concrete layer, mason, plasterer, painter, bricklayer-tiler, carpenter,
fitter, welder, CNC operator.
In order for professional education institutions’ graduates to acquire practical skills and learn new technologies, forms and methods
of work organization, in 2009, internships and apprenticeships for this category of workers have been organized as a part of regional
programs to further reduce tensions at the labour markets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
The main purpose of apprenticeships organized for the graduates of educational institutions is the acquisition of work experience
according to their professions (occupations) and stabilizing their positions in the workplace, as well as assistance to employers in hiring
employees according to needs.
In order to encourage employers to organize apprenticeships, the compensation of costs to employers is provided, which covers not the
work of trainee graduates, but also surcharges related to employability of older workers, engaged in mentoring young professionals.
In 2012, the apprenticeship events for graduates of professional education institutions were implemented in 15 constituent entities
of the Russian Federation considered to be regions with a tense situation at the labor market. More than 5000 students completed
apprenticeships.
The participation in this event increases the likelihood of the graduates’ securing positions in the place where they complete the
apprenticeship and the rates of employability in their professional specialization (area of expertise). The graduates’ employment rate is
more than 75 % of the total number of those undertaking apprenticeships.
As a part of employment policy, there continues an active work to promote youth employment and entrepreneurial initiative to empower
young people to find their proper place at the labor market.
2.3.14.Saudi Arabia
2.3.14.1.Jahiz
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Jahiz
Start date
February 2013
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
All Saudi scholarship abroad students in the first phase.
At a later stage, all students in KSA.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
10k students in database currently
Comments
74
– jahiz is a one-stop online platform that enables higher education students to register and
benefit from several services such as job matching and opportunities such as on-the-job
training, career counseling, professional training, certification, etc. which would improve their
job search and enhance their employability.
– target groups are Saudi nationals who studied or studying abroad. Where They will register
prior to their graduation and return to the kingdom as to ensure employment upon their
return.
www.g20russia.ru
2.3.14.2.Summer Intern Program
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Summer Intern Program
Start date
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Facilitating/supporting retail pat-time and summer jobs for youth and students
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
100 K students registered in 2012, 41K trainings offered but 29K students matched
Comments
– this program is aimed to support the future Saudi employees (Students) by providing them
with required skills as per Labour Market needs.
– the program enforces the responsibility of establishments to train one student per 25
employees. Establishments have the option to provide OJT, or sponsor classroom training
courses via accredited training provider.
2.3.15.Turkey
2.3.15.1.Operation on Promoting Youth Employment
Policy Domain/Activity (program)
name
Operation on Promoting Youth Employment
Start date
2010
End Date
2013
Result planned
(target group, number of
beneficiaries)
Youth between 15 – 29.
It is foreseen that;
at least 6.000 youth will enrol in vocational training courses,
at least 15.000 youth will benefit from internships apprenticeship and employment
guaranteed courses,
at least 15.000 youth will join entrepreneurship trainings,
at least 9.000 youth will benefit from guidance and consultancy services.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
•
•
•
•
Comments
From the evaluation of labour market conditions of each city the following targets are
defined:
• Organizing entrepreneurship trainings in predetermined jobs and giving services of
guidance and consultancy to youth on establishing their own jobs;
• Increasing the number of opportunities for the youth to facilitate the transition from
school to work;
• Increasing their occupational adequacy and increasing the number of individuals who
benefit from apprenticeship trainings.
Budgetary cost over full year 26.080.761 Euros.
Results achieved are corresponding to the grant component of the project. Technical assistance
component of the project still continues.
3.656 youth participated in vocational trainings,
2.768 youth attended to internship and apprenticeship programs,
3.706 youth enrolled in entrepreneurship programs,
5.655 youth benefited from guidance and counseling services.
2.3.15.2.Promoting Youth Employment in Sectoral Investment Areas
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Promoting Youth Employment in Sectoral Investment Areas
Start date
2012
End Date
2015
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Youth between 15 – 29.
To ensure coordination between active labour market measures and demand of the economy
particularly for the new investment areas.
To provide holistic services including profiling, orientation, training, consultancy, job
experiences and matching services for promoting youth employment.
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Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
As the grant projects are in evaluation stage, operation has not been put into practice yet.
The purpose of the operation is to increase employability of the young people
while promoting their integration into labour market and their sustainability in
jobs according to the ivestment priorities and the labour market demand.
Budgetary cost over full year 24.000.000 Euros.
2.3.15.3.United Nations Joint Program Decent Work for Everybody: National Employment Action
Program and Pilot Region Application on Antalya (BMOP)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
United Nations Joint Program Decent work for Everybody: National Employment Action
Program and Pilot Region Application on Antalya (BMOP)
Start date
2010
End Date
2012
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Youth between 15 – 24.
Vocational, Entrepreneurship and Basic Living Skills training courses, Preparation of handbooks,
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
•
•
•
•
•
Comments
1.200 young unemployed took trainings of Basic Living Skills.
1267 people participated in vocational trainings courses.
190 people took entrepreneurship trainings.
Handbook of Rights in Working Life was prepared and brief information about working
life took place in this handbook.
‘‘Report of Antalya City Migration and Working Life’’ was prepared to reveal the impacts
of immigration to Antalya on labor market.
The general objective of UN Joint Program is adopting employment policies for the benefits
of poor and young population within the framework of decent work and social integration.
Enhancing employment rates of the young population between 15 – 24 years and improving
sustainability in jobs and being in declared work were targeted.
2.3.16.UK
2.3.16.1.Youth Contract
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Youth Contract
Start date
April 2012
End Date
April 2015
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
18 – 24 year-olds
Number of beneficiaries nearly 500,000
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
Over-arching youth employment initiative. Key features include: Apprenticeships, and
Apprenticeship Grants for Employers; Wage incentives for employers; Work experience places
(available across Great Britain); Sector-based work academy places (work + training - available
in England and Scotland) Additional PES support through more adviser time and weekly
contact rather than fortnightly. Additional help for the most vulnerable 16/17 year old NEETs
in England back in to education training or a job with training.
Budgetary cost over full year nearly £1bn over 3 years
2.3.16.2.Wage Incentives
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Wage Incentives
Start date
April 2012, extended nationally December 2012
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End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
18-24 year-olds who have been unemployed for six months.
Number of beneficiaries 160,000
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
Wage incentives worth up to £2,275 each, available to employers.
2.3.16.3.Sector Based Work Academies (England and Scotland; Wales has a similar scheme called
Routeways to Work)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Sector Based Work Academies (England and Scotland; Wales has a similar scheme called
Routeways to Work)
Start date
End Date
March 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Job-seekers aged 18 and over who are relatively job-ready.
Number of beneficiaries nearly 50,000
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
36,770 places started, of which 18,270 were for 18-24 year-olds.
Comments
Work + Training, tailored to employers' needs, consisting of pre-employment training, work
experience placement, guaranteed interview for a job / apprenticeship or other support on
job application process.
2.3.16.4.Work Experience
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Work Experience
Start date
January 2011
End Date
March 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
18-24 year-olds who have been claiming unemployment benefit for 13 weeks.
Number of beneficiaries 100,000
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
99,950 started a work experience placement between January 2011 and November 2012.
Comments
2 – 8 weeks' work experience placements, achieved through PES-employer agreements and
PES matching. Participators continue to receive unemployment benefit.
2.3.16.5.Apprenticeship Grant for Employers
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Apprenticeship Grant for Employers
Start date
February 2012
End Date
December 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Youth aged 16-24
Number of beneficiaries demand-led
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
6,800 apprenticeship starts, a further 12,100 grants in the pipeline over February – December
2012. Scheme extended from March 2013 - December 2013.
Comments
Grant of £1500 per apprentice to encourage employers who have not taken on an apprentice
in the previous 12 months. Apprenticships must last at least 12 months.
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2.4. Women’s economic participation
2.4.1.Australia
2.4.1.1.Parental Leave Pay
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Parental Leave Pay
Start date
1 January 2011
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The scheme provides up to 18 weeks of Government - funded Parental Leave pay at the
National Minimum Wage, to help eligible parents take time off work to care for a newborn or
recently adopted child.
On 1 January 2013, the scheme was expanded to include a new two‑week payment for
working dads or partners, called Dad and Partner Pay.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Since its introduction in 2011, over 280,000 working parents have benefited from Paid
Parental Leave. Many new mothers gained access to paid leave for the first time.
Comments
2.4.1.2.Jobs, Education and Training Child Care Fee Assistance Program Reform
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Jobs, Education and Training Child Care Fee Assistance Program Reform
Start date
2012
End Date
2016
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The Jobs, Education and Training Child Care Fee Assistance (JETCCFA) program provides
eligible parents on income support with extra financial assistance to help with the cost of
approved child care while undertaking work, training, or study to help them enter or return
to the workforce, without the cost of child care being a barrier to their participation.
The JETCCFA program has been better targeted to courses at the Certificate II to Graduate
Diploma level that strengthen job outcomes. From 31 December 2012 the work, training
study test has been strengthened in line with parents’ actual work, training and study needs.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
2.4.1.3.Services to Assist Single Parents Enter the Workforce (Career Advice for Parents)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Services to Assist Single Parents Enter the Workforce (Career Advice for Parents)
Start date
1 January 2012
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Professional career advisory services for single parents provided through employment
service providers. It will also provide support for parents and their children through
Communities for Children services, including activities to develop personal skills, confidence
and parenting capacity; improve educational and health outcomes for children; and facilitate
entry or return to the workplace. It assists single parents when they move off Parenting
Payment Single.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
78
This is part of the Building Australia’s Future Workforce package of more than 30 measures.
www.g20russia.ru
2.4.1.4.Incentives for Single Parents and Parenting Payment Reforms
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Incentives for Single Parents and Parenting Payment Reforms
Start date
1 January 2013
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The Government introduced reforms to encourage single parents receiving income support
to transition into paid employment. From 1 January 2013, single parents on Newstart
Allowance were able to keep an extra amount of their earnings through a more generous
income test. Changes to arrangements for certain Parenting Payment recipients were
alsomade to more closely align eligibility with other recipients.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
This is part of the Building Australia’s Future Workforce package of more than 30 measures.
2.4.1.5.Pensioner Education Supplement (PES) Amounting Up to $62.40 a Fortnight Extended to All
Newstart Allowance (NSA) Principal Carer Recipients
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Pensioner Education Supplement (PES) Amounting Up to $62.40 a Fortnight Extended to All
Newstart Allowance (NSA) Principal Carer Recipients
Start date
1 January 2014
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
This extension will help recipients with the costs of study while they gain a qualification to
assist them to re - enter the labour market. It expands current arrangements which limited
access to the PES to single principal carer recipients of NSA who were receiving PES prior to
transitioning off Parenting Payment Single.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
2.4.1.6.Child Care – More Flexible Arrangements
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Child Care – More Flexible Arrangements
Start date
2013 - 14
End Date
2015 - 16
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The Government will provide $A12.9 million over three years to improve the flexibility
and accessibility of child care arrangements. This package includes $5.5 million over three
years for Child Care Flexibility Trials which, working in partnership with parents, child care
providers and employee representatives, will deliver more flexible child care options for
Australian families. A $5 million Child Care Accessibility Fund has also been established
to assist families in accessing child care in areas of high demand by supporting local
governments that create more long day care places.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
N/A
Comments
2.4.1.7. Raising the Income Free Area for Income Support Recipients and Indexation of the Income
Free Area to the Consumer Price Index
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Raising the Income Free Area for Income Support Recipients and Indexation of the Income
Free Area to the Consumer Price Index
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Start date
20 March 2014
1 July 2015
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The Government will make work more rewarding by lifting the income free area under the
Newstart Allowance and various other income support payments to $A100 per fortnight.
Recipients will be able to keep more of their income from part-time work. The higher income
free area will encourage greater labour market participation by increasing the capacity of
recipients to earn income before it starts reducing their support payments.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
N/A
2.4.2.China
With the enforcement of the Employment Promotion Law in 2008, China has always been active in promoting employment equality
between men and women. First, gender equality campaign has been carried out, and anti-discrimination on gender is a policy in public
employment services. Gender discrimination activities and practices are prohibited. Second, the government and other partners expand
the employment channels by developing community service industries, labor-intensive industries and SMEs that could engage lots of
female work force. Third, Promote women’s self-employment and their entrepreneurial efforts by training, policy consulting, business
guidance, and help women get small credits and subsidies. Forth, women are the focus when the government carries out employment
services such as the Spring Breeze Action and Employment Service Week.
2.4.2.1.Gender Equality
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Gender Equality
Start date
January 2008
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Women could be equal with men in all areas of the labor market.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Several Provinces have made policies and rules for gender equality. Sex discrimination
practices have been reduced in employment services and other areas.
Comments
First, gender equality campaign has been carried out, and anti-discrimination on gender is
a policy in public employment services. Gender discrimination activities and practices are
prohibited. Second, the government and other partners expand the employment channels
by developing community service industries, labor-intensive industries and SMEs that
could engage lots of female work force. Third, Promote women’s self-employment and their
entrepreneurial efforts by training, policy consulting, business guidance, and help women get
small credits and subsidies. Forth, women are the focus when the government carries out
employment services such as the Spring Breeze Action and Employment Service Week.
2.4.3.France
In France, 14,8 million men and 13,6 million women are represented at the labor market. Thanks to efficient policies aimed at helping
families (child care benefits, child care facilities, childminders, home child care allowance and tax credits …), increasing women’s
participation is a less challenging global issue than in other G20 countries.
Existing child care facilities benefit to 50 % of all children age 0-3.
Our main challenges are: addressing equal pay; addressing women working poverty and in unvoluntary part-time working (80% of part-time
workers are women); providing more child care facilities, especially for single mothers.
Recent policies have been undertaken in order to:
-foster school enrolment for children before the age of 3;
-provide more fundings for territories with less child care facilities;
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-ensure a better protection for part-time workers : the recent social partners agreement, recently translated into a law, provides that
part-time workers cannot work less than 24 hours a week, and will be more protected in case of changing working hours. Working hours
will have to be more predictable and gathered in working days or half-days, in order to avoid fragmented working periods.;
-favor legal access to education and training programmes, including apprenticeships;
-improve the legislation and ensure a better implementation of the rules of equal pay and equality at work. A recent law (26 October
2012) provides that the social partners have to negotiate on those issues before an action plan is devised. This action plan has to be send
to the Labor administration. More improvement objectives have to be selected in those action plans for equality at work. Equal pay must
be one of those objectives.
WHY IT WORKS:
In May 2013, more than 1600 social partners agreements or action plans have been sent to the Labor administration. 65 % of businesses
with more than 1 000 employees and 36 % pf businesses of more than 300 employees have an action plan.
150 companies have been warned that they should devise an action plan within 6 months (otherwise, they will be fined).
2.4.4.Japan
2.4.4.1.Enhancing the Implementation System of the "Mother’s Hello Work" Which Supports Job
Seekers Who Hope to Work While Raising Their Children
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Enhancing the implementation system of the "Mother’s Hello Work" which supports job
seekers who hope to work while raising their children
Start date
FY2011
End Date
Now ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
69,000 people used "Mother's Hello Work" and obtained employment in FY2011.
Comments
2.4.5.The Republic of Korea
2.4.5.1.Child-Care Leave System
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Child-care leave system
Start date
1988
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The system aims to prevent female workers’ career disruption and support for the balance of
work and family.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
The number of female workers on child-care leave
25 in 2001 -> 64,069 in 2012
Comments
The child’s age eligible for mother’s child-care leave is extended from 1 year old to years old
(when the age is counted in full) in 2008
(budget)
408 billion won in 2013
2.4.5.2.Affirmative Action(AA)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Affirmative Action(AA)
Start date
2006
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End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The system aims to resolve gender discrimination in employment and promote equal
employment.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
The employment rate of female workers :
Comments
The application of the system is extended from companies with more than 1,000 companies
in 2006 to companies with more than 500 employees in 2008.
(budget)
Approximately 700 million won in 2013
30.77 % in 2006 -> 35.24 % in 2012
2.4.5.3.Maternity Subsidies and Child-Care Subsidies for the Employment Stability of Female Workers
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Maternity subsidies and child-care subsidies for the employment stability of female workers
Start date
2006
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The subsidies are for the employment stability of female workers on maternity leave and
child-care leave.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
The number of beneficiaries was 23,462 in 2012.
Comments
Subsidies are provided when companies re-employ non-regular workers, allow workers on
child-care to reduce their work hours, and employ workers alternative to female workers
who took maternity and child-care leave.
(budget)
Approximately 52.2 billion won in 2013
2.4.5.4.Awarding A Prize to Companies Excellent in Equal Employment and Persons who Contributed
to Equal Employment
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Awarding a prize to companies excellent in equal employment and persons who contributed
to equal employment
Start date
1995
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Awarding a prize promotes awareness of equal employment and women’s employment
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
In 2012, 36 prizes were awarded.
In 2013, 35 prizes will be awarded.
Comments
Women’s employment is promoted by awarding prizes and incentives to companies
which play the leading role in equal employment and the creation of jobs for women.
*non-budget project
2.4.6.Mexico
2.4.6.1.Norma Mexicana Para La Igualdad Laboral Entre Mujeres Y Hombres [Mexican Norm for
Gender Equality in Employment]
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Norma Mexicana para la Igualdad Laboral entre Mujeres y Hombres
[Mexican Norm for gender equality in employment]
Start date
Published in 2009 and updated in 2012
End Date
Current
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Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
From December 2009 to December 2012, 801 private establishments have received a
certification under this norm. In addition, 138 federal agencies and decentralized bodies of the
Federal Government, as well as 4 governmental institutions at the local level have received
the certification.
Comments
The Norm is a legal instrument of voluntary implementation, created to increase organizational
productivity and competitiveness through human development practices benefiting workers.
The Norm is based on the Ley Federal de Metrología y Normalización, and under that framework,
certifies all kind of business organizations, unions, civil and governmental institutions which
apply practices for gender equality in employment.
This Norm considers ILO Conventions 100 and 111, among other international conventions.
2.4.6.2.Servicio Nacional de Empleo (SNE) [National Employment Service]
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Servicio Nacional de Empleo (SNE) [National Employment Service]
Start date
1978
End Date
Current
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The impact of actions under a scheme of gender equity shows that of the total number of
people assisted by the SNE (14,072,495) from 2010 to March 2013, 42.6 % were women.
(5,991,775).
From January to March, 2013, 556,977 women were supported
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
The SNE offers to the unemployed and underemployed population, different tools regarding
labor market information and training, as well as specific support in order to help them to
find a job.
Particularly, these efforts are focused on vulnerable groups which face some disadvantages in
participating in the labor market, like women.
Therefore, the SNE guarantees equal access and non-discriminatory conditions for women and
contributes to promote gender equity. From 2010 to March 2013, the employment rate for this
population group was 25.7 per cent.
Comments
2.4.6.3.Distintivo Empresa Familiarmente Responsable [Family Responsible Employer Distinction]
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Distintivo Empresa Familiarmente Responsable [Family Responsible Employer Distinction]
Start date
Created in 2006
End Date
Current
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
From 2007 to 2009, 175 workplaces were recognized, benefiting 139,203 workers (88,078 men
and 51,125 women)
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
From 2010 to 2012, STPS has recognized 260 workplaces which have been promoting good
labor practices, including actions to encourage and strengthen workers’ family duties and
relationships, benefiting 145,344 workers (88,938 men and 56,406 women).
Comments
The Distinction is given to enterprises which have successful practices in the following areas:
a) Work-life balance. To promote that enterprises establish policies, conditions and services in
order to facilitate a better work-life balance.
b) To ensure equal opportunities. The Enterprise should distribute in an equal manner the
opportunities and labor resources among men and women. These opportunities include the
employment access and permanence; salaries, compensations and other economic incentives.
Training opportunities and professional career development, pay increases, promotions,
should be provided for both men and women, creating a culture of equality and avoiding
discrimination.
c) Combatting labor violence and sexual harassment. To prevent and fight against violent
practices in the workplace, moral harassment or mobbing, as well as sexual harassment.
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2.4.7.Russia
As of 2011, the regional programs to reduce tensions at the labour markets of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, began to
include training activities for women on long-term family leave (caring for children up to 3 years of age). The event is aimed at enhancing
the competitiveness of women at the labor market and professional adaptation of women returning to work after maternity leave (or
long-term family leave). Implementing this measure also reduces the costs to employers for conducting advanced training for this
category of women.
In 2011 26,200 women on leave to care for children under the age of 3 and planning to return to work, were offered professional training,
retraining and advanced training, out of which, 15,700 women have returned to work. In 2011, this measure was financed from the federal
budget and the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Under the current law, the unemployed citizens registered with the employment service agencies, have the right to obtain free vocational
training through employment service agencies. This, in turn, negatively impacts women on leave to care for children up to the age of 3,
who are deprived of such a right.
The respective amendments made in 2011 to the law On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation, as of 2012, implement
this measure in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation on an ongoing basis with funding provided from regional budgets.
The implementation of measures to provide professional training for women on leave to care for children under the age of 3, has
continued in 2012 – 2013.
In 2013, all constituent entities of the Russian Federation have developed and started implementing sets of measures to create the
conditions to combine women’s rearing responsibilities with employment.
One of these sets of measures is the availability of preschool education to children aged 3 to 7.
The analysis of calculated population forecasts has been conducted along with the forecasted need for additional places for preschool
education in various forms. According to the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, the increase in the number of children of the
respective age group requiring places in preschool institutions, as of January 1, 2016 would comprise 1.2 million people.
The constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2013 – 2015 are planning to create about 760 thousand additional places in
preschool educational institutions.
Additional 440 thousand places do not have regional budgets’ financing.
The sets of measures also include measures to promote the employment of women with small children, through the use of flexible forms
of employment, and by supporting women-owned businesses.
The sets of measures also included the elaboration and conclusion of a regional tripartite agreements between the state agencies of
the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, associations of employers and trade unions, and collective bargaining agreements,
prescribing rules and regulations for creating conditions for combining women’s child rearing responsibilities with their work
responsibilities.
To create adaptation conditions conducive to the return of women (on leave to care for a child under three years of age) to work, and
enhance their competitiveness at the regional labour market, measures are being implemented for training, retraining and advanced
training of women in this category.
In 2012, across the Russian Federation, 9500 women underwent professional training, retraining and advanced training. These measures
have been financed in the amount of 93.3 million rubles from the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
In 2013, to implement these activities, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation have provided 131.0 million
rubles. The number of women that have already taken part in these activities amounts to approximately 11.0 thousand people.
2.4.8.Saudi Arabia
2.4.8.1."Women Working" Program
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
"Women working" Program
Start date
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
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Comments
Program consists of multiple projects to create and sustain job for women
2.4.8.2.Female Employment in the Retail Sector
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Female Employment in the Retail Sector
Start date
June 2011
End Date
Currently ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Targeting to convert all expat filled positions in three categories of women related retail
outlets.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
5000 Saudi women currently employed under the scheme.
Comments
– This program strict workers in Feminine Supplies (Lingerie / Make Up) shops to women
only while giving the option to other Feminine Supplies Shops like "Women Fashion shops"
to feminize their workforce as well;
– The objective is to resolve the unemployment of the increasing number of working class
women through the employment-based training program;
Only Saudi females are entitled to work in retail shops selling female related merchandise
– Phase 1: Saudi Female employment in Lingerie and make up shops;
– Phase 2: Saudi Female employment in evening & wedding dresses, ABAYAs & accessories
shops;
– Phase 3: gradual expansion of Saudi female employment in other areas of female fashion
retail;
– Support specialized training costs for (2 – 3) Week amount (1000 – 1500) riyals for each
trainee, in the case summoned an established need for external training;
– Training period: (OJT Training) the employee’s salary, for the maximum of (SR.2000) For 12
Months;
– Employment period: (50 %) of the employee’s salary, not exceeding (SR.2000) For 24
Months
2.4.8.3.Women in Factories
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Women in factories
Start date
January 2013
End Date
Ramp-up phase, ongoing pilot.
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Target numbers yet to be defined
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Several hundred in Pilot
Comments
– This program aims to subsidize women’s work at factories to expand the areas of women’s
work in the private sector, which promotes its productivity in the society
– Training period: (OJT Training) subsidizing the employee’s salary, for the maximum of
(SR.2000) For 12 Months
– Employment period: (50 %) of the employee’s salary, not exceeding (SR.2000) For 24 Months
– Three phases in the program cover: Phase 1 Saudi Female Employment at
Pharmaceutical Factories Phase 2 Sa di Fеmale eployment at other factories with
production lines. Currently a study is being conducted to identify the positions suitable
for females to gain employment at factories.
2.4.9.Turkey
2.4.9.1.Operation on Improvement Gender Equality in Work Life
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Operation on Improvement Gender Equality in Work Life
Start date
2010
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End Date
2012
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
• The draft proposal, which is compatible with the EU Acquis, will be submitted to the
agenda of the Tripartite Consultation Board by the end of the Project.
• 320 participants will be trained.
• By the end of the trainings, institutional capacity building will be improved through
raising awareness and knowledge of the related staff by %25.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
• Some new legal regulations and amendment in legislation have been made.
• In order to raise awareness, 434 people participated in the training on the improvement
Comments
It is aimed to;
• bring Turkish legislation into conformity with the EU Acquis.
• build capacity of the institutions which are responsible for implementation of the
Acquis and raise society’s awareness with the issue of gender equality.
Budgetary cost over full year 1.000.000 Euros
Budgetary cost over full year 1.000.000 Euros
EU Twinning Program
of gender mainstreaming.
• The institutional capacity on gender mainstreaming has been increased.
• Award on gender mainstreaming in work life is granted.
• 60.000 brochure were delivered.
2.4.9.2. Social Security Premium Facilities for Handicraftwomen
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Social Security Premium Facilities for Handicraftwomen
Start date
2011
End Date
Still ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Focus group is the women engaged in handicrafts.
Goal of the project is to constitute legal basis against undeclared employment
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
It’s envisaged to incorporate the women who are engaged in handicrafts, into the social
security system by raising their earnings subject to premium and payments of premium
gradually within 15 years and involving more individuals to the system
2.4.9.3. Operation of Promoting Women Employment in Turkey
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Operation of Promoting Women Employment in Turkey
Start date
2008
End Date
2012
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Long term unemployed women due to:
• Their different responsibilities such as elderly care and childcare,
• Their lack of skills.
Result planned
• Capacity building of Provincial Directorates of the İŞKUR (National Employment Agency)
and stakeholders,
• Grant initiatives to promote both women employment and women employability
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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1940 women received care trainings of children, senior, disabled and ill in 33 projects.
140 women benefited from child care services during these trainings in 12 projects.
118 women benefited from carrier guidance and counseling services.
2424 women benefited from social strengthening trainings.
321 women participated in cooperative activities as a member
631 women started home base working
9856 women attended employment guaranteed courses.
9557 women took certificates in grant projects.
914 women are employed.
780 women benefited from entrepreneurship trainings in 17 projects.
113 women became an entrepreneur.
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Comments
• Promoting women to participate in labor force
• Enhancing women employment including women previously working in agricultural
sector
• Reducing barriers to women's employability
• Supporting İŞKUR (National Employment Agency) to provide qualified public
employment services especially at the local level
Budgetary cost over full year 27.150.589 Euros
2.4.9.4.Risk Groups in Working Life- Developing Vocational Skills and Awareness Raising Project
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Risk Groups in working life- Developing Vocational Skills and Awareness Raising Project
Start date
2010
End Date
2011
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Mothers and sisters of children working in streets
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
In 2010, mothers and sisters of 26 children working in Street, in 2011 mothers and sisters of
41 children working in Street in Ankara underwent a training developing vocational skills on
elderly care and they were hired.
Comments
Developing vocational skills and raising awareness.
2.4.10.USA
2.4.10.1.Implementation of a Federal Coordinated Effort to Address Equal Pay
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Implementation of a federal coordinated effort to address equal pay
Start date
January 2010
End Date
To be determined
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Women
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Since the establishment of the Task Force, DOL's OFCCP has closed more than 70 compliance
evaluations with financial settlements remedying pay discrimination on the bases of gender
and race. Through those efforts, OFCCP recovered more than $2.3 million in back pay and
salary adjustments for more than 800 workers. In 2012 DOL's Women's Bureau released A
Guide to Women's Equal Pay Rights that helps working women combat inequities and An
Employer's Guide to Equal Pay that assists employers in ensuring that they are complying with
the law. Also in 2012, DOL invited software developers to educate users about the pay gap
and build tools to promote equal pay by creating applications that use publicly available labor
data and other online resources.
Comments
In 2010, President Obama created the National Equal Pay Task Force (EPTF) in response to
the President’s pledge to crack down on violations of equal pay laws. The EPTF consists of
professionals from the Department of Labor (DOL), Department of Justice, Office of Personnel
Management, and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Since 2010, the Task Force has worked diligently to promote full compliance with the pay
discrimination laws and to address challenges in gender pay disparities.
2.4.10.2.National Dialogues on Work-Life Balance
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
National dialogues on work-life balance
Start date
10.10.10
End Date
06.30.11
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Employees, employers, policy makers, unions, advocates, and researchers.
A total of 1,863 representatives of the business community, advocates, researchers, union
leaders, government agencies, and employees participated in the dialogues.
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Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Results included 1) raising awareness and exchanging best practices, real
stories and the newest research on the impact of work-life balance; 2)
expanding the knowledge base and base of support on work-life balance by reaching out to
new partners and stakeholders; and 3) stimulating dialogue among employers and business
owners on work-life balance.
Comments
To promote work-life balance, the Department of Labor's Women's Bureau hosted 13
national and regional dialogues involving multiple stakeholders around the country. Each
dialogue focused on a particular target group, such as small businesses, low-wage workers,
manufacturing or healthcare.
2.4.10.3.Promote the Green Sector
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Promote the green sector
Start date
2010
End Date
2012
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Women, green industry employers, training providers, educators, and counselors.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
The guide assists women at all stages of their careers — whether they are newly entering
the workforce, transitioning to new careers, or returning to the workforce — identify and take
advantage of opportunities in the green sector. It will also help training providers, educators,
counselors, and other workforce development professionals promote the recruitment and
retention of women in green career paths.
Comments
The U.S. Department of Labor's Women's Bureau conducted nine green jobs training projects
in FY 2010 aimed at developing models for engaging and preparing women for a variety of
high-growth and emerging green jobs over the next decade. These models were developed
in conjunction with experts in the green sector. Additionally, in FY 2012, the Women's Bureau
released a comprehensive manual, Why Green is Your Color: A Women's Guide to a Sustainable
Career. The guide offers resources and information women need to enter and succeed in jobs
in the emerging green economy. It is available at http://www.dol.gov/wb/Green_Jobs_Guide/
index.htm.
2.4.10.4.Safety Promotion for Female Workers in Vulnerable Occupations
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Safety promotion for female workers in vulnerable occupations
Start date
2011
End Date
2012
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Women in vulnerable occupations
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Since FY 2010, Federal and State OSHA issued citations to 40 salons (including one beauty
school) and 9 distributors/manufacturers with fines as high as $15,000 for failing to protect
workers from over exposure and potential exposures to formaldehyde.
Since the begining of the National Emphasis Program on Nursing Home and Residential Care
Facilities on April 5, 2012, approximately 408 Federal OSHA inspections were conducted with
537 violations issued. The total current penalities is $824,059.
Comments
In 2011, the U.S. Department of Labor's (DOL) Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) launched an outreach initiative to protect hair salon workers
from possible formaldehyde exposure (a toxic chemical that is also a carcinogen) due
to the use of hair smoothing products in salons. DOL also responded to the continued high
rate of injuries among healthcare workers with the launching in 2012 of National Emphasis
Program on Nursing Home and Residential Care Facilities, which will increase OSHA
inspections of these facilities. For more information: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hairsalons/
index.html and http://www.dol.gov/opa/media/press/osha/OSHA20120636.htm.
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2.5. Skills Development
2.5.1.Argentina
2.5.1.1.Education/ Plan to Complete Primary and Secondary Studies (Plan de Finalización de Estudios
Primarios y Secundarios -FINES-)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Education/ Plan to Complete Primary and Secondary Studies (Plan de Finalización de Estudios
Primarios y Secundarios -FINES-)
Start date
2008
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The target group are adults and young adults who either did not begin or did not finish
primary or secondary school.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
The program has provided support to 1.3 million people for primary or secondary education,
of which over 400,000 completed their studies. More than 14,000 sites have been opened
around the country, with 128,000 tutors.
Comments
The plan provides tutors and teachers who guide students through the process of completing
courses. Tutoring takes place in the headquarters schools of the Plan FINES.
2.5.1.2.Education/ Connect Equality Program (Programa Conectar Igualdad)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Education/ Connect Equality Program (Programa Conectar Igualdad)
Start date
2010
End Date
2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Students and teachers in public secondary schools, special education schools, and teacher
training institutes.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
2.3 million laptops delivered through 2012, with the remaining laptops to be distributed in
2013.
Comments
The program seeks to strengthen the quality of education and equality in access to the
information society through the distribution of 3.6 million laptop computers to students,
teachers, and directors. The distribution of the netbooks is accompanied by the installation
of servers and routers for the creation of school networks in each educational establishment.
2.5.2.Australia
2.5.2.1.Experience + Mature Age Participation – Job Seeker Assistance Program (Experience + Work
Ready Program)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Experience + Mature Age Participation – Job Seeker Assistance Program (Experience + Work
Ready Program)
Start date
2010, then extended from 2013
End Date
2016
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
A program which provides eligible job seekers aged 50 and over with intensive job
preparation assistance and training, to maintain their attachment with the workforce.
6,700 mature age job seekers will receive a ‘silver service’ for intensive job preparations.
Location - based projects will be undertaken which provide intensive, peer-based targeted
assistance to help participants find and retain employment.
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Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
Part of a set of Experience + programs, targeted at supporting mature age employment.
2.5.2.2.Language, Literacy and Numeracy Program Expansion (to be Renamed the Skills for Education
and Employment (SEE) Program from 1 July 2013)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Language, Literacy and Numeracy Program Expansion (to be Renamed the Skills for Education
and Employment (SEE) Program from 1 July 2013)
Start date
2011 - 12
End Date
2014 - 15
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
In its 2011-12 Budget, the Australian Government increased the number of training places
under the Language, Literacy and Numeracy (LLN) Program by approximately 30,000. The
program assists job seekers of working age to achieve sustainable employment outcomes by
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
providing free accredited training. To be eligible for support, eligible job seekers must have
LLN skills below the level considered necessary to secure sustainable employment or pursue
further education and training.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
BAFW clients and expenditure are not separated from overall program data.The number of
commencements in 2012 - 13 (up to end of May) was 21,710. The program is tracking slightly
above the annual target of 23,000.
Comments
This is part of the Building Australia’s Future Workforce package of more than 30 measures.
The program was also expanded under a Foundation Skills Package as part of the Government’s
2010 - 11 Budget.
2.5.2.3.Workplace English Language Literacy Program - Additional Places
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Workplace English Language Literacy Program - Additional Places
Start date
2011 - 12
End Date
2014 - 15
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The WELL Program aims to assist approximately 18,000 workers, and 1,500
pre - employment Indigenous Employment Program participants with low literacy levels to
improve their English language, literacy and numeracy skills each year so they can better
participate in employment and training activities.
As part of the 2011-12 BAFW initiative, the Government committed $20 million to expand
WELL by an additional 13,190 places over four years from 1 July 2011.
These extra places target skill shortage areas in the industries of aged care, mining and
construction industries as originally prioritised by the Australian Workforce and Productivity
Agency.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Since the measure was introduced, 3,741 workers have been assisted in the identified priority
industry areas of aged care, construction and mining to 31 December 2012
Comments
This is part of the Building Australia’s Future Workforce package of more than 30 measures.
The program was also expanded under a Foundation Skills Package as part of the Government’s
2010-11 Budget.
2.5.2.4.National Workforce Development Fund
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
National Workforce Development Fund
Start date
1 July 2011
End Date
Ongoing
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Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The Fund supports enterprise - based training in critical occupations in all sectors of the
economy. Industry is required to make a co – contribution toward the cost of training places
based on the size of the enterprise. In total, the Fund is expected to support up to 150,000
training places over the six years since implementation in 2011 - 12.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Since its inception in 2011 - 12 financial year to 28 May 2013 the NWDF has funded, through
partnerships with employers, 808 projects with a total investment of $373.1 million, of which
businesses contributed over a third. Through these projects the NWDF will provide assistance
for over 74,000 learners to upgrade their skills.
Comments
This is part of the Building Australia’s Future Workforce package of more than 30 measures
and part of Australian Government Skills Connect.
2.5.2.5.Australian Apprenticeship Mentoring
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Australian Apprenticeship Mentoring
Start date
1 July 2011
End Date
2014 - 2015
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The Australian Apprenticeships Mentoring Package comprises of two grant programs:
the Australian Apprenticeships Mentoring Program and the Australian Apprenticeships
Advisers Program. These Programs aim to improve decision making about undertaking
apprenticeships and traineeships and increase the retention rates of Australian Apprentices,
particularly in the first 12 months of training. Approximately 10,000 Australian Apprentices
are expected to be assisted each year. Under the Australian Apprenticeships Advisers
Program approximately 144 apprentice advisers per year will assist school leavers better
understand what is involved in a trade apprenticeship and to assist them to pursue suitable
employment and training pathways.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
This is part of the Building Australia’s Future Workforce package of more than 30 measures.
2.5.2.6.Transitional Activities for Early School Leavers
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Transitional Activities for Early School Leavers
Start date
1 July 2012
End Date
30 June 2015
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Transitional activities are funded for early school leavers aged 15 - 21 years of age who
do not have a year 12 certificate or equivalent qualification. This Early School Leavers
Transition Support is delivered through Job Services Australia and assists early school
leavers in developing foundation skills to transition into further study, training or
employment. Expected to support around 160,000 people over three years.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
This is part of the Building Australia’s Future Workforce package of more than 30 measures.
2.5.2.7. Youth Connections
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Youth Connections
Start date
1 January 2010
End Date
31 December 2014
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Providing individual case management support to young people aged 13 - 19 years to
overcome barriers to engaging with education, training and employment. Service providers
also deliver Targeted Engagement Services to identify with severely disconnected young
people. Regional Coordination Services are also delivered to strengthen and connect support
services available to young people.
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Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
More than 62,000 young people have received individual support services in the Youth
Connections program. 59 per cent have achieved a final outcome which represents re engagement or a sustained improvement in a young person’s engagement with education,
training or employment.
Comments
Funding for the Youth Connections program has been extended in the Federal 2013 - 14
budget for an additional year to run to 31 December 2014.
2.5.3.Brazil
2.5.3.1.National Program for professional Education Access and Employment
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
National Program for professional Education Access and Employment
Start date
2011
End Date
2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Target group: Students of public schools; workers; and beneficiaries from income transfer
programs.
Number of beneficiaries:
Until nov/2012: 2.550.000
2013: 2.290.221
Investments (US$ billions):
2011/2012:
US$ 5,1
2013: US$ 3,6
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Number of beneficiaries:
Until nov/2012: 2.559.000
Comments
2.5.4.Canada
2.5.4.1.Labour Market Agreements (LMAs)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Labour Market Agreements (LMAs)
Start date
2007
End Date
2014
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Through LMAs, the Government of Canada transfers funding to all provinces and territories for
the design and delivery of training and employment supports to unemployed and low-skilled
employed Canadians. The broad objectives of the LMAs are to increase the labour market
participation of unemployed Canadians who are under-represented in the labour force and
enhance the skills of low-skilled workers.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
LMAs are time-limited agreements ending in March 2014.
LMA annual funding of $500 million is distributed among provinces and territories (P/Ts) on
a per capita basis.
In the first four years of implementation (2008-09 to 2011-12), close to 1.4 million clients
received more than 1.7 million LMA interventions.
Comments
LMAs are time-limited agreements ending in March 2014.
LMA annual funding of $500 million is distributed among P/Ts on a per capita basis.
Budget 2013 announced the Government’s intention to transform the LMAs with P/Ts at the
current funding level of $500M per year beginning in 2014. This includes the introduction of
the Canada Job Grant, as part of the renewal of the Labour Market Agreements in
2014 — 15.
2.5.4.2.Strategic Training and Transition Fund (STTF) (delivered through Labour Market Agreements)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Strategic Training and Transition Fund (STTF) (delivered through Labour Market Agreements)
Start date
2009
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End Date
2011
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
To provide greater support during the recent economic downturn, for the temporary two-year
Strategic Training and Transition Fund (STTF) administered through the LMAs (2009-10 to
2010-11
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
52,000 Canadians were served in 2008-09 and 2009-10 under STTF.
An additional $500 million was provided to P/Ts over 2 years, 2009 — 10, and 2010-11 on top
of regular LMA funding (see initiative 2.0) under the stimulus phase of Canada’s Economic
Action Plan 2009.
2.5.4.3.Targeted Initiative for Older Workers (TIOW)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Targeted Initiative for Older Workers (TIOW)
Start date
2006
End Date
2014
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
A cost-shared initiative between the Government of Canada and the Provinces and Territories,
designed to assist unemployed older workers living in small, vulnerable communities with
their return to work.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Since the launch of the initiative in 2006, a total of 389 projects have been implemented (188
of which have also been extended), supporting over 27,600 unemployed older workers across
Canada.
Comments
Since its launch in 2006, $270 million has been invested in TIOW:
• The program was first announced in 2006 with $70 million.
• Budget 2008 extended the initiative for three years (until March 31, 2012) and provided
an additional $90 million investment.
• The stimulus phase of Canada’s Economic Action Plan 2009 invested an additional $60
million over three years (2009-10 to 2011-12).
• Budget 2011 extended TIOW for two years (until March 31, 2014) with an additional
investment of $25 million per year
2.5.4.4.Labour Market Agreements for Persons with Disabilities (LMAPDs)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Labour Market Agreements for Persons with Disabilities (LMAPDs)
Start date
2011
End Date
2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
LMAPDs are bilateral agreements with provinces designed to enhance the employability of
persons with disabilities, increase the employment opportunities available to them, and build
on the existing knowledge base (by sharing of information and best practices to support
continuous improvement of programs and policies.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Approximately $218 million is transferred annually to the ten provinces from the Consolidated
Revenue Fund and $3.7 million is available for the three territories, should they choose to
participate in LMAPDs.
Comments
LMAPDs support approximately 300,000 interventions each year.
In 2011, all provinces signed renewal agreements to extend their bilateral agreements until
March 31, 2013.
Budget 2013 announced the Government’s intention to introduce a new generation of LMAPDs
by 2014 designed to better meet the employment needs of Canadian businesses and improve
employment prospects for persons with disabilities.
2.5.4.5.Opportunities Fund for Persons with Disabilities
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Opportunities Fund for Persons with Disabilities
Start date
2011
End Date
2015
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Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
To assist persons with disabilities who have little or no labour force attachment to
prepare for, obtain and keep employment or to become self-employed, thereby increasing
their employability.
In 2011-2012, the OF served more than 5,000 Canadians with disabilities.
Annual budget of $30M per year. Budget 2012 announced an additional $30 million over
three years: 2012 — 13 $5 million;2013-14 $12.5 million; 2014 — 15 $12.5 million.
Budget 2013 announced ongoing funding for OF of $40M per year starting in 2015-16
2.5.4.6.Aboriginal Skills and Employment Training Strategy (ASETS)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Aboriginal Skills and Employment Training Strategy (ASETS)
Start date
2010
End Date
2015
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
To improve labour market outcomes For Aboriginal Peoples through supporting
demand-driven skills development, fostering partnerships with the private sector and P/Ts,
and placing an emphasis on accountability and results.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
ASETS and its predecessor, the Aboriginal Human Resources Development Strategy, have
assisted over 680,000 Aboriginal people to create career-focused employment action plans,
helped approximately 210,000 Aboriginal people return to work, and supported 77,000
Aboriginal people in returning to school for training.
It is expected that ASETS will result in approximately 14,000 — 16,000 jobs for Aboriginal
people per year.
Comments
Investment of $1.68B over five years
2.5.4.7. Skills and Partnership Fund (SPF)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Skills and partnership Fund (SPF)
Start date
2010
End Date
2015
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
A partnership-based, opportunity-driven initiative that: supports projects that encourage
innovation and partnerships; tests new approaches to the delivery of employment services for
Aboriginal people; and, addresses systemic gaps in service delivery.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
To date, three project proposal intake processes have been completed. As of February 2013,
69 projects have been approved.
Comments
SPF is a $210 million, five year (2010-11 to 2014 — 15) program.
2.5.4.8.Aboriginal Skills and Training Strategic Investment Fund (ASTSIF)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Aboriginal Skills and Training Strategic Investment Fund (ASTSIF)
Start date
2009
End Date
2011
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Aboriginal Skills and Training Strategic Investment Fund (ASTSIF) was a two year initiative
under Canada’s Economic Action Plan, which ended March 31, 2011. ASTSIF focused on
strengthening partnerships between Aboriginal employment service organizations and
employers through training-to-employment programs related to concrete job opportunities.
It also focused on supporting investments in training for individuals facing barriers to
employment.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Program operated in 2009 — 10 and 2010 — 11.
Clients served: 9257
Secured employment: 2219
Returned to school/training: 1547
All projects were completed March 31, 2011.
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Comments
$75M over 2 years.
2.5.4.9.Apprenticeship Incentive Grant (AIG) and Apprenticeship Completion Grant (ACG)
Policy Domain/Activity (program)
name
Apprenticeship Incentive Grant (AIG) and Apprenticeship Completion Grant (ACG)
Start date
2007
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of
beneficiaries)
The Apprenticeship Grants (AGs) aim to increase access to the skilled trades, encourage
progression within an apprenticeship program, and promote completion and certification in
the Red Seal trades.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
From January 2007 to March 3, 2013, over 291,100 Apprenticeship Incentive Grants were
issued. From July 2009 to March 3, 2013, over 93,800 Apprenticeship Completion Grants were
issued. To date, HRSDC has provided over $478 million in apprenticeship grants.
Comments
Annual funding of $ 115 million
2.5.5.China
In 2010, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security made a new training plan to help over 10 million middle/high-school
graduates and others to master vocational skills. An allowance, which totals RMB 6 billion, will be given to the migrant workers so that
they can attend training courses arranged by companies or training organizations and learn skills, obtain certificates, and thus succeed
in finding jobs. The government believes that this measure will help alleviate the structural problem characterized by the labor shortage
and unemployment.
2.5.5.1.Implementing New Training Program to Enhance Employability
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Implementing New training program to enhance employability
Start date
1-1-2010
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
workers in enterprises in difficulty, unemployed, and new entrants to the labour market
number of beneficiaries: More than 20 million workers have been trained in the last three
years.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
Most school graduates have been trained.
Provide skills - upgrading training and reorientation, retraining for workers in the difficult
enterprises
To provide vocational skills training for the migrant workers.
To provide re-employment training for the unemployed.
To provide preparation training for new entrants to the labour market.
To provide vocational training for demobilized soldiers.
Expanding the coverage of training, extending training time, improving the specialization
and effectiveness of training.
2.5.6.European Union
2.5.6.1. Agenda for New Skills and Jobs
Policy Domain/Activity (Program) name
Agenda for New Skills and Jobs
Start Date
April 2012
End Date
On-going
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Result planned (Target Group, number of
beneficiaries)
EU Skills Panorama
It monitors skills needs and skills mismatches and provides an overview of the skills data
available throughout the EU.
Quantitative and qualitative data on short-term and medium-term skills needs, skills
supply and skills mismatches is presented on the website http://euskillspanorama.
ec.europa.eu in an accessible and user-friendly format. Data and information is collected
from various European and national sources
European Vacancy Monitor – Launched in 2010
It provides up-to date information based on continuous monitoring of job vacancies. At the
same time, it serves as an “early warning tool” for bottlenecks and skills mismatches in the
labour market.
Within the project two bulletins are published on a quarterly basis:
- European Vacancy Monitor (EVM) provides a comprehensive overview of recent
developments on the vacancy market in Europe,
- European Job Mobility Bulletin focuses on the analysis of vacancies posted by
national PES to the EURES Job Mobility portal.
European Sector Skills Councils
Observatories and research institutions by sector exist in many EU Member States. European
Sector Skills Councils establish a network between observatories and research institutions
by sector exist in many Member State.
The final objective is to reduce the existing skills gap between what employers need from
workers and what education and training providers deliver in terms of learning outcome.
European Skills/Competences, qualifications and Occupations (ESCO)
With ESCO the European Commission develops a multilingual and structured terminology of i)
skills/competences, ii) qualifications and iii) occupations. ESCO will enhance interoperability,
i.e. it facilitates exchanging information (e.g. in job vacancies or CVs). ESCO is linked to
existing European instruments such as EURES and the European Qualification Framework
(EQF).
ESCO will enable advanced tools for the labour market and the education/training sector,
such as:
- Skills-based job matching on online job portals throughout Europe, e.g. through
the EURES Job Mobility Portal;
- Recording skills in a transparent and comparable way, e.g. in the European Skills
Passport;
- Online career guidance.
Grand Coalition for Digital Jobs
It is an EU-wide multi-stakeholder partnership seeking to address the shortfall of several
hundred thousands of unfilled ICT employment vacancies in Europe.
Its objective is to eliminate the gap of ICT practitioners by 2020. It aims to:
- increase ICT training and education offers;
- improve the matching of candidates with available vacancies;
- raise awareness about the benefits of an ICT career;
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and activities as of
2013 March)
On-going activities
Comments
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2.5.7.France
Cf. 1.12.3 "France", in section 1 (Implementation of Countries’ Commitments Recorded in The Los Cabos Action Plan)
2.5.8.India
2.5.8.1.Skill Development: National Skill Development Corporation. Skill Development Initiative (SDI)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Skill Development: National Skill Development Corporation. Skill Development Initiative
(SDI).
Start date
2007 — 08
End Date
Ongoing as of May 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Skilling / upskilling 500 million people in India by 2022, Skill development for early
schoolleavers and current workers.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
During April-December 2012, the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) approved
24 training projects for imparting skill training. During this period, NSDC partners had skilled
around 1,39,305 people and placed approximately 97,116 of them, thereby achieving placement
of 70 per cent. Till 31 December 2012, NSDC partners had established a presence in 25
states and three UTs and covered 312 districts. The funds are released to 33 States/UTs
for upgradation of 400 ITIs by introduction of multi-skilling (CoE) courses, setting up of
Instructor Training Wings (ITWs) in 9 States to produce trained instructors, development of
Instructional Media Packages (IMPs) for 21 Sectors of multi-skilling (CoE) courses.
Under the SDI scheme, based on the Modular Employable Skills (MES) framework,13.69 lakh
persons were trained/ tested . 36 organisations were empanelled as assessing bodies. The
expenditure incurred till March, 2012 was 407.99 crores.
Provided training to 8000 youth of the State of J&K under SDI scheme for their gainful
employment in the year 2010 — 11 and 8000 youth in 2011 — 12.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Under “Udaan”, 221 candidates have completed training and out of them, 110
candidates have been offered employment and 85 have accepted the employment
offer. 10,500 youth are registered in the Udaan Web portal. Setting up of IITs and Skill
Development Centres in Left Wing Extremism Affected states.Total fund released to 34 districts
covering 9 States is Rs. 6842.19 lakh (Rs.328.59 lakh for Skill Training and Rs.6153.60 lakh for
establishment of ITIs and SDCs).
Comments
NSDC is a first of its-kind Public Private Partnership (PPP) in India set up to facilitate the
development and upgrading of the skills of the growing Indian workforce through skill
training programes. A growing economy like India requires a large and skilled workforce.
However, the lack of quality trainers and training institutes has created roadblocks to
growth. Skills shortage is evident in every sector of the economy. NSDC seeks to fill the gap
between the growing demand for, and the scarce supply of, skilled personnel across sectors, by
funding skill training programmes. Its primary goal is to foster private sector and industry
participation in skill training and development.
NSDC plays three key roles as listed below:
• Funding and incentivising: This involves providing financing either as loans or equity,
providing grants and supporting financial incentives to select private sector initiatives
to improve financial viability through tax breaks etc.
• Enabling support services: A skills development institute requires a number of inputs
or support services such as curriculum, faculty and their training, standards and quality
assurance, technology platforms, student placement mechanisms and so on. The NSDC
plays a significant enabling role in some of these support services, most importantly
and in the near term, setting up standards and accreditation systems in partnership
with industry associations.
• Shaping/creating: NSDC proactively seeds and provides momentum for large scale
participation by private players in skill development. NSDC identifies critical skill
groups, develops models for skill development, attract potential private players and
provides support for these efforts
2.5.8.2.Skill Development & Youth and Women: Panchayat Mahila Evam Yuva Shakti Abhiyan
(PMEYSA)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Skill Development & Youth and Women: Panchayat Mahila Evam Yuva Shakti Abhiyan
(PMEYSA).
Start date
2007
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End Date
Ongoing as of May 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Empowerment of the selected women and youth representatives of all the states and UTs.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Till March 2013 the selected women and youth representatives have undergone training
in 12 States, State Support Centers have been set up in 14 States / UTs, 23 State level
Sammelans have been organized and 77 Divisional level Sammelans have been held
under the scheme, State level Associations have been formed in 7 States. Fund sanctioned
by Rs.10825189.
Comments
Ministry of Panchayati Raj is the nodal Ministry.
2.5.9.Indonesia
2.5.9.1.Information and Employment Services/3 in 1
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Information and employment services/3 in 1
Start date
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Strengthening 3 in 1 institution kiosks in 30 locations
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
2.5.9.2.Information and Employment Services/ Identification of the Needs of Manpower Competency
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Information and employment services/ Identification of the needs of manpower competency
Start date
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
2.5.9.3.Information and Employment Services/ Promoting Capacity and Quality of Job Exchange
Conducted by Regional Offices of Momt by Facilitating Activities of Manpower Placement Through
Job Exchanges Online, Job Fairs And Infrastructure Empowerment in Local Area Including Provinces,
Municipalities and Regencies As Well
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Information and employment services/ Promoting capacity and quality of job exchange
conducted by regional offices of MOMT by facilitating activities of manpower placement
through job exchanges online, job fairs and infrastructure empowerment in local area
including provinces, municipalities and regencies as well
Start date
End Date
Dec 2012
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Facilitate placement through job exchange including online job exchange ( 402.542 persons)
Job fair (22 locations: 20 local and 1 national).
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
421.225 persons 1 National and 24 local job fairs.
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Comments
Number of labor workforce using market information service center and application service
(Labor Market Information-Online) in 33 provinces and 456 districts/cities.
National Job Fair held in Jakarta.
24 Local are held in :
North Sumatera Prov., Lampung, Bali, Surakarta City, Jogjakarta, Jambi, Sorong District,
Pasuruan District, Central Java Prov. Gorontalo City, Depok City, Pekalongan City, Denpasar City,
Sleman District, North Sulawesi Prov., West Sumatera Prov., North Maluku Prov. , Pontianak
City, Minahasa District, Wonosobo District, Pekanbaru City, Blitar City and Bondowoso District.
2.5.9.4.Promoting the Skills and Competences of Labor Force / Developing Employment Competency
Standards
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Promoting the skills and competences of labor force / Developing employment competency
standards
Start date
End Date
Provided training to 8000 youth of the
State of J&K under SDI scheme for their
gainful employment in the year 2010-11
and 8000 youth in 2011-12.
Number of formulated and established Indonesia National Skill Competency Standards (50
standards).
Number of programs (80) and Manuals (95)
Number of guideline administration and management development Vocational Training
Institution (LPK) (10) guidelines.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
2.5.9.5.Promoting the Skills and Competences of Labor Force / Revitalizing Vocational Training
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Promoting the skills and competences of labor force / Revitalizing vocational training
Start date
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Number of improved capacity training including 457 vocational training.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
2.5.9.6.Promoting the Skills and Competences of Labor Force/Competency Based Training and
Apprenticeship
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Promoting the skills and competences of labor force/Competency based training and
apprenticeship
Start date
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Number of people in the labor workforce that have competency based training (127.148
persons).
Number of instructors and PSM that have competence improvement (1.669 persons).
Number of trainers that have competence improvement (610 persons).
Number of apprentices in companies (12.040 persons).
Number of licensed Professional Certification Institutions (LSP) (1st/2nd/3rd party) (150 LSP).
Number of certified manpower (40.000 persons).
Number of Competency Test Assessor that have capacity improvement (232 persons).
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Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
2.5.9.7. Micro Medium Scale Business Development / Training of Entrepreneur
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Micro Medium Scale Business Development / Training of entrepreneur
Start date
January 2010
End Date
December 2012
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Number of new entrepreneurs 31.660 persons.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
37.574 persons of new entrepreneur created.
Comments
Number of person trained through Entrepreneur training held by Provincial/District of
department of Labour. Type of Training such as mobile phone repair training, sewing and
embroidery, screen printing training, and others.
Entrepreneur created from 3 types of program such as Self Employed, Subsidy Program and
Productive Labor Intensive.
2.5.9.8.Micro Medium Scale Business Development / Society Empowerment Through the Creation
of New Entrepreneurship by the Following Programs: Self Employment, Appropriate Technology, and
Informal Sector Development
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Micro Medium Scale Business Development / Society empowerment through the creation of
new entrepreneurship by the following programs: self employment, appropriate technology,
and informal sector development.
Start date
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Number of Volunteers in the program of job opportunity expansion (1.300 persons).
Number of appropriate technology in the region that allows for job opportunity expansion
(8.240 persons).
Number of developed productive villages 132 villages.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
2.5.10.
Volunteer Programs distributed to 33 Province.
Volunteers assist micro business groups communities on labor-intensive activities,
appropriate technology and entrepreneurship.
Type of training implemented are brick making training, soy-milk homemade training, batik
training, training how to make soy-bean cake, composting and many others.
Italy
2.5.10.1.Promoting Apprenticeship
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Promoting apprenticeship
Start date
September 2011
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
100
Apprenticeship in Italy involves young people aged 16 — 29 depending on the type of
apprenticeship contract.
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Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
The subsequent provisions adopted since September 2011 progressively streamlined a
previously fragmented and inefficient discipline; lowered tax and contributory wedge on
apprenticeships; changed the ratio between hired apprenticeships and qualified workers
within a single company and aimed at facilitating conversion into open end contracts.
Comments
A media campaign was also launched to promote apprenticeship at national level. Some
important aspects of regulation are however in charge of Local Authorities.
2.5.10.2.Guidelines for a National Standard for Skill Certification
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Guidelines for a national standard for skill certification
Start date
January 2013
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Enhancing apprenticeship, dual training and vocational training; ensuring a better alignment
between labour demand and supply.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
A decree introduced Guidelines defining actors in charge and procedures for implementing a
national standard for skill certification.
Comments
2.5.11.Japan
2.5.11.1.Public Vocational Training
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Public vocational training
Start date
1958
End Date
Now ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
To provide trainings for 310,000 people (FY2013).
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Number of people who were provided with trainings:
278,904 people (FY2010)
259,457 people (FY2011)
Comments
Ongoing activity since 1958. Trainings are provided across the country and will continue to be
provided taking the needs of enterprises and regions into consideration.
2.5.12.Mexico
2.5.12.1.Capacitación a Trabajadores/ Formación De Agentes Multiplicadores [Training Trainers Program]
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Capacitación a trabajadores/ formación de agentes multiplicadores [Training trainers program]
Start date
2010
End Date
Permanent
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Focused on workers trained as trainers (12,746)
317,732 supervisors, teachers and related occupations have been trained.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
From 2010 to March 2013, 87,501 workers were trained as trainers by 12,746 instructors.
The standard of competition was developed in coordination with employers and workers.
Comments
The principles of decent work and development of job skills are promoted through this activity.
2.5.12.2.Observatorio Laboral [Employment Observatory]
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Observatorio Laboral [Employment Observatory]
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Start date
2005
End Date
2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
From 2010 to March 2013, 1,309,743 users accessed the Website.
From January to March 2013 84,606 users accessed the Website.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
It is a public service publishing employment information and fostering occupational
orientation through the STPS Website. Young people, counselors, employers, employment
agencies, educational institutions, professionals, workers and parents could access for free on
a permanent basis to the Website, which provides information on the current situation of the
Mexican labor market and the main employment trends and the indicators related.
In addition, it also disseminates information regarding educational offer at a technical level
on the national and regional basis.
Comments
2.5.12.3.Catálogo De Competencias Clave Para La Innovación en El Trabajo [Catalogue of Key
Competences for the Innovation At Workplace]
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Catálogo de competencias clave para la innovación en el trabajo [Catalogue of Key
Competences for the Innovation at Workplace]
Start date
2010
End Date
Permanent
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Promotes the development and strengthening of knowledge, abilities, attitudes and values that
allow a positive interaction in labor environments, in order for people to be more competitive.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Allows the identification of workers qualifications, in coordination with the Ministry of
Employment and Social Security of Spain.
Comments
The Catalogue is a reference guide that describes four levels of proficiency in specific skills,
attitudes and knowledge that a person must possess in the 21st century, and how to develop
tools to improve workers performance.
2.5.12.4.Acreditación De Habilidades Y Certificación De Competencias Laborales De Jornaleros Y Jornaeras
Agrícolas [Accreditation Of Abilities And Job Competencies Certification For Agricultural Workers]
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Acreditación de habilidades y certificación de competencias laborales de jornaleros y jornaleras
agrícolas [Accreditation of abilities and job competencies certification for agricultural workers]
Start date
Created in 2008
End Date
Current
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
From 2008 to 2009: 2,572 workers were certified.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
From 2010 to 2012, STPS has certified 14, 817 agricultural workers.
Comments
According to the Strategy on Agricultural Workers, the STPS developed this accreditation
program in order to strengthen the employability of agricultural workers with an official
certificate (Certificado de Competencia Laboral), which recognizes their job competencies.
This project has been implemented in coordination with the Instituto Nacional para el Desarrollo
de las Capacidades del Sector Rural.
Standards regarding the skills required for certain types of crops, such as vegetables, citrus
fruit, coffee and sugar cane, have been designed and approved by the Consejo Nacional de
Normalización y Certificación de Competencias Laborales of the Ministry of Education, and
published in the Official Gazzette of the Mexican Government.
2.5.12.5.Programa de Capacitación a Distancia (PROCADIST) [Distance Training Program for Workers]
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
102
Programa de Capacitación a Distancia (PROCADIST)
[Distance Training Program for Workers]
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Start date
2006
End Date
Permanent
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Target group: 41,048 workers
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
From 2010 to 2012, 37.238 workers were trained, courses were opened 1.773, 21.581 companies
were met and trained 339 persons who provided tutoring service PROCADIST online.
During the first two months of 2013, 3,810 workers were trained, 144 courses were opened,
2.756 enterprises were handled and 85 persons were trained in order to be capable of
providing tutoring service PROCADIST online.
Comments
Up to date there is no record of goals achieved because the target population is currently in
the process of an online training through PROCADIST.
2.5.13.Russia
The transition to innovative economy (restructuring and diversification of industries) will change the existing structure of employment,
and will be accompanied by elimination of inefficient work places, reallocation of workers by sector, expansion of services, the
development of innovative activities, the emergence of new areas of employment and productivity and incomes’ growth.
The modernization of the economy and creation of 25 million of new high performance jobs by the year 2020 are inextricably linked
with preparing professional qualified workforce, increasing the workforce qualification and the development of its professional mobility,
which, in turn, necessitates the development of a continuing education system in accordance with the needs of the labor market.
Given the necessity to provide qualified personnel for newly created work places, one of the priority areas for action for the labor market
must become an increasingly efficient use of the available workforce.
In the context of continuously improving technological processes, increasing demands for the quality of the workforce, vocational
education should be continuous, not ending at the time of hiring, because knowledge quickly becomes outdated, and a set of competencies
and qualifications required to complete the respective job is constantly changing.
Advanced vocational education and apprenticeships for employees is one of the conditions for acquiring new professional skills and
competencies and improving the standard of the workforce as a whole. This is essential for maintaining the level of competitiveness
and professional mobility of employees, ensuring employment opportunities for laid off employees as new technologies are introduced,
bringing production processes up to date and creating new jobs.
These activities had been carried out as a part of anti-crisis measures (in 2009 — 2011) under the regional programs of additional
measures to reduce tensions on labor market of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation at the expense of the federal budget
and the employers’ budgets.
During the period of implementation of these measures over 480 thousand people completed advanced professional training, including
over 253 million people, in 2010 — 2011.
These activities are currently in demand, particularly in areas related to territories with the tense situation on the labor market (Republics
of the North Caucasus, Republic of Adygea, Altai, Buryatia, Kalmykia, Mari El and Tuva, Altai, Zabaykalsky region, Kurgan region).
As of 2012, as a part of additional measures to reduce tensions at the labour markets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation,
the measures on the training and certification of job-seekers to obtain certificates of professional qualifications are being conducted.
The implementation of additional activities in the republics of the North Caucasus showed that a significant number of the unemployed
job seekers have the experience and practical work skills, but lack the documented proof of their qualifications. The lack of documented
proof of qualification constitutes an obstacle to further employment, particularly the other constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
As a part of this event, short-term training courses are organized, with final evaluation, based on the results of which the documented
proof of professional qualification is being issued.
In 2012, 5580 workers underwent professional training and completed apprenticeships, and 1962 job seekers underwent professional
training and certification in order to obtain documents certifying their professional qualifications.
Given the positive practice of implementing additional measures aimed at reducing tensions at the labor markets of the constituent
entities of the Russian Federation in 2009 - 2012, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation referred to the territories with
the tense situation at the labor market, in 2013, will continue to implement measures, including measures for advanced professional
education and training of workers, including employees under risk of layoffs, and vocational training and certification of job seekers in
order for them to obtain the documented proof of their professional qualifications, which is expected to be attended by more than 4.3
thousand people.
In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation, professional training,
retraining and advanced training of the unemployed are the crucial factors for an active employment policy and they are aimed at
developing labor resources and providing productive and freely chosen employment for citizens. Professional training of the unemployed
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strengthens their social security, enhances their skills and increases their competitiveness on the labor market.
Under the current law, the selection of educational institutions for the training of the unemployed persons is carried out on a competitive
basis.
Currently, the employment service agencies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation formed rather stable (considering the
changing demands of the labor market) list of over 500 major professions and occupations in demand at the labor market.
Every year, as a part of regional employment advancement programs, over 350 thousand unemployed persons get enrolled in vocational
training.
As of 2009, the organization of internships and apprenticeships for the graduates of professional colleges is implemented as a part of
additional activities to reduce tensions at the labour markets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
The participation of graduates in this event allows them to acquire practical experience, learn new technologies, forms and methods of
work organization, and employers, to make the necessary selection of appropriately qualified personnel in accordance with the existing
requirements.
In 2009 - 2012 period over 225 thousands of graduates of vocational education institutions of all levels have completed apprenticeships,
including, over 131 thousands of graduates, in 2010 - 2012. The graduates’ employment rate after completing apprenticeships is 75 % of
the total number of those undertaking apprenticeships.
In 2012 - 2013, the apprenticeships of graduates of professional education institutions are being implemented in 15 constituent entities
of the Russian Federation with the tense situations at their labour markets (the republics of the North Caucasus, republics of Adygea, Altai,
Buryatia, Kalmykia, Mari El and Tuva, Altai, Kurgan region) and are funded from the federal budget and the budgets of the constituent
entities of the Russian Federation.
The annual number the participants taking part in the specified event is 6.3 thousands of graduates of vocational education institutions,
representing all levels of education. The time period of participation in internships is typically three to six months.
To improve workers’ qualifications, employers should develop in-house training programs which is an integral part of the continuing
professional education.
However, the current system of internal professional training exists mainly in large companies. The number of businesses with professional
development programs for staff, including engineering and technical staff, as practice shows, remains rather insignificant.
In view of this, particularly relevant are the development of public-private partnerships in training and in-house training, which should
provide, among other things, the improvement of the legal framework for the development of a system of qualification; the expansion of
the range of educational programs in areas in demand at the labor market; the establishment of resource centers to train highly qualified
personnel and experts for knowledge-intensive and high-tech industries.
In addition, in order to provide qualified staff for the new high-performance work places in leading industries, we consider it advisable to
do the following:
- develop a set of measures on professional orientation of students in educational institutions in view of their orientation to engineering
and technical professions and occupations;
- continue to adjust volume, profiles (directions) and levels of personnel training;
- improve the mechanism of creating state jobs and state projects for personnel training at the federal and regional levels, based on
assessments of the quality of educational programs, the level of training and demand for the graduates professional education institutions
on the labor market;
- introduce to the curricula of vocational education training courses, aimed at the development and support of career development of
undergraduate and graduate educational institutions of vocational education;
- form educational (university) complexes of institutions of vocational education to provide training for professionals and workforce
according to programs of secondary and higher vocational education;
- widen the practice of employment of young specialists based on setting up long-term contractual relations of professional education
institutions with employers, taking into account the relevant industries, development of industrial practices and internships for students
and graduates in relevant companies, as well as stimulate employers to develop mentoring for young specialists and experts.
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2.5.14.Saudi Arabia
2.5.14.1.E-Training
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
E-Training
Start date
Oct 2012
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
All unemployment assistance beneficiaries in Saudi Arabia (currently).
Scope of target group to be widened significantly in the course of 2013.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Currently >1m participants
Comments
The National e-Training Program of HRDF is an easy to use Learning and Content Management
Platform provided in a pre-scheduled manner. It is available for all Unemployment Financial
Support Beneficiaries in the Hafiz unemployment assistance program
— Weekly Training Session over a 10 month period.
— Training courses aim to provide the necessary soft skills to search for a job, to prepare a CV,
to manage time and to practice the most popular job opportunities in Saudi Arabia.
— This program provides rapid access to electronic learning materials, without limitations of
time or location. It also has the advantages of delivering consistent training at all times and
tracking progress, strengths and weaknesses.
— At the moment the platform offers 46 courses, each of about 12-20 minutes length. Hafiz
beneficiaries are obliged to take four courses a month, one every week
2.5.14.2.Classroom Training
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Classroom training
Start date
Mid 2012
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Open target
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
3'000 currently enrolled
Comments
— The objectives of the Classroom Training (CT) program are to up-skill the unemployed
Saudis, align their qualifications with the labour market needs and increase their chances of
employment in the private sector.
— CT courses to be identified and selected by HRDF, whereas administering the program is
the responsibility of the Technical and Vocational Training Corporation (TVTC)
— Unemployed candidates attend training at TVTC institutes.
— Training schedules depend on courses delivered which would consist of a minimum of 15
instructive hours.
2.5.14.3.Employer Driven Academy
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Employer Driven Academy
Start date
Mid 2012
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Up to 20k participants in 2013
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
3'000 per year
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Comments
— The objective of the EDA program is to establish partnerships with the leading private
sector Host Organizations to provide employment opportunities that start with training for
unemployed Saudi nationals currently registered with Hafiz.
— HRDF will subsidize Hafiz candidates’ salaries (2000 SAR per month) during training and
employment up to 3 years. Host Organizations pay a salary to the candidate taking into
account the EDA program subsidy.
— Under the program, HRDF also covers the cost of required training up to SAR 6000 per
trainee for up to 12 months in duration.
— The sectors being targeted are those service sectors with large numbers of expat
employees in jobs that Saudis can be trained to be successful at within less than 12 months,such as
retail. The program is designed to fullfil the following objectives; 1. To help finance the
training of unemployed Saudis so that they are able to replace expat workers, and enjoy a
successful career in the private retail sector 2. To provide a sustainable solution for the
employers’ growing demand for workers 3. To learn from the training and employment
experience of these leading employers so that programs can be rolled out for SME employers
across the KSA".
2.5.14.4.Job Schools - Pilot
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Job schools - Pilot
Start date
Mid 2012
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
>10k participants in 2013
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
1000 participants currently enrolled in Pilot
Comments
— The Jobs Schools Pilot is a project pilot for the program aiming to provide a high
intervention employment services scheme to Hafiz participants.
— The program will look to establish physical schools, which cater to each student’s.
employability gaps based on an individually tailored needs assessment.
— The pilot will test the Job Schools' ability increase participants' employability through the
delivery of curriculum components incl. hard and soft skills training.
Comments
— Job school operators can also facilitate their placement using other HRDF channels incl.
but not restricted to OJT, classroom training, online-portal, e-Liqaat, recruitment agencies, etc.
— Track 1 participants are eligible for 900 SAR per month allowance (or as per prevailing Hafiz
policy).
— Track 2 participants will continue receiving Hafiz payment of SAR 2,000 per month.
2.5.14.5.On-The-Job-Training
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
On-The-Job-Training
Start date
Mid 2012
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Target of 50k unemployed Saudis
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
5'000 participants currently
Comments
— The objective of the Hafiz OJT program is to establish partnerships with private and public
sector Host Organizations to train 50 or more unemployed Saudi nationals currently
registered with Hafiz and not having placement commitments.
— Under the partnership agreement, Host Organizations will deliver training over 4-8 hours
per day, 5 days a week and for a duration of 1-3 months.
2.5.14.6.Training Support for NGO and Non-Profit Institutions
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
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Training support for NGO and non-profit institutions
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Start date
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
All non-for-profit organizations
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
8000 currently in program
Comments
This Program aims to support Non-profit organizations through training ended employment
in the technical majors that require for high training costs. Example: Saudi for Japanese
Automobile High Institute.
— Training period: (75 %) towards the cost of training not exceeding (SR.3000) (75 %) of the
employee’s salary, for the maximum of (SR.1000) for 24 Months.
— Employment period: (50 %) of the employee’s salary, not exceeding (SR.2000) For 12 Months.
2.5.14.7.Support for Non-Qualified Candidates
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Support for Non-Qualified Candidates
Start date
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Unemployed Saudis with previous work experience: 47k
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
— This program supports the training and recruitment of candidates without qualifications i.e.
those who have not been trained ot qualified for the jobs and who do not meet the
requirements of a nominated job.
— Training period: (SR.500) towards the cost of training (In house Training) ; (75 %) of the
employee’s salary, for the maximum of (SR.1000); For 1-12 Months
— Employment period: (50 %) of the employee’s salary, not exceeding (SR.2000) For 12 Months
2.5.14.8.Support for Qualified Candidates
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Support for Qualified Candidates
Start date
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Unemployed Saudis with previous work experience: 47k
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
— This program offers training for jobs, or adaptation to the job, to individuals with previous
training or qualifications provided by public or private training institutions.
— These include graduates of universities, colleges, Institutions of the General Organization
of the Technical and Technological Organization and the Institute of Public Administration.
— Training period:(SR.500) towards the cost of training.
— (75 %) of the employee’s salary, for the maximum of (SR.1500) for 3 Months.
— Employment period:(50 %) of the employee’s salary, not exceeding (SR.2000) For 21 Months.
2.5.14.9.Supporting Prisoner Employment
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Supporting prisoner employment
Start date
Ongoing
End Date
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Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Open target
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
700 currently in program
Comments
— This program aims at increasing the adaptability of prisoners as productive workers while
serving their sentence in prison by supporting their training and employment
— It supports imprisoned employees by paying 50 % of salary up to a maximum of 1,000 SAR
per month for 24 months.
— If the prisoner is released before 24 months, 50 % of salary up to a maximum of 2,000 SAR
per month is paid for the remainder of the period.
— Employers can open small businesses (e.g. supermarket, laundry, etc.) in prisons with open
space, agree with Prisons' administration to employ prisoners, then apply for financial support
2.5.15.Singapore
2.5.15.1.Expansion of Publicly-Funded University Places
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Expansion of publicly-funded university places
Start date
2008
End Date
2020
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
To raise the cohort participation rate (CPR) in publicly-funded full-time degrees to 30 % by
2015 and 40 % by 2020. To diversify the educational offerings, a new applied degree pathway
will cater to a broader range of students with different learning preferences and interests, and
create a close nexus with industry and economic needs to enhance employability of graduates.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
CPR hit 27 % in 2012, on track to meet 30 % target by 2015. As educational profile of locals
improve, occupational profile has also improved over the decade with 31 % working in
professional, manager, and executive (PME) jobs in 2012, up from 27 % in 2002.
Comments
2013 budget for university sector was S$3.3 billion. This will increase over time as Government
increases the number of publicly-funded, university places.
2.5.15.2.Investment in Continuing Education and Training (CET)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Investment in Continuing Education and Training (CET)
Start date
2010
End Date
2015
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Raise the national training capacity and enhance outreach efforts to encourage more workers
to upgrade themselves.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Singapore ranked first in Labour Force Evaluation Measure by Business Environment Risk
Intelligence (BERI) and second in the higher education and training pillar of the WEF Global
Competitiveness Report in 2012. 2 new CET campuses will be completed in 2013 and are
expected to deliver a total of 150,000 training places and train up to 50,000 workers annually.
Comments
S$2.5 billion over 5 years from 2010 to 2015
2.5.15.3.Workfare Training Support (WTS)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Workfare Training Support (WTS)
Start date
2010
End Date
2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
To encourage low-wage workers to upgrade their skills, and to incentivise their employers to
send them for training. Enhanced in 2013.
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Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
Since its inception, more than 96,000 workers have benefited from the scheme (Mar 2013).
Cost is under CET budget. We expect WTS to benefit about 60,000 older lower-wage
Singaporeans every year with the 2013 enhancement.
2.5.16.Turkey
2.5.16.1.Vocational Training Courses
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Vocational Training Courses
Start date
1988
End Date
Still ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Unemployed registered to İŞKUR
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
154.034 people in 2010, 140.415 people in 2011, 206.946 people in 2012, 51.693 people by
the end of March 2013 have benefited from the training courses.
Comments
Trainings in occupations required by the labor market, by means of developing skills.
Budgetary cost over full year: approximately in 2012, 332.400.000 TL., until the end of March
2013, 69.500.000 TL. are spent.
2.5.16.2.On-the-Job Training Programs
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
On-the-job Training Programs
Start date
2009
End Date
Still ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Unemployed registered to İŞKUR
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
4.674 people in 2010, 16.393 people in 2011, 31.773 people in 2012, 15.646 people by the
end of March 2013 have benefited from programs.
Comments
These are programs aimed to training unemployed on-the-jobs and facilitating their
integration into the labour market.
Budgetary cost over full year: approximately in 2012, 25.100.000 TL., until the end of March
2013, 16.400.000 TL. are spent.
2.5.16.3.Entrepreneurship Programs
Policy Domain/Activity (program)
name
Entrepreneurship Programs
Start date
2009
End Date
Still ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of
beneficiaries)
Unemployed registered to İŞKUR
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
8.306 people in 2010, 24.145 people in 2011, 25.475 people in 2012, 3.922 people by the end
of March 2013 have benefited from programs.
Comments
At the end of the program, entrepreneur candidates acquire necessary information and
experience required for preparing business plan and its implementation.
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2.5.16.4.Specialized Profession Acquirement Centers Project (SPAC)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Specialized Profession Acquirement Centers Project (SPAC)
Start date
2010
End Date
2015
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
38.722 people in 2011, 55.384 people in 2012, 21.700 people by the end of March 2013 have
benefited from this Project.
Specialized Profession Acquirement Centers Skill’10 Project (SPAC) has been started to solve
the unemployment resulting from labor supply-demand mismatches in labor market. In the
scope of this Project aiming at increasing employment, based on the Protocol between Turkish
Employment Agency, Union of Chamber and Commodity Exchanges (TOBB) and Ministry of
National Education Directorate General of Vocational and Technical Education, vocational
training courses are organized in 213 technical and industrial vocational high schools
determined in 81 cities; moreover, following courses, applications to On-the-job Training
Programs in work places that are members of TOBB can be made.
2.5.16.5.Job and Vocational Counselors
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Job and Vocational Counselors
Start date
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
Individual interviews have been made with 767.422 people in 2012 and 337.818 people until
the end of March 2013 by "Job and Vocational Counselors".
As it is indicated in the 61. Government Program, İŞKUR employed 4.000 contractual "Job
and Vocational Counselor", 2.000 of them in 2011 and 2.000 of them in 2012 for guiding the
unemployed.
2.5.17. USA
2.5.17.1.Increase Benefits and Services Tto Trade Affected Workers
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Increase benefits and services to trade affected workers
Start date
10.21.11
End Date
Appropriation authority expires 12/31/13 though the TAAEA covers FY 2012, FY 2013, and Q1
of FY 2014.
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Trade affected workers (workers who have lost or may lose their jobs or have reduced wages
as a result of foreign trade)
Actual # of TAA Participants in FY 2012 was 131,011. FY 2013 is estimated to be 165,000 and
35,750 for Q1 of FY 2014. (According to FY 2013 President's Budget).
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
In FY 2012, 90.6 % of program participants that were employed in the first quarter after exit
continued to be employed in the second and third quarters after exit. Also, the average petition
processing time in days decreased from 140 in FY 2010 to 52 in FY 2012 .
Comments
The Trade Adjustment Assistance Extension Act of 2011 (TAAEA) was enacted to improve the TAA
program benefits and services for trade affected workers and to end the lapse in reauthorization
of the TAA Program.It also restores some of the expansion in eligibility and benefit levels/duration
from the 2009 Recovery Act. The TAA Program seeks to provide opportunities to obtain the
skills, credentials, resources, and support necessary to become reemployed. For more details
see http://www.doleta.gov/tradeact/pdf/Side-by-side.pdf.
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2.5.17.2.Create a New Training Program for Veterans
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Create a new training program for veterans
Start date
Enrollment began July 1, 2012.
End Date
Training must be concluded by March 31, 2014.
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Assist unemployed military veterans
Maximum enrollment of up to 99,000 from July 1 - October 1, 2013
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
96,440 applications were approved with 42,389 veterans currently enrolled in training, as of
April 16, 2013.
Comments
The Veterans Retraining Assistance Program (VRAP) is intended for unemployed military
veterans age 35-60 not enrolled in other Department of Veterans Affairs benefits or other
publicly funded job training. It provides eligible veterans with up to 12 months of retraining
assistance for jobs in high-demand occupations and industry sectors.
2.5.17.3.Increase the Number of States Implementing Initiatives Focused on the Increase in Employment of Individuals With Disabilities
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Increase the number of states implementing initiatives focused on the increase in employment
of individuals with disabilities
Start date
2012
End Date
To be determined
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
State Governments: 3 protégé states receive intensive supports; 32 states participate in the
EFSLMP Community of Practice, which is the sharing of ideas and strategies for adopting state
policies and practices.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
The program provided 1,200 hours of intensive technical assistance across three protégé
states; over 300 stakeholders across 32 states participating in the Community of Practice
(CoP); and over 10 Technical Assistance webinars completed.
Comments
The Employment First State Leadership Mentor Program (EFSLMP) provides the impetus for
selected states to pursue systems change to fully implement the Employment First approach
as the primary service delivery system for people with the most significant disabilities.
Employment First is a framework for systems-change that is centered on the premise that all
citizens, including those individuals with the most significant disabilities, are capable of full
participation in integrated employment and community life. Under this approach
Comments
publicly-financed systems are urged to align policies, regulatory guidance, and reimbursement
structures to commit to integrated employment as the priority option with respect to the use
of employment services for youth and adults with significant disabilities.
2.6. Quality Employment
2.6.1.China
The Government realized that low quality of employment would have detrimental effects on the social and economic development. The
Chinese government has decided to implement a strategy which gives priority to employment in the 12th Five-Year Plan period. The
purpose of the employment priority strategy is to have a balanced development of employment quantity and quality within the Chinese
framework of decent work agenda, thus to enhance the quality of economic development and people’s livelihood.
China will take the following measure to enhance the quality of employment:
First, in order to improve the quality of employment as the center, China takes the approach of inclusive growth. To achieve inclusive
growth, transformation of economic development model is underway, and the purpose, is to eliminate the barriers of people’s
participation in economic development, to share the fruits of economic development to achieve employment equity, fair distribution, and
the harmonious labor relations, social security, full employment priority strategic objectives.
Second, China will take further measures to improve the quality of the labor force. The level of labor quality is the decisive factor in the
level of quality of employment. Better skilled workforce with higher labor productivity is a must for employment quality, independent
innovation and international competitiveness. Therefore, China will develop vocational education and job training to equip the workers
with new knowledge and new skills.
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Third, the distribution of national income will be in favor of the workers in order to improve workers’ income. In the distribution of
national income, the share of the government and enterprises should be lower, so the allocation to the ordinary workers could be
increased. The government will increase the real wealth of the people by finance, taxation and other measures. Companies should also
abandon the practice of relying on workers’ low wages to obtain higher profits, rather, on technology and innovation to achieve success.
The government will speed up the urbanization process, reform the household registration system in order to eliminate the difference
between urban and rural identity and reverse the situation of widening gap between the urban and rural incomes. Improve the labor
market, and resolutely curb all kinds of employment discrimination in order to achieve decent work and well protection of employment
equity.
Finally, the social security system will be improved. The public finance will be invested more in order to expand the coverage of various
types of social security programs. Efforts will be made to resolve the inequities of the social security among different social groups,
especially the migrant workers and farmers.
2.6.2.France
The agreement with the social partners reforming the Labor Market, which has just been translated into a law (14 June 2013) will :
•
f­oster protection of workers, with a personal training account, "rechargeable rights" to unemployment insurance, and portable
health insurance rights in case of professional mobility. Further negotiations on part-time unemployment schemes should allow
simplifications and a merging of existing schemes; periods of inactivity will also be more strongly oriented towards training. All
workers will benefit form a complementary health insurance (in addition to national social security health insurance) before January
2016.
•
­ elp workers be more secure in case of professional mobility : if authorized by his company, a worker can experiment a professional
h
mobility in another company, and come back into the first company if this experience has not been successful;
•
i­mprove quality employment for all workers through decreasing labour market segmentation. The objective will be to spur the
use of permanent contracts ("contrats à durée indéterminée") as the main type of work contract. Employers contributions related
to unemployment insurance will be increased for short term contracts that do not turn into permanent contracts. For example,
employers will pay a 7 % contribution on wages for very short term contracts (less then a month) and 5,5 % for contracts signed
for less than 3 months. Of course, such an additional contribution is not required if the worker is hired on a permanent contract
afterwards. At the same time, unemployment insurance contributions will not be due for 3 (big companies) or 4 months (small
companies) for young workers hired on permanent contracts.
2.6.3.Mexico
2.6.3.1.Bécate
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Bécate
Start date
2002
End Date
Permanent
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
2010 to March 2013, 40,392 training courses were conducted from which 779,522 people
have benefited, managing to place in employment 585,326 of them. As of the period from
January to March 2013, 2,472 training courses were conducted, which led to 33,703 people
acquiring occupation
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
This program supports job seekers requiring training to facilitate their job placement or to
encourage them to develop a new productive activity for their own account.
It is implemented through the following modalities:
1. Training in medium and large enterprises
2. Work practice training at micro and small businesses
3. Training for self-employment
4. Training vouchers
Comments
2.6.3.2. Distintivo Empresa Incluyente "Gilberto Rincón Gallardo"®["Gilberto Rincón Gallardo"® Inclusive
Employer Distinction]
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Distintivo Empresa Incluyente "Gilberto Rincón Gallardo"®["Gilberto Rincón Gallardo"®
Inclusive Employer Distinction]
Start date
Created in 2008
End Date
Current
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Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
From 2007 to 2009, 209 inclusive workplaces were recognized, providing benefits for 3,283
people in vulnerable situation (1,065 women and 2,218 men).
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
From 2010 to 2012, 221 inclusive workplaces have been distinguished, providing benefits for
4,489 people in vulnerable situation (3,084 women and 1,405 men).
Comments
"Gilberto Rincon Gallardo" ® Inclusive Employer Distinction seeks to recognize workplaces
that employ people in vulnerable situations and that develop actions promoting equality and
non-discrimination.
2.6.3.3.Distintivo Empresa Agrícola Libre de Trabajo Infantil (DEALTI) ® [Agro — Business Free of
Child Labor Distinction]
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Distintivo Empresa Agrícola Libre de Trabajo Infantil (DEALTI) ® [Agro-Business free of Child
Labor Distinction]
Start date
Created in 2010
End Date
Current
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
78 Distinctions have been delivered to the same number of agricultural enterprises in ten
states of the Mexican Republic (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Colima, Chiapas, Jalisco,
Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora, Yucatán and Zacatecas). These enterprises have developed child
protection and care policies for the families of their employees.
Comments
The Distinction recognizes agricultural companies nationwide which have adopted child care
and child protection policy, through diverse actions focused on the children of their employees, looking to eliminate child labor and to promote the rights of underage workers (within
legal working age).
2.6.3.4.Red Nacional de Vinculación Laboral [National Labor Linking Network]
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Red Nacional de Vinculación Laboral [National Labor Linking Network]
Start date
Created in 2001
End Date
Current
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
During 2009, the Network assisted 25,328 people in vulnerable situation (11,593 women
13,735 men).
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Between 2010 and 2012, the Network has accomplished the following:
a) It is now formed by 32 state networks with national presence.
b) It has assisted 33,594 people in vulnerable situation (people with disabilities, elderly
people, and people with HIV/AIDS); 16,010 of which are women and 17,584 men. Of this total,
9,391 people found employment.
c) Starting in 2012, the Network has a functioning platform: "Sistema para el Control y
Seguimiento de la Red Nacional de Vinculación Laboral", which is a tracking tool with statistical
information regarding people in vulnerable situation, people assisted, those channeled to a
particular service, or those who were placed in a job.
Comments
The National Labor Linking Network strives to promote labor inclusion of people in
vulnerable situation, through combined and coordinated efforts of various organizations
(private, public, and CSOs) that work for the benefit of this segment of the population.
2.6.4.Saudi Arabia
2.6.4.1.Minimum Wage (of 3000)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Minimum wage (of 3000)
Start date
End Date
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Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
2.6.4.2.Decreased Working Hours (to 45 A Week for 5 Working Days)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Decreased working hours (to 45 a week for 5 working days)
Start date
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
2.6.4.3.Awareness about Worker’s Rights
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Awareness about worker’s rights
Start date
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
Awareness about GOSI, wages, working hours, contracts and working environment.
2.6.5.UK
2.6.5.1.Right to Request Flexible Working
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Right to request flexible working
Start date
2003
End Date
2014
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
All employees
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Most requests have been fully agreed to and a further proportion have been partially agreed
to. Benefits include Increased labour market participation, labour pool and productivity,
reduced absenteeism and lower staff turnover. The government will publish guidance and a
code of practice for employers to accompany the change, which will be enacted by legislation
in 2013 and implemented in 2014.
Comments
Employees with caring responsibilities have had the right to request flexible working
arrangements and employers have had a duty to consider their request. The government is
now extending the right to request to all employees, in 2014.
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2.7. Social Protection
2.7.1.Argentina
2.7.1.1. Expansion in Coverage of Contributory or Non — Contributory Pension Schemes / Provisional
Inclusion (Moratorium) Program (Programa de Inclusión Previsional o Moratoria)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Expansion in coverage of contributory or non-contributory pension schemes/Provisional
Inclusion (Moratorium) Program (Programa de Inclusión Previsional o Moratoria)
Start date
2005
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The target population is people who have reached retirement age, specifically those who had
not contributed to the system for the required number of years to be able to retire (30 years).
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Beneficiaries: 2.6 million, representing 91 % coverage of the population over 65 years of age
and 89 % including women between the ages of 60 and 65. The increased level of coverage in
the provisional system is primarily due to the moratorium that began in 2005. In 2011, about
61.6 % of those receiving retirement benefits had obtained their benefits based on their years
of contributions or, in some cases, for other reasons: handicaps, early retirement, and other
means. The remaining 38.4 % accessed their benefits through the moratorium.
Comments
The main objective of this program has been to facilitate entry into the pension system for
people who have reached retirement age but had not made contributions into the system for
the required number of years to be able to retire.
2.7.1.2. Retirement Mobility Law N°26,417. (Ley de Movilidad Jubilatoria (Ley N°26.417)) / Provisional
Inclusion (Moratorium) Program (Programa de Inclusión Previsional o Moratoria)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Retirement Mobility Law N°26,417. (Ley de Movilidad Jubilatoria (Ley N°26.417)) /Provisional
Inclusion (Moratorium) Program (Programa de Inclusión Previsional o Moratoria)
Start date
October 2008
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Retirees and Pensioners
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
The law has resulted in sustained increases in pensions and retirement benefits
Comments
The intent of this law is to guarantee retiree benefits increases. The law established two
annual adjustments to the amount of retirement funds and pensions tied to changes in
provisional income and salaries.
2.7.1.3. Changes in Benefit Levels And/or Coverage of Cash Family Benefits / Universal Child
Allowance (Asignación Universal Por Hijo -Auh-)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Changes in benefit levels and/or coverage of cash family benefits/ Universal Child Allowance
(Asignación Universal por Hijo -AUH-)
Start date
October 2009
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The target population includes children and adolescents from unemployed families, families
working in the informal sector, and domestic workers in which income is below the threshold
set by the Minimum Living Wage.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Beneficiaries include 1.804.850 million famillies and 3.273.472 million minors (under 18
years of age). Coverage has been extended from the contributive (social security) system,
increasing the level of coverage from 46 % of minors to 75 percent. Transfer payments from
the non-contributive system are equal to those from the contributive system.
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Comments
It is an extension of the family allowances scheme of the contributory system to persons not
covered under that system.
It was created for children and adolescents from unemployed families, families working in
the informal sector, and domestic workers earning less than the minimum wage. The AUH
provides a monthly cash allowance, subject to health and school attendance checks. Beginning
May 2011, coverage is extended to pregnant women in the informal economy.
From July 2011 through June 2012 (the most recent annual period for which data are available),
the AUH represented 0.5 % of GDP.
2.7.1.4. Changes in Coverage of Social Assistance Programmes/ Increase Access to Non-Contributive
Pensions (Increase Coverage)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Changes in coverage of social assistance programmes/ Increase access to non-contributive
pensions (increase coverage)
Start date
2008
End Date
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Target population is families with more than 7 children, and/or persons with disabilities.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Between 2008 and 2012 approximately 500,000 people with disabilities became eligible for
the program and began receiving benefits, representing a 166 % increase in coverage. About
60 % of families with more than 7 children are covered.
Comments
Monetary transfers to vulnerable persons and/or households.
2.7.1.5. Health/ Birth Plan (Plan Nacer)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Health/ Birth Plan (Plan Nacer)
Start date
Begun in 2005 in the north provinces and extended to the rest of the country in 2007.
End Date
2012
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The target population includes uninsured mothers during pregnancy and up to 45 days after
delivery, as well as children under the age of six.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
As of the middle of 2012, coverage had been provided to 1.9 million beneficiaries.
Comments
The goal of the program was to reduce maternal and infant mortality/morbidity rates by
providing insurance for maternity and infancy services.
http://www.plannacer.msal.gov.ar/index.php/contents/detail/datos-nacionales-de-gestion.
2.7.1.6. Health/ Sumar Plan (Plan Sumar)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Health/ Sumar Plan (Plan Sumar)
Start date
2012
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
In addition to children under 6 years of age, this plan targeted children and adolescents aged
6 – 19, as well as women up to 64 years of age without social security.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
The importance of this program is derived from the change in the program logic from
traditional, budget-based financing to a results-based financing. Resources are distributed
according to the beneficiaries that capture the effectors of Health (hospitals, maternity
hospitals, community centers, units primary care, etc.) and the achievement of objectives.
The funds are used for equipment, infrastructure, human resources and other inputs. This
program is also closely related to the AUH, as children under 6 must be inscribed in the AUH
to participate in this program.
Comments
Expansion of the Birth Plan to new population groups to reach even more people and cover
more services by keeping the focus on results.
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2.7.2.China
The Chinese government attaches great importance to the build-up of social security system, and regards it as important features and
key indicators of a harmonious society, having decided that a social security system covering people in both rural and urban areas would
be established. There has been a remarkable progress in China’s social security system in recent years. A social insurance framework
including such five kinds of insurance schemes as the basic pension, medical, unemployment, work injury and maternity insurance
covering workers in urban areas has been set up, and a pension system and new type cooperative medical system covering people in
rural areas are gradually taking shape.
The coverage of social insurance has been widened. The state has enacted the Social Insurance Law, and revised the Regulations on
Work-related Injury Insurance. China has realized full coverage of basic old-age insurance and basic medical care for both urban and
rural residents. By the end of March 2013, the number of participants covered under the pension, medical, unemployment, work injury
and maternity insurances for people in urban areas reached 305.52 million, 552.77 million, 157.35 million, 188.24 million and 154.45
million respectively. Old-age insurance of various types now covers 790 million people, with 130.75 million senior urban and rural
residents receiving pensions on a monthly basis. On average, basic old-age pension for each enterprise retiree has been raised from 700
yuan in 2004 to 1,721 yuan per month now. Medical insurance of various types covers over 1.3 billion persons, among whom over 800
million have access to the new rural cooperative medical insurance. Now 189.93 million people have access to national work-related
injury insurance, an increase of 12.97 million people as compared with 2011, among whom 71.73 million people are migrant workers. In
addition, 152.25 million people are covered by unemployment insurance, an increase of 9.08 million people over 2011, and 154.45 million
people are covered by maternity insurance, an increase of 15.53 million people over 2011. China has established a comprehensive system
of pooling funds for old-age insurance at the provincial level, implemented the transfer of basic pension accounts across provinces,
basically realizing the orderly transfer of pension accounts for all that have participated in basic old-age insurance, including migrant
workers. A linkage mechanism has also been established between the standard of unemployment insurance allowances and the inflation
level. The government subsidies for the new rural cooperative medical system and basic medical insurance for urban residents have been
raised by six times in 2012. The medical treatment cost of inpatients covered by urban employees’ medical insurance, urban residents’
medical insurance and the new rural cooperative medical insurance has been raised to over 75 percent, over 70 percent and around 75
percent, respectively, with the payment cap raised to over six times of a local employee’s average annual wage, over six times of a local
resident’s per-capita disposable income and over eight times of the average annual per-capita net income of farmers, and no less than
60,000 yuan, covering both outpatient and inpatient services. In 2012 while introducing pilot medical care programs for eight serious
diseases such as uremia and childhood leukemia, the state also listed 12 other serious diseases such as lung cancer, esophagus cancer
and gastric cancer into the pilot medical care programs, with the maximum reimbursement rate reaching 90 percent.
Citizens’ right on social assistance is better protected. In terms of providing subsistence allowances, the state has issued a number of
regulatory documents such as the Opinions of the State Council on Further Strengthening and Improving Work in Relation to Subsistence
Allowances, and Measures for Examination and Approval of Subsistence Allowances (Trial). In 2012 the central finance appropriated 87.5
billion yuan as funds for the urban and rural subsistence allowances, an increase of 16.8 percent over 2011. By the end of 2012, there
were altogether 21.425 million urban recipients and 53.41 million rural recipients of subsistence allowances. The average payment for
urban and rural recipients is up 31.5 percent and 47.3 percent, respectively, over 2010. There were altogether 5.459 million rural people
enjoying the five guarantees (food, clothing, medical care, housing and burial expenses) across the country, with those living in nursing
homes receiving an average of 4,061 yuan per person per year, and those living on their own an average of 3,008 yuan per person per
year, up 37.6 percent and 43.1 percent, respectively, over 2010.
The development of social insurance should move along the direction of diversification, multiple pillars, and multiple forms. The
diversification of the social security system calls for the system to take into policy consideration of the characteristics of the groups of
urban employees, rural residents and migrant workers etc. The multiple forms of the schemes calls for meeting the needs of informal
employees, civil servants, schools teachers, urban jobless residents etc. The multiple pillars structure requires the development of basic
social insurance, supplementary insurance, commercial insurance and social assistance schemes.
China will keep up its efforts to improve its basic pension insurance and medical insurance schemes, which are to combine social pooling
with individual accounts. China also encourages enterprises with favourable financial conditions to set up their occupational pension
schemes. Pension reform for public institutions will also be promoted. Social security for all categories of workers in urban areas should
be achieved. Therefore, the Chinese government also plans to gradually expand the rural old-age insurance, minimum living standard
guarantee system in rural areas and enterprise pension coverage, while achieving new rural cooperative medical insurance coverage, and
gradually narrow the gap between urban and rural social security benefits, so as to better safeguard the principles of fairness and justice
in social security.
2.7.2.1. Social Security Coverage Extension Project
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Social Security Coverage Extension Project
Start date
06 – 30 – 2009
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
All people
millions of beneficiaries every year
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
All the schemes extend the coverage, especially medical insurance.
Comments
Extension of social security coverage to all people in China by the year 2020.
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2.7.3.France
In France, all residents benefit from the social security health insurance, which pays about 75 % of health spendings. Complementary
health insurances cover about 14 %. But a minority of workers, especially in small businesses, do not benefit from such a complementary
health insurance.
The social partner’s agreement on reforming the Labor Market, which has just been translated into a law (14 June 2013) will extend the
coverage of complementary health insurance and insure all workers benefit from such a coverage. To that effect, negotiations between
the social partners of the different professional branches will take place, in order to allow all employees gain access to group additional
health coverage They will leave a period of 18 months for companies to comply with their treaty obligations, but in any case, these
agreements shall enter into force within the companies concerned no later than 1 January 2016. Funding for this cover health care costs
will be shared between employees and employers.
In addition, there will be a portability of complementary health insurance coverage for the unemployed.
Agreement on an Ambitious Reform of the French Labour Market
The concept of "flexicurity" is at the centre of the recent agreement between the social partners on reforming the French labour market.
The agreement introduces important breakthroughs that will significantly improve the functioning of the labour market.
The reform should also be seen as a success in terms of the method used, namely the decision to give priority to social dialogue, along
the lines presented by the Government at the Social conference on the 9th of July. The method was a success in that it allowed strong
social and political ownership of the reform. The Government allowed the negotiation to cover a broad set of issues, ranging from short-term
contracts to health insurance. These risks paid off: all employers’ organisations, as the well as a majority of trade unions, are expected to
sign the agreement.
The reform is also a historical achievement, in the sense that negotiations over such a broad agenda had not taken place since 1984.
The social partners' agreement has just been translated into a law ( 14 June 2013). It will pave the way towards future consensual and
ambitious structural reforms.
The agreement entails more flexibility on the labour market, more security both for firms and employees, while at the same time tackling
the problem of market segmentation.
1. The agreement enhances the competitiveness and the flexibility of the French economy thanks to the forthcoming "majority agreements"
to preserve jobs, which will be at the firms level. This is a structural innovation since the firm is recognized as the fundamental centre
of decision. These firm-level majority agreements will allow wages and working hours to adjust, on a temporary basis (with a renewable
timeframe of maximum 2 years), when economic circumstances make these adjustments necessary. Mobility of workers within companies
will be favoured. Companies will be able to dismiss employees who refuse mobility proposals, without it being considered an economic
dismissal, thereby reducing costs borne by the firms.
2. The agreement enhances security and predictability for firms and employees:
a. For firms, more predictability on collective lay-off procedures: the procedure for collective dismissals will be more flexible and will be
accelerated ("jobs preservation plans" or "plans de sauvegarde de l’emploi"). For judiciary procedures, the statutory prescription will be
shortened and a maximum scale for compensation will be introduced for ex ante conciliation.
b. For employees, better protection of workers rather that jobs, thanks to enhanced portability of rights: personal training accounts,
"rechargeable rights" to unemployment insurance, compulsory complementary health insurance, and portable rights in case of professional
mobility. Further negotiations on part-time unemployment schemes should allow simplifications and a merging of the existing schemes;
periods of inactivity will also be more strongly oriented towards training.
3. The agreement decreases labour market segmentation. There was broad consensus on the view that the French labour market was too
segmented. On top of the aforementioned elements in favour of mobility and hiring, the objective will be to spur the use of permanent
contracts ("contrats à durée indéterminée") as the main type of work contract. Employers contributions related to unemployment insurance
will be increased for short term contracts that do not turn into permanent contracts. At the same time, these same contributions will be
reduced for young workers hired on permanent contracts.
The agreement is therefore:
– Comprehensive: all the issues mentioned in the orientations document prepared by the Government have been covered extensively,
unlike previous negotiations which too often led to limited adjustments despite high ambitions at the start of the negotiations;
– Balanced: by drawing a win-win agreement, for firms which need more judiciary security and procedures that allow quick adjustments
to face evolving market environments, and for employees who seek better protection of their jobs and careers.
The agreement is a direct answer to the country-specific recommendation that the Council addressed to France on the 6th of July 2012 ,
since it tackles labour market segmentation, and reviews the employment protection legislation, in particular as regards dismissals. It
exemplifies the virtuous cycle between national and European economic governance.
Lastly, the agreement is fully in line with the economic policy strategy defined by the Government:
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– at national level
•
full respect of budgetary commitments,
•
increased competitiveness through a decrease in labour cost for firms decided in the national compact for growth, competitiveness
and jobs ("Pacte national pour la croissance, la compétitivité et l’emploi"),
•
a comprehensive reform of the labour market;
– at European level:
•
full implementation of the Compact for growth and jobs,
•
full implementation of the Treaty on stability, coordination and governance in the EMU, particularly through the creation of an
independent budgetary committee ("Haut conseil des finances publiques"),
•
work towards better foundations for the EMU.
Implementation of a Personal Training Account (art. 5 of the Interprofessional – National – Agreement on Job Securisation)
This Interprofessional-National- Agreement (INA) on labour market reforms signed by the social partners in January 2013, creates
important breakthroughs that will significantly improve the functioning of the French labour market. The agreement leads to a smoother
functioning of the labour market, with more security for both firms and employees, while diminishing market segmentation. Among the
measures taken through this agreement, it creates new individual rights for securing career path of the workers such as personal training
accounts described below. The INA has been transcribed in a draft law which has been presented to the council of Ministers on March 6th
and will be discussed by the Parliament in the next days.
Description of the personal training account:
•
Objectives: To improve the participation of all workers in lifelong learning including in the transition period between two jobs
•
Expected outcome: Improve the participation of the low qualified workers and of the workers in SME’s in LLL.
•
Description of the measure: This personal account of training is universal (everyone has a personal account of training upon entering
the labor market until its retirement), individual (employee or applicant for employment) and fully transferable (the person keeps
the same account throughout his career). It will replace the individual right to training which is not so effective (mobilized by 6,4 %
of employees in 2010).
The implementation of the personal training account will start 6 months after the entry into force of the INA. A new law on LLL and
apprenticeships has been announced for the end of the year: this law will deal with the details of the functioning of this new personal
right to training.
Job for the Future (Emplois D’avenir)
Youth participation in the labour market has been declared by the President of Republic and its Government as the first priority of his
mandate.
Description of the Job for the future:
•
Objectives: Jobs for the future is a response to the specific difficulties encountered by the young people between 16 and 25 years
old, with few or no formal qualifications and who are jobseekers. Their aim is to offer employment solutions and open the door to
qualifications in order to promote employability. These jobs are primarily created in the non-profit sector for activities of recognised
social value (green sector, personal services, social sector…).
•
Expected outcomes: permanency in the job created; acquisition of skills providing young people with new prospects in an activity
for the future; resumption of studies, usually in alternate schemes. This pathway to success relies on a strong commitment from
employers in terms of mentoring and organising training activities with a view to the acquisition of qualifications. It is also founded
on strengthened guidance at all stages of the pathway ensured largely by the "Missions locales" (PES for young people). 100 000 job
for the future are expected to be created in 2013, and 50 000 jobs in 2014 (total of 150 000 jobs).
•
Description of the measures :
The contract will be permanent or a fixed term contract from 1 to 3 years and will be a full time job. The state financial aid represents
75 % of the gross salary at the level of the French minimum wage for employer from the non-profit sector (and 35 % for the profit sector).
This new programme is based on, the one hand, a strengthened guidance of the young by the "Missions locales" during all the time of the
contract and even after its termination and, on the other hand, on strong commitments for the employers towards the mentoring of the
young. In that sense, this is less a classical "subsidized job" than a measure of strengthened activation of the young people facing various
difficulties (low or no qualification, leaving in areas with high unemployment rate…).
The employers are selected by the Missions locales. The employer’s commitments must specify the organisational arrangements for
the planned working hours to enable the completion of training activities. These training activities promote the acquisition of basic and
transferable skills that will grant the person benefiting from the job for the future access to a higher qualification level.
To launch the jobs for the future, the French government is pledging 2.3 billion euros for the next three years to finance them. The Law of
26 October 2012 entered into force on 1 January 2013.
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Generation Contracts
The Government has asked social partners to negotiate a national inter-sectoral agreement on certain aspects of the "Generation
contract", with two goals: to enable youth to find sustainable, lasting jobs and to retain older workers in jobs.
This initiative encompasses in-company age management programmes, transferring skills, adjusting the approach to different company
sizes, and negotiations in companies and industry sectors. The social partners reached a unanimous agreement in one and a half months,
in October 2012. A law was passed in February 2012 to retranscribe the agreement faithfully.
Description of the Generation contracts :
•
Objectives: This new measure is a tool for age management in the private companies aiming at anticipating the renewal of skills
while supporting the hiring of young people and preserving the employment of older workers. This measure aims at increasing
employment rates of young people and older workers.
•
Expected outcomes:
reshape the way companies regard employees and recognise their skills, whatever their age.
This will also sharpen their competitive edge. Generation contracts target all youths in all private-sector companies.
The Government’s goal is to build momentum, rekindle young people’s hopes, and build on experienced of older employees’.
Those Generation contracts have just been implemented (March 2013). All companies and all young people, regardless of their skill
level, are eligible. Target: the signature of 500,000 contracts in the next five years, which would involve a million people in total,
since each generation contract involves the recruitment of a person younger than 26 years combined with the employment of a
worker of 57 years or older. In 2013, the government expects a projected cost of 141 million € for 85 000 contracts.
•
Description of the measures :
The major innovation of this measure is that the scheme of the measure depends on the firm’s size:
- For companies with 300 or more employees: they have until 30/11/2013 to conclude an agreement or file a plan of action on the contract
generation, under penalty (capped at 1 % of payroll or higher amount to 10% of the amount of employer contributions exemptions of the
company);
- For companies with less than 300 employees, a financial incentive with the delivery of a state grant supports the initiative. This state
support is substancial: it will represent the order of € 2,000 per year for a full-time job for a young person and for the continued
employment or hiring of an older employee. This leads to a total amount of € 4,000 per year and € 12 000 on the maximum aid (3 years).
- Companies with 50 to 300 employees will have access to this State grant if they negotiate a company agreement or, failing that, if they
elaborate an action plan or, alternatively, are covered by a sectorial agreement.
- Companies with fewer than 50 employees will have access to this financial state grant without any obligation to negociate due to the
difficulty to achieve it. The grant will be paid by the Pôle Emploi ( main PES operator). The practical arrangements for the guidance of
the young employee (skills transfer) will be flexible and pragmatic and based on the kind of mentoring between the young and older
employee.
These generation contracts will be based on agreements between the social partners (labour unions and employers), rather than action
plans unilaterally mapped out by the latter. They will need to be based on an accurate analysis of the situation of young and older
employees in each company. Companies with more than 300 people will additionally be required to circulate a document tracking and
assessing their efforts to honour their commitments.
2.7.4.India
2.7.4.1. Social Protection: Mahatma Gandhi NREGA
Policy Domain/Activity (program)
name
Social Protection: Mahatma Gandhi NREGA
Start date
Revamped in 2009
End Date
Ongoing as of May 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Rural people – semi skilled or unskilled- willing to do public work related unskilled manual
work at the statutory minimum wage
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Out of total a outlay of Rs. 33,000 crore approved for 2012-13, Rs.25,894.03 crore has been
released and the total fund available with the states including the opening balance of
Rs.10,009.09 crore is Rs. 41,788.74 crore. Of this, Rs. 28,073.51 crore has been utilized and
about 4.39 crore households have been provided employment of 156.01 crore person days
of which 82.58 crore (53 per cent) have been availed of by women, 34.56 crore (22 per cent)
SCs, and 24.90 crore (16 per cent) by STs.
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Comments
Operational in 626 districts of the country, it is one of the most radical schemes of the
government in the last decade. It now provides employment to 25 per cent of India’s rural
households.
2.7.4.2. Social Protection: Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)/Right to Education (RTE)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Social Protection: Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)/Right to Education (RTE)
Start date
April, 2010
End Date
Ongoing as of May 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Providing useful and relevant elementary education to all children of the age group 6 – 14
years.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
The achievements are as follows: opened of 3,34,340 new primary and upper primary schools,
Completed construction of 2,84,032 school buildings, 16,42,867 additional classrooms,
2,17,820. provided drinking water facilities and 6,18,089 toilets, supplied free textbooks
to 8.32 crore children, made appointment of 12.46 lakh teachers, and imparted in-service
training to 18.64 lakh teachers. Significant reduction in the number of out-of-school children
on account of SSA interventions.
Comments
2.7.4.3. Social Protection& Skill Development/ National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)- This is
known as Aajeevika
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Social Protection& Skill Development/ National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)- This is
known as Aajeevika.
Start date
June
2011
End Date
Ongoing as of May 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
To cover 7 Crore BPL households, across 600 districts, 6000 blocks, 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats
and 6 lakh villages in the country through Self Help Groups and federated institutions and
support them for livelihoods collectives in a period of 8-10 years.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
42.05 lakh SHGs have been formed, of which approximately 60 per cent are women SHGs.
Total investment is Rs. 42,168.42 crore comprising Rs. 28,824.53 crore as credit and Rs.
13,343.89 crore as subsidy. Approximately 168.46 lakh persons have been assisted with bank
credit and subsidy.
Comments
Ministry of Rural Development is the nodal Ministry responsible for the implementation of
this programme.
2.7.4.4. Social Protection: Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Social Protection: Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY)
Start date
April 2008
End Date
Ongoing as of May 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
BPL families in the unorganized sector
The scheme provides smart card-based cashless health insurance cover of Rs. 30,000 per
family per annum on a family floater basis.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
As on date the scheme is being implemented in 27 states/ UTs with more than3.48 crore
smart cards were issued and more than 5 lack have availed hospitalization facility under the
scheme. Budget estimate for 2012 – 13 was 1,100 crore.
Comments
In some of the Indian states local government institutions are involved in the identification
of the beneficiaries.
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2.7.4.5. Social Protection: Rashtriya Mahila Kosh - (RMK-National Credit Fund for Women)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Social Protection: Rashtriya Mahila Kosh – (RMK-National Credit Fund for Women)
Start date
Restructured in 2009 – 10
End Date
Ongoing as of May 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The RMK provides micro-credit in a quasi-informal manner, lending to intermediate
micro-credit organizations across states. It focuses on poor women and their empowerment
through the provision of credit for livelihood-related activities.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
From its inception in 1993 till 31 December 2012, the RMK has sanctioned loans worth Rs.
349.95 crore and released Rs. 286.61 crore covering over 7.27 lakh Women beneficiaries..
RMK mainly channelizes its support through non-government organizations/voluntary
agencies; women’s development corporations; cooperative societies; state government
agencies like DRDA; SHGs formed under Swayamsiddha/Swa-Shakti and non-profit making
companies
The main objective of RMK under the Ministry of Women and Child Development is to
provide micro-credit to poor women for various livelihood support and income generating
activities at concessional terms in a client-friendly procedure to bring about their
socio-economic development. It acts as a wholesaling apex organization for
channelizing funds from government and donors to retailing intermediate microfinance
organizations (IMOs). It develops the supply side of the micro finance market by offering institution
building support to new and existing-but-inexperienced IMOs by structures of incentives,
transfers of technology, training of staff and other non-financial services.The principal corpus has
increased to Rs.100.00 Crore by 2009-10. The RMK is restructured as a NBFC with a corpus of
Rs.500.00 crore in 2012.
2.7.4.6. Social Protection: Aam Admi Bima Yojana (AABY) Janashree Bima Yogana (JBY)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Social Protection: Aam Admi Bima Yojana (AABY) Janashree Bima Yogana (JBY)
Start date
Oct.2007
August,2000
End Date
Ongoing as of May 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
The scheme extends life and disability cover to persons between the ages of 18 and 59
years living below and marginally above the poverty line under 47 identified vocational/
occupational groups, including 'rural landless households'
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
A total of 289.94 lakh lives under the JBY and 178.67 lakh lives under the AABY had been
covered till December 2012
Comments
It provided insurance cover of a sum of Rs.30,000 on natural death, Rs.75,000 on death due to
accident, Rs.37,500 for partial permanent disability due to accident, and Rs. 75,000 on death
or total permanent disability due to accident. The scheme also provides an add-on benefit
of scholarship of Rs.100 per month per child paid on half-yearly basis to a maximum of two
Comments
children per member studying in Classes 9 to 12 (including ITI courses). The annual premium
payable per member is Rs.200, of which 50 % shall be paid by the Central Government and the
remaining 50 % by the State Government.
Creation of a fund of Rs.1000 crore will be operated by LIC for meeting the liability of Central
Government towards its share of premium payment. As per the National Sample Survey, the
number of rural landless households in the country is 1.5 crore. It is expected that approx.
70 to 80 lakh of rural landless households would be covered under the scheme requiring an
expenditure of Rs.70-80 crore by the Central Government towards its share of 50% premium.
With an 8 % per annum return expected on the Rs.1000 crore fund, the amount would be
sufficient to meet the liability of premium payment. A separate Rs.500 crore fund was created
for the purpose of providing scholarships to children of beneficiaries. This will make available
Rs.40 crore for the full year at 8% per annum return. This amount would suffice for the
coverage of 3,33,000 children of the beneficiaries.
This Scheme would extend the benefit of life insurance coverage as well as coverage of partial
and permanent disability to the head of the family or an earning member of the family of rural
landless households in the States and also educational assistance to their children studying
from 9th to 12th standard as an extended benefit.
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2.7.4.7. Social Protection & Skill Development: Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Social Protection & Skill Development: Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)
Start date
April 2009
End Date
Ongoing as of May 2013
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Employment to the Urban unemployed and underemployed people.
The scheme encourages urban people to set up self-employment ventures or creating wage
employment opportunities.
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
The annual budgetary allocation for the year 2012 – 13 is Rs.838 crore and of this Rs. 516.77
crore is released up to March 2013. A total of 4,06,947 people are benefited from this scheme
during 2012 – 13
Comments
Funding under SJSRY is shared between the Centre and the States in the ratio of 75:25. For
Special Category States this ratio is 90:10 between the Centre and States.
The key objective of the Scheme is to provide gainful employment to the urban unemployed
or underemployed through the setting up of self-employment ventures or provision of wage
employment. Skill development and training programmes will enable the urban poor to have
access to employment opportunities opened up by the market or undertake self-employment.f
The Scheme has five major components, namely- Urban Self Employment Programme (USEP),
Urban Women Self-help Programme (UWSP), Skill Training for Employment Promotion
amongst Urban Poor (STEP-UP), Urban Wage Employment Programme (UWEP), and Urban
Community Development Network (UCDN).
At the Central level, up to 3 % of the total Scheme allocation is retained by the Ministry of
Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation for Information, Education and Communication (IEC)
activities, including support to National Core Group on Urban Poverty, research & capacity
building activities under the National Programme on Capacity Building for Urban Poverty
Alleviation, development of training modules, materials and activity-based support to resource
centres.
2.7.5.Mexico
2.7.5.1. Estrategia Para La Atención De Los Jornaleros Agrícolas Y Sus Familias [Strategy for the
Attention of Agricultural Workers And Their Families]
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Estrategia para la atención de los jornaleros agrícolas y sus familias [Strategy for the Attention
of Agricultural Workers and their Families]
Start date
Created in 2007
End Date
Current
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
From 2010 to 2013, 27 State Coordinating Groups were established in states with a significant
presence of Agricultural Workers.
In 2012, a total of 201 meetings were held in order to implement the aforementioned strategy
and to strengthen the National Program of Federal Inspection in Agricultural Fields
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
(Programa Nacional de Inspección Federal a Campos Agrícolas). The meetings also resulted in the
implementation of the National System of Migrant School Control (SINACEM) and increased
the membership rate of Agricultural Temporary Workers into the Mexican Social Security
Institute, among other actions.
Comments
The STPS promotes and leads interagency coordination to bring effective attention of the
agricultural workers to the topics of: Normativity and Inspection, Safety and Social Welfare,
Education, Integration of information, and Promoting Development.
2.7.5.2. Policy for the Prevention of Child Labor and the Protection of Underage Workers, According to
the Legal Age Allowed by the Federal Labor Law
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Policy for the prevention of child labor and the protection of underage workers, according to
the legal age allowed by the Federal Labor Law
Start date
Created in 2007
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End Date
Current
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Children under 14 and teenagers legally allowed to work.
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
For the first time, Mexico released in 2011 the first results of a set of information on child labor,
called the "Módulo de Trabajo Infantil", which forms part of the National Survey on Occupation
and Employment (ENOE). This module offers comparable data on a nationwide or state basis.
In 2012, we were able to compile the listing of "Trabajos peligrosos e insalubres, prohibidos
para menores trabajadores" or Dangerous and unsanitary jobs, forbidden for under legal age
workers.
That same year, STPS were able to come up with clauses to be used in collective bargain
agreements with employing organizations and trade unions. These clauses are for the
prevention of child labor, by disallowing organizations to hire children less than 14 years
of age, and they also serve to promote respect for the laws concerned with the hiring of
underage workers between the ages of 14 and 17.
As regards workplace inspections, the number of available places for Federal inspectors was
increased so as to have the enough amount to guarantee the prompt evaluation and resolution
of inspection reports. There are currently 776 federal inspectors’ jobs and 60 professional in
inspection’s jobs.
As part of the improvements achieved, child employment decreased by 10.5% by 2011, the
equivalent to 136 children. It is estimated that this decrease is the result of public policies
such as scholarships granted to children in all the country.
By 2013, the interinstitutional coordination strategy was strengthened by a multipartite
participation system (various levels of government, employers, trade unions and CSOs); with
the goal of preventing and eradicating child labor, as well as protecting legal underage
workers.
Comments
This effort aims to prevent and eradicate child labor, and enhance the protection of children
legally allowed to work, according to the national and international legal frameworks and
with a human rights’ perspective
2.7.6.Saudi Arabia
2.7.6.1. Hafiz
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Hafiz
Start date
Dec 2011
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Providing financial and employment support to unemployed in Saudi Nationals, all
unemployed between 20 and 35 targeted
Going forward, extension of support target groups is envisioned
Result achieved (for completed activities
as of the end date and for ongoing
activities as of 2013 March)
Peak number of beneficiaries (month): 1.4m Saudis
Eligibility assessed of ~5m citizens
Comments
Hafiz is Saudi Arabia's unemployment assistance program, run by the Human Resource
Development Fund (HRDF).
Comments
It provides up to 2000 SAR/month financial assistance to job seekers and offer a broad range
of placement services (e.g. Job placement centers, Taqat online job platform), as well as
up-skilling services to job seekers across the Kingdom.
Eligibility criteria for the program include
• Saudi National (or NSFSM)
• Age between 20 and 35
• Saudi Resident
• Unemployed
• Not be eligible for pension
• Not be involved in commercial activity
• Not sponsoring any non-Saudi
• Not in full-time education
• Waiting period after obtaining qualification
• Able to work
• Has no fixed-income greater than benefits received
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2.7.6.2. Takaful
Policy Domain/Activity (program) name
Takaful
Start date
End Date
Ongoing
Result planned
(target group, number of beneficiaries)
Result achieved (for completed
activities as of the end date and for
ongoing activities as of 2013 March)
Comments
This program aims to help orphans and students in need for financial assistance along their
studies.
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3. THE MOST SUCCESSFUL ACTIVITIES
AND THE MOST CHALLENGING TASKS DURING 2010 - 2013
3.1. Job Creation
3.1.1.Brazil
3.1.1.1.Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) - Phase 2
Policy Domain
Investments and Job Creation
Name of programme, main aim
Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) - Phase 2
Date of phase in
Main target group
Investments in infrastructure and other initiatives
Number of beneficiaries
Budgetary cost over full year
R$239 Billion (annual average for the 4 year of the program)
Other observations
The Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES) plays a fundamental role as the financial agent of
the investment projects within the scope of the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC). Launched
in January 2007, the PAC is aimed at accelerating economic growth, increasing the number of
jobs and improving the standards of living for the Brazilian population. The program consists
of a set of measures aimed at boosting private investments, increasing public investment
in infrastructure and removing bureaucratic, administrative, normative, legal and legislative
obstacles to growth.
Brasil Maior Plan
Another initiative is the Brasil Maior Plan (PBM), announced in August 2011, which
joins and articulates the Federal Government’s industrial policy efforts for the
2011-2014 period, with a focus on stimulus to innovation and competitiveness of the
Brazilian industry. The plan aims at sustained gains in labor productivity. The PBM
continues advances obtained through the Industrial, Technological and Foreign Trade
Policy (PITCE) (2003 - 2007) and the Production Development Policy (PDP) (2008 - 2010).
This legacy includes formulating and implementing systemic and sectorial
policies, especially within the context of reacting to the damaging effects
of the international financial crisis, which are the cases of the Investment
Maintenance Program (PSI) and tax incentives on fixed assets and durable goods.
The institutional aspects are also noteworthy, and relate to the State’s mobilization capacity,
its interaction with the business sector and society, and the establishment of follow-up
and assessment structures for implemented policies. The PBM integrates instruments from
several Federal Government ministries and agencies, whose initiatives and programs are
joined in an integrated and comprehensive effort to foster national production as well as
generating jobs and income in the country.
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Other observations
The plan established an initial set of 35 measures, especially of a systemic nature, which
will be supplemented throughout the 2011 - 2014 period, based on the dialog with the
production sector. The following are highlighted:tax relief for investments and exports;
•
tax exemption for payroll in key sectors of the economy;
•
expansion and simplification of financing for investments and exports;
•
increase in resources for innovation;
•
improvement of the innovation regulatory framework;
•
stimulus to the growth of micro and small businesses;
•
strengthening of commercial defense;
•
creation of special regimes to add value and technology in production sectors; and
•
Regulation of the governmental purchasing law to stimulate the country’s production
and innovation.
3.1.2.China
3.1.2.1.Employment Promotion for College Graduates Program
Policy Domain
Job Creation
Name of programme, main aim
Employment Promotion for College Graduates Program
Date of phase in
2006 – ongoing
Main target group
Number of beneficiaries
More than 6.0 million annually in the last three years.
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
Most successful activities: college graduate entrepreneurship training.
3.1.2.2.Employment Promotion Program for Rural Migrant Workers
Policy Domain
Job Creation
Name of programme, main aim
Employment promotion program for rural migrant workers
Date of phase in
2005 – ongoing
Main target group
Rural migrant workers
Number of beneficiaries
260 million
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
Most successful activities: protection of the legitimate rights of the rural migrant workers.
3.1.2.3.Reducing fhe Burden on Enterprises to Stabilize Employment
Policy Domain
Job Creation
Name of programme, main aim
Reducing the burden on enterprises to stabilize employment
Date of phase in
1/1/2009 – 31/12/2011.
Main target group
Enterprises affected seriously by the crisis
Number of beneficiaries
Tens of thousand enterprises
Budgetary cost over full year
More than 20 billion Yuan
Other observations
Most successful activities: reduction of social security contribution.
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3.1.2.4.Employment Promotion Against Crisis Program
Policy Domain
Job Creation
Name of programme, main aim
Employment Promotion against Crisis Program
Date of phase in
01/01/2009 – 31/12/2012
Main target group
Macro-economic stimulus for employment
Number of beneficiaries
Millions of workers
Budgetary cost over full year
4 trillion Yuan.
Other observations
Most successful activities: inflation rise in 2010.
3.1.3.Indonesia
3.1.3.1.Labor Intensive Program and Infrastructure/ Temporary Job Creation Through Village
Infrastructure in 414 Regencies/Municipalities
Policy Domain
Job Creation
Name of programme, main aim
Labor intensive program and infrastructure/ Temporary job creation through infrastructure in
414 regencies/municipalities
Date of phase in
January – December 2012
Main target group
Number of the unemployed that have temporary work (village Infrastructure of labour intensive)
(90.200 persons)
Number of beneficiaries
105.037 persons in 358 Districts/Cities
Budgetary cost over full year
Budget support for the implementation of Productive Labor
Rp. 117 600 000 000, Intensive Infrastructure of Rp. 48.96 billion, – Spread in 360 districts / cities but can only carry
358 districts / City
Other observations
Activities Productive and Infrastructure is a national priority activities and considered as a
successful achievement in 2012.
The problems arising in these activities are that the distance from the district / city or province
to project location is very long. Thus longer duration of the implementation of the activities
is required
3.1.4.Japan
3.1.4.1.Creation of New Employment Opportunities in Areas Including Long-Term Care, Medicine,
Agriculture and Forestry, Environment and Energy, and Also Promote Fostering of Human Resources
Based on Local Needs
Policy Domain
Job Creation
Name of programme, main aim
Creation of new employment opportunities in a number of areas including long-term care,
medicine, agriculture and forestry, environment and energy, along with the promotion of
fostering of human resources based on local needs.
Date of phase in
FY2010
Main target group
Fields of agriculture, and forestry, environmental and energy, nursing care and medical care,
etc.
Number of beneficiaries
Creating employment for 198,000 people by FY2011.
Budgetary cost over full year
430 billion yen was budgeted in total for the project from FY 2009 to FY2012.
Other observations
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3.1.5.Mexico
3.1.5.1.Inclusion in the Job Market Of People in Vulnerable Situation / Red Nacional De Vinculación
Laboral [National Labor Linking Network] (the Most Challenging Tasks)20
Policy Domain
Job Creation
Name of programme, main aim
Inclusion of people in vulnerable situation in the labour market / Red Nacional de Vinculación
Laboral [National Labor Linking Network].
Date of phase in
2001
Main target group
People in vulnerable situation (People with disabilities, the elderly and people with HIV/AIDS)
Number of beneficiaries
Between 2010 and 2012 the Network has assisted 33,594 people in vulnerable situation,
16,010 women and 17,584 men. From the total 9,391 found a job.
Budgetary cost over full year
MXN $3,800,000.0020
Other observations
3.1.5.2.Employment support / Programa de Apoyo al Empleo [Employment Support Program] (the
most Challenging Tasks)
Policy Domain
Job Creation
Name of programme, main aim
Employment support/ Programa de Apoyo al Empleo [Employment Support Program]
Date of phase in
2002
Main target group
Employment seekers aged 16 years an older.
Number of beneficiaries
From 2010 to March 2013, 1,375,165 people were assisted, from which 880,612 were able to
find a job. Employability rate of 64.0 %.
Up to March 2013, 57,078 were supported and 40,436 found a job, achieving an employability
rate of 70.8 %.
Budgetary cost over full year
The resources used from 2010 to March 2013 amounted to MXN $3,476.2 million. For 2013, it
is expected to allocate MXN $1,233.9 million.
From January to March 2013, MXN $188.0 million have been spent.
Other observations
The program is focused on increasing the employability rate, linking employers with jobseekers
according to labor market requirements.
The program facilitates training courses in order to make easier the hiring in their own cities
or in other places where exist vacancies.
3.2. Labor market measures.
3.2.1.Australia
3.2.1.1.Wage Connect
Policy Domain
Labor market measures
Name of programme, main aim
Wage Connect
Helping people who are very long term unemployed transition to secure, sustainable and
ongoing employment.
Date of phase in
1 January 2012
Main target group
People who have been on income support for at least two years and with no or minimal recent
work experience.
Number of beneficiaries
Around 10,000 job seekers per annum.
20Estimated
Budget.
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Budgetary cost over full year
$A26 million on average
Other observations
Since its commencement, Wage Connect has proven to be extremely successful and has
supported over 15,500 job seekers into placements.
3.2.1.2.Priority Employment Area Initiatives
Policy Domain
Labor market measures
Name of programme, main aim
Priority Employment Area Initiatives
To drive local solutions to address local labour market issues.
Date of phase in
2008 - 09
Main target group
Focuses on disadvantaged areas in Australia.
Number of beneficiaries
N/A
Budgetary cost over full year
$A16 million (the cost of the recent one-year extension of the initiatives to 30 June 2014).
Full - year funding has varied since the initiatives were first introduced in
2008 - 09.
Other observations
First introduced in the context of the global financial crisis; the initiatives remain relevant
due to there being vulnerable regional labour markets and challenges with labour matching.
One of the main benefits is connecting local stakeholders and service providers. A formal
evaluation is yet to be completed.
Priority Employment Areas were selected using indicators such as: high unemployment,
youth unemployment, and low participation, high numbers of income support beneficiaries
and low educational attainment. These indicators are strong determinants of labour market
vulnerability and social disadvantage.
3.2.1.3.Connecting People with Jobs (Relocation Assistance Program)
Policy Domain
Labor market measures
Name of programme, main aim
Connecting People with Jobs (Relocation Assistance Program)
Date of phase in
1 January 2011 to 30 June 2013
Main target group
Unemployed people who are interested in relocating to take up a job or an apprenticeship.
Number of beneficiaries
A total number of 4,000 places were made available under the initiative to a total commitment
of $29.2 million.
Budgetary cost over full year
$A29.2 million
Other observations
The uptake for the Connecting People with Jobs initiative has been low. The consistent
feedback is that moving to a new community is a major decision.
3.2.2.China
3.2.2.1.Golden Security Project (E-INSURANCE PROJECT)
Policy Domain
Labor market measures
Name of programme, main aim
Golden Security Project (E-INSURANCE PROJECT)
Date of phase in
06-30-04 – ongoing
Main target group
Workers and jobseekers
Number of beneficiaries
About hundreds of millions every year
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
130
Most successful activities: social security information has been well connected
Most challenging tasks: in some remote areas information cannot be connected.
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3.2.3.Italy
3.2.3.1.Labour Market Reform (L. 92/2012)
Policy Domain
Labour market measures
Name of programme, main aim
Labour market reform (L. 92/2012)
Date of phase in
July 2012
Main target group
Number of beneficiaries
Budgetary cost over full year
Expected liabilities from labour market reform are 1,719 mln. of euro for 2013, 2,921 mln. of
for 2014, 2,501 mln. for 2015.
Other observations
Economic crisis is hampering reform to fully empower all its provisions.
3.2.4.Russia
3.2.4.1.6Implementation of Additional Measures to Reduce Tension on the Labour Market of
Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation
Policy Domain
Labour market measures
Name of programme, main aim
Implementation of additional measures to reduce tension at the labour market of constituent
entities of the Russian Federation.
Date of phase in
2010 – 2013
Main target group
Unemployed citizens and jobseekers, employees, including employees at risk of dismissal (idle
time, introduction of part-time work).
Number of beneficiaries
2010 – 1.9 million
2011 – 554,900
2012 – 35,000
2013 – 24,000
Budgetary cost over full year
2010 – 35.6 billion roubles
2011 – 18.1 billion roubles
2012 – 1.5 billion roubles
2013 – 1.2 billion roubles
Other observations
The implementation of additional anti-crisis measures in 2010 – 2011 had a positive impact
on the labour market of the Russian Federation.
In 2012 the labour market became more stable, figures for total and registered unemployment
reached indices of the pre-crisis period and even declined slightly.
According to data from Rosstat, in December 2012, the total number of the unemployed stood
at 4 million, total the unemployment amounted to 5.3 per cent of the economically active
population.
The overall level of registered unemployment in the Russian Federation since the beginning
of 2012 decreased from 1.7 % to 1.4 % of the economically active population.
Additional activities proposed for implementation in 2013 aimed at reducing the number of
the unemployed citizens and preventing an increase in this number in particular constituent
entites of the Russian Federation through apprenticeships for the unemployed graduates,
vocational training, retraining and internships, promoting territorial mobility and stimulating
the creation of new jobs.
3.2.5.Spain
3.2.5.1.Indefinite Contract to Support Entrepreneurs
Policy Domain
Labour market measures
Name of programme, main aim
Indefinite contract to support entrepreneurs
Date of phase in
This is a temporary measure, in force until the unemployment rate falls below 15 %.
Main target group
Companies with up to 50 workers at the time of contract or self-employed workers.
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Number of beneficiaries
77.260 contracts for entrepreneurs have been signed since the launch of the labour market
reform until December 2012.
Budgetary cost over full year
In 2012: 9.17 M€ have been spent on hiring subsidies associated with this contract. The
budget allocated to this measure in 2013 is 13M€.
Other observations
Most successful activities: the figures so far reveal an adequate use of the contract amongst the
groups that it was intended for.
Most challenging tasks: the labour market reform as a whole has been subject to monitoring
since it came into force and a thorough evaluation will be presented to Parliament. The
evaluation will cover aspects on the outcome of the new contract.
3.2.5.2.New Training and Apprenticeship Contract: Basis for Dual Vocational Training
Policy Domain
Labour market measures
Name of programme, main aim
New Training and Apprenticeship Contract: Basis for dual vocational training
Date of phase in
February 2012: the labour market reform introduced significant novelties in the design of this
contract. November 2012: regulatory developments in place. Permanent measure
Main target group
Young people 16-25 (and, until the unemployment rate falls below 15 %, those up to 30 years
of age). It may be held by all companies, whatever their size is and served by all authorised
centres or training institutions
Number of beneficiaries
60.584 contracts were signed during 2012.
Budgetary cost over full year
In 2012: 57M€. For 2013, the budget is 62M€: 42M€ for allowances for companies and 20 M€
for subsidies to cover the additional costs for public trainig centres.
Other observations
Most successful activities: the new legislation has increased the use of these contracts. There
has been a 80,2 % more in 2013 versus 2012. Particularly noteworthy is the increase by almost
115 % (March-December 2012 with respect to the same period of the previous year) amongst
those with very low levels of qualification. This reveals that the contract is being adequately
used to increase the employability of the most vulnerable groups.
Most challenging tasks: the Dual VET model will be subject to ongoing monitoring and
evaluation.Precise provisions have been designed. Two evaluations will be carried out (1st
semestre 2014 and 2nd semestre 2015). The outcome will identify challenges and areas for
improvement.
The reformed contract has set the grounds for an ambituos Strategy to implement the new
dual VET model (2013 - 2015). This Strategy has a clear roadmap and calendar. Some of its key
milestones are: 1. Ongoing reform of the professional certificates legislation (such that these
certificates respond to real market needs and new e-learning possibilities); 2. Coordination
of all the institutions involved in the VET process (centres, authorities at the regional and
national level, both from the employment and education administrations; 3. Communication
and Information campaigns; 4. Involvemnet of firms (in particular, of SMEs, for which joint
work with the Chambers of Commerce is foreseen).
3.2.6.USA
3.2.6.1.Extension of the Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC) Program
Policy Domain
Labour market measures
Name of programme, main aim
Extension of the Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC) Program
Date of phase in
06.30.08-12.28.13
Main target group
Workers unable to find work as a result of the economic downturn
Number of beneficiaries
4.0 million
Budgetary cost over full year
$29 billion
Other observations
Most successful activities: the level of benefit is more generous and the duration of benefit is
tied to the tier.
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Other observations
Most challenging tasks: states experienced significant problems in reprogramming their IT
systems when criteria for benefit entitlement were changed, and when there was a delay in
extending the EUC program.
3.2.6.2. Increase Reemployment Services (RES) and Reemployment and Eligibility Assessments (REA)
Policy Domain
Labour market measures
Name of programme, main aim
Increase Reemployment Services (RES) and Reemployment and Eligibility Assessments (REA)
Date of phase in
03.23.12 – 12.28.13
Main target group
EUC claimants
Number of beneficiaries
2.7 million
Budgetary cost over full year
$230 million - Provides funding for RES and REA activities from general revenues at $85 per
person served through FY 2013 (October 2013).
Other observations
Most successful activities: linking RES and REA to monetary benefits that EUC claimants receive
can reduce the duration of unemployment. Also, the long-term unemployed receive additional
services and assistance.
Most challenging tasks: states lack resources to provide extensive services to some underserved
EUC claimant populations. Some EUC claimants would benefit from additional services.
3.2.6.3.Promotion of Short-Time Compensation (STC) Program
Policy Domain
Labour market measures
Name of programme, main aim
Promotion of Short-Time Compensation (STC) Program.
Date of phase in
22.02.2012. Temporary federal STC program ends 5/24/2014. Federal reimbursement of STC
benefit costs ends 8/22/2015.
Main target group
Unemployed.
Number of beneficiaries
50 000
Budgetary cost over full year
$80 million
Other observations
Most successful activities: to date 10 states have been reimbursed STC benefits in the amount
of $108,178,000. Michigan has enacted a new STC program.
Most challenging tasks: to date no states are operating a Federal STC program. States are not
able to receive grant funds until their laws conform to the new definition, which typically
requires enactment of state legislation.
3.2.6.4.Expansion of Self-Employment Assistance (SEA)
Policy Domain
Labour market measures
Name of programme, main aim
Expansion of Self-Employment Assistance (SEA).
Date of phase in
Guidance issued 5/24/12. Grant funding expires 10/31/13. Program evaluation report due by
2/22/17.
Main target group
Long-term unemployed individuals who wish to establish their own businesses using
temporary income support (in lieu of receiving unemployment compensation) and access to
entrepreneurial training and services.
Number of beneficiaries
20 000
Budgetary cost over full year
$35 million for grants, $20 million for benefit payments.
Other observations
Most successful activities: U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) grants provided funding to states for
improved administration of existing, or implementation of new SEA programs. Additionally,
grants for the promotion of state SEA programs are available.
Most challenging tasks: many states are unable to continue to fund training for SEA participants.
States feel that the reporting requirements can be burdensome.
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3.2.6.5.Tax Credits for Employers that Hire Veterans with Disabilities
Policy Domain
Labour market measures
Name of programme, main aim
Tax credits for employers that hire veterans with disabilities.
Date of phase in
Applies to eligible new hires on or after 11/22/11. Applies to eligible new hires before
12/31/13.
Main target group
Unemployed military veterans.
Number of beneficiaries
34,000 applications for newly hired veterans were certified by State Workforce Agencies in
Fiscal Year 2012.
Budgetary cost over full year
The amount of tax credit ranges from $2,400 to $9,600 per veteran hired. Data is not available
for total budgetary cost since the U.S. Treasury, Internal Revenue Service (not U.S. Dept. of
Labor) tracks the WOTC dollar amounts claimed.
Other observations
Most successful activities: offering a tax credit can incentivize employers to hire an unemployed
vulnerable population.
3.3. Youth Employment
3.3.1.Brazil
3.3.1.1.Professional Apprenticeship National Plan
Policy Domain
Youth employment
Name of programme, main aim
Professional Apprenticeship National Plan
Date of phase in
Main target group
Unemployed workers aged 14 to 24 and people with disabilities.
Number of beneficiaries
Number of beneficiaries:
achieved
2010: 201.097
2011: 264.764
2012: 286.827
Planned
2013: 306.000
Budgetary cost over full year
Investments (US$):
2010: 150.000
2011: 150.000
2012: 150.000
Other observations
To meet the targets, the main challenge is to integrate the Professional Apprenticeship with
other government policies, especially skill development policies, in order to take advantage of
these programs to find resources for apprenticeship, ensuring the participation of apprentices
in the labor market.
3.3.2.Germany
3.3.2.1.National Pact to Promote Training and Young Skilled Workers in Germany
Policy Domain
Youth employment
Name of programme, main aim
National Pact to Promote Training and Young Skilled Workers in Germany; Aim: to provide a
range of training opportunities to all young people who are willing and able to hold down an
apprenticeship
Date of phase in
Extended and refined in 2010
Main target group
Young people under the age of 25
Number of beneficiaries
Budgetary cost over full year
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Other observations
On account of the tight labour market the central organizations of the German industry
and the Federal Government concluded the Pact first on 16 June 2004. Results have since
exceeded the targets and the Training Pact has contributed to a change in the trend on the
apprenticeship market. The number of new training contracts is far higher than before the
Training Pact.
3.3.2.2.German Italian Conference "Working together to foster youth employment" in Naples (German
Italian Employment Initiative)
Policy Domain
Youth employment
Name of programme, main aim
German Italian Conference "Working together to foster youth employment" in Naples (German
Italian Employment Initiative).
Date of phase in
Nov. 2012
Main target group
Young people, companies, political representatives
Number of beneficiaries
Approx. 500
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
3.3.2.3.MobiPro-EU (German title)/The Job of my Life (English title)
Policy Domain
Youth employment
Name of programme, main aim
MobiPro-EU (German title)/The Job of my Life (English title).
Date of phase in
Main target group
Number of beneficiaries
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
Concerning the programme "The job of my life" (MobiProEU) the biggest challenges lies
in bringing together all actors being involved in the programme and in doing a successful
matching between the enterprises and the interested trainees or young qualified workers.
3.3.2.4.IdA-Integration durch Austausch" (Integration through Exchange)
Policy Domain
Youth employment
Name of programme, main aim
"IdA-Integration durch Austausch" (Integration through Exchange)
Date of phase in
Main target group
Number of beneficiaries
Number of beneficiaries: 13.000.
Budgetary cost over full year
The IdA program is being conducted as part of the German Federal operational Programme
for the European Social Fund 2007 to 2013. 114 "project-networks" are receiving assistance
with EUR 121 million ESF and EUR 25 million national funds.
Other observations
Evaluation results are showing positive results in improving foreign language proficiency and
intercultural competency and obtaining new qualifications.
But IdA is not just aimed at improving foreign language proficiency and intercultural
competency or obtaining new qualifications. It seeks to enable the young participants to grasp
new prospects of the labour market.
The learning phase abroad sets a high standard. The learning location in particular, a foreign
company, provides the chance of gaining experience that is not available at home, including
coping with many new external conditions (accommodation, travel to work, etc.).
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Other observations
The stay abroad is planned with an open design to foster self-organised learning. Participants
with dicountinuous educational histories and/or social backgrounds are given the chance
to free themselves from expectations based on (adverse) experiences of their accustomed
environment and discover and try out their own strengths.
The quality framework of IdA is geared to the different phases of an exchange measure.
This means that IdA project operators must prepare the participants for these phases with
appropriate didactic support. The phases are: recruitment and selection of participants,
preparation of participants, assistance during the stay abroad, follow-up/debriefing of
participants after the stay abroad to advance the integration into the labour market
3.3.2.5."Berufsbildung ohne Grenzen"
Policy Domain
Youth employment
Name of programme, main aim
"Berufsbildung ohne Grenzen"
Date of phase in
Main target group
Number of beneficiaries
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
The program "Training without Borders" is being conducted as part of the German Federal
operational Program for the European Social Fund 2007 to 2014. 36 "project networks" are
receiving assistance with EUR 8,7 million ESF and EUR 3,2 million national funds.
When asked about the experience gained abroad, trainees or young skilled workers cite
improved foreign language proficiency, learning new methods and processes, getting to know
new forms of work organisation and new products, new ideas and more self-confidence. They
have experienced at first hand what it means to learn, work and cope in an international
working environment.
With the requisite database, the intranet platform developed as part of the program,
Mobipedia, is used for networking the coaches and now provides a whole range of up-to-date
information. Documents with expert information and guidelines are available to all
participants. Questions can be simply asked and answered fast on the platform.
The website, www.mobilitaetscoach.de, has established itself as the contact point for the
interested enterprises, trainees and skilled workers. It offers comprehensive information in
the form of leaflets, specimen forms, booklets and links.
3.3.3.Italy
3.3.3.1.Bilateral Cooperation on Youth Employment with Germany. „Working Together to Foster Youth
Employment". Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the Filed of Labour Market Policy
Policy Domain
Youth employment
Name of programme, main aim
Bilateral Cooperation on Youth Employment with Germany. „Working together to foster youth
employment". Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation in the field of the labour market
policy.
Date of phase in
Main target group
Young people, companies, political representatives.
Number of beneficiaries
approx. 500
Budgetary cost over full year
over full year
Other observations
3.3.4.Japan
3.3.4.1.Taking Measures Such as Establishing "Hello Work to Support New Graduates",
Doubling the Number of Specialized Counselors for the Youth Employment, Etc.
Policy Domain
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Youth employment
www.g20russia.ru
Name of programme, main aim
Taking measures such as establishing "Hello Work to Support New Graduates",
doubling the number of specialized counselors for the youth employment, etc.
Date of phase in
FY2010
Main target group
Graduates of high schools and universities
Number of beneficiaries
223,000 people obtained employment with the support of the specialized counselors.
Budgetary cost over full year
The Budget 2010: 7.8 billion yen
The Budget 2011: 12.7 billion yen
Other observations
3.3.5.Russia
3.3.5.1.6Provision of Public Services in the Field of Employment Promotion and Implementation of
Schemes to Arrange Apprenticeships for Graduates of Educational Institutions
Policy Domain
Youth employment
Name of programme, main aim
Provision of public services in the field of promoting employment and implementing schemes
to arrange apprenticeships for graduates of educational institutions as part of additional
measures to reduce tensions at the labour markets of constituent entities of the Russian
Federation.
Date of phase in
2012 – 2013
Main target group
Jobseekers aged 14 – 29 years, unemployed citizens aged 14 – 29 years, minors aged 14 – 18
years in the time when they are not studying, unemployed citizens aged 18 – 20 years who
are graduates of primary and secondary educational institutions of professional education,
first-time jobseekers who are graduates of educational institutions and those registered in
job centres as unemployed.
Number of beneficiaries
In 2012, 779,300 minors between the ages of 14 and 18, or 92.5 % of the total number of
students who sought assistance in finding work in their free time, were assigned temporary
employment (in 2011 – 858,900, or 92.5 %, respectively). The majority (96.7 %) of participants
in this scheme were students of general educational institutions. More than 2 % of the number
of minors aged 14 to 18 years who received this public service were orphans and children
deprived of parental care.
Furthermore, under the scheme to organise temporary employment for the unemployed
citizens experiencing difficulties in finding work, temporary employment is also provided for
citizens between the ages of 16 and 18 officially recognised as unemployed. In 2012 temporary
employment was assigned to 3700 unemployed citizens aged 16 – 18 (in 2011 – 5900).
In 2012, 24,500 people aged 18 – 29 and registered at employment service bodies received
the public service to promote self-employment, which is 29.3 per cent of the total number of
people who received the public service.
In 2012, 24,500 people aged 18 – 29 and registered at employment service bodies received
the public service to promote self-employment, which is 29.3 per cent of the total number of
people who received the public service.
In 2012, 140,900 unemployed persons aged 16 – 29 underwent professional training, retraining
and advanced training, which is 12.7 % of the total number of the unemployed citizens in this
age group (in 2011 – 194,400 or 13.1 %).
In 2012, the scheme to organise apprenticeships for graduates of professional education
institutions was implemented in 15 constituent entities of the Russian Federation considered
to be regions with a tense situation on the labour market. More than 5000 students took
apprenticeships.
Budgetary cost over full year
Starting in 2012, the financing of measures of an active employment policy, including the
provision of the public services for employment promotion, will be carried out using the
budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Other observations
The provision of the public services for employment promotion and the implementation of the
scheme to organise internships for the graduates of the educational institutions contributed
to a rise in youth employment.
With the assistance of the employment service, in 2012, more than 71.9 % of the total number
of jobseekers aged 14 – 29 who applied found work (1.1 million); in 2011 – 71.0 %.
When students take apprenticeships, it increases the likelihood of their securing positions
in the place where they complete the apprenticeship and it also increases their employment
rates in their profession (area of expertise). The graduate employment rate is more than 75 %
of the total number of those undertaking apprenticeships. The implementation of this scheme
has continued into 2013.
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3.3.6.Turkey
3.3.6.1.Promoting Youth Employment in Sectoral Investment Areas/ United Nations Joint Program
Decent work for Everybody: National Employment Action Program and Pilot Region Application on
Antalya (BMOP)
Policy Domain
Youth employment
Name of programme, main aim
Promoting Youth Employment in Sectoral Investment Areas/ United Nations Joint Program
Decent work for Everybody: National Employment Action Program and Pilot Region
Application on Antalya (BMOP)
Date of phase in
2010 – 1012
Main target group
Youth between 15 – 24.
Number of beneficiaries
• 1200 young unemployed took trainings of Basic Living Skills.
• 1267 people participated in vocational trainings courses.
• 190 people took entrepreneurship trainings.
Budgetary cost over full year
3.980.000 $
Other observations
It is considered as a successful pilot project.
3.3.7.UK
3.3.7.1. Wage Incentives
Policy Domain
Youth employment
Name of programme, main aim
Wage Incentives.
Date of phase in
April 2012, extended nationally December 2012 – April 2015
Main target group
18 – 24 year-olds who have been unemployed for six months.
Number of beneficiaries
160,000
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
Preliminary research conducted in the early months of the scheme indicates that these
wage incentives are effective in driving interest in employing young people and persuading
employers to take them on, alongside other measures and that, as ever, the jobseekers must be
job-ready and motivated. Quick introduction was challenging for PES and private employment
providers who promote jobseekers to employers. As a result we are piloting paid-for marketing
activity, such as local press and radio advertising, public relations activity in regional and
industry press, email marketing and social media activity, to raise awareness of the scheme.
3.3.7.2. Sector Based Work Academies (England and Scotland; Wales has a similar scheme called
Routeways to Work)
Policy Domain
Youth employment
Name of programme, main aim
Sector Based Work Academies (England and Scotland; Wales has a similar scheme called
Routeways to Work).
Date of phase in
March 2013
Main target group
Job-seekers aged 18 and over who are relatively job-ready.
Number of beneficiaries
50,000
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
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Court ruling sought further detail in Legislation to describe mandatory elements of the
scheme (jobseekers voluntarily choose to particpate but may face a benefit sanction if they do
not complete the required elements of the placement).
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3.3.7.3. Work Experience
Policy Domain
Youth employment
Name of programme, main aim
Work Experience
Date of phase in
January 2011 – March 2013
Main target group
18 – 24 year-olds who have been claiming unemployment benefit for 13 weeks.
Number of beneficiaries
100,000
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
High level of engagement from employers.
3.3.7.4. Apprenticeship Grant for Employers
Policy Domain
Youth employment
Name of programme, main aim
Apprenticeship Grant for Employers
Date of phase in
February 2012 – December 2013
Main target group
Youth aged 16 – 24
Number of beneficiaries
Demand-led.
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
High employer take-up.
3.4. Women’s Economic Participation
3.4.1.Australia
3.4.1.1.Parental Leave Pay
Policy Domain
Women’s economic participation
Name of programme, main aim
Parental Leave Pay
Support new parents to care for a child and maintain a connection with the workforce.
Date of phase in
1 January 2011
Main target group
New parents
Number of beneficiaries
Demand - driven. Since its introduction in 2011, over 280,000 working parents have
benefited from Paid Parental Leave
Budgetary cost over full year
Demand - driven
Other observations
A relatively new initiative, but with strong initial results.
3.4.2.China
3.4.2.1.Gender Equality
Policy Domain
Women’s economic participation
Name of programme, main aim
Gender Equality
Date of phase in
January 2008 – ongoing
Main target group
Women
Number of beneficiaries
Budgetary cost over full year
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Other observations
Most successful activities: enforcement actions on anti-discrimination by gender have increased,
the nomber of advertisement with episodes of gender discrimination has been reduced.
Most challenging tasks: hidden discrimination on gender is difficult to fight.
3.4.3.Japan
3.4.3.1.Enhancing the Implementation System of The "Mother’s Hello Work" Which Supports Job
Seekers Who Hope to Work While Raising Their Children
Policy Domain
Women’s economic participation
Name of programme, main aim
Enhancing the implementation system of the "Mother’s Hello Work" which supports job
seekers who hope to work while raising their children.
Date of phase in
FY2011
Main target group
Female job seekers who hope to work while raising their children.
Number of beneficiaries
69,000 people used "Mother's Hello Work" and obtained employment in FY2011.
Budgetary cost over full year
The Budget 2011: 2.2 billion yen.
Other observations
3.4.4.Mexico
3.4.4.1.Promoting Gender Equality in Employment/Norma Mexicana Para La Igualdad Laboral Entre
Mujeres Y Hombres [Mexican Norm for Gender Equality in Employment] (The Most Challenging Tasks)
Policy Domain
Women’s economic participation
Name of programme, main aim
Promoting gender equality in employment/Norma Mexicana para la Igualdad Laboral entre
Mujeres y Hombres [Mexican Norm for gender equality in employment].
Date of phase in
2009
Main target group
Women and Men employed in a workplace.
Number of beneficiaries
From December 2009 to December 2012, 801 private establishments received a certification,
as well as 138 federal government entities and 4 local government institutions.
Budgetary cost over full year
MXN $240,000.0021
Other observations
3.4.5.Russia
3.4.5.1.6Implementation of the Scheme to Provide Professional Praining for Women on Leave to Care
for a Child Under the Age of 3.21
Policy Domain
Women’s economic participation
Name of programme, main aim
Implementation of the scheme to provide professional training for women a leave to care for
a child under the age of 3
Date of phase in
2011 – 2013
Main target group
Women a leave to care for a child under the age of 3 (in employment)
21
Estimated Budget.
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Number of beneficiaries
In 2011, 26,200 women a leave to care for a child under the age of 3 and planning to return to
work were provided professional training, retraining and advanced training, of which 15,700
women returned to work.
In 2012, throughout the Russian Federation, 9500 women underwent professional training,
retraining and advanced training. 93.3 million roubles were allocated to fund this action.
In 2013 there will be approximately 11,000 women participating in this scheme.
Budgetary cost over full year
In 2011, funding was allocated in order to implement additional measures to reduce tension
at the labour market of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Budgetary cost over full year
Since 2012, the funding for this scheme has been carried out using the budgets of the
constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
2012 – 93.3 million roubles.
2013 – 131 million roubles.
Other observations
The undertaking of professional training among this category of women increases their
competitiveness at the labour market and it facilitates the professional adaptation of women
returning to work after maternity leave. Implementing this action also reduces the costs to
employers for conducting advanced training for this category of women.
3.4.6.Saudi Arabia
3.4.6.1.Females in Stores
Policy Domain
Women’s economic participation
Name of programme, main aim
Females in stores/"women work"
Date of phase in
Main target group
Number of beneficiaries
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
Most successful experiences: сreation of many jobs for females.
3.4.6.2.Promoting Gender Equality in Employment / Placing Women and Disabled in Suitable
Sustainable Jobs
Policy Domain
Women’s economic participation
Name of programme, main aim
Promoting gender equality in employment / Placing women and disabled in suitable
sustainable jobs.
Date of phase in
Main target group
Number of beneficiaries
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
3.4.7.USA
3.4.7.1. Implementation of a Federal Coordinated Effort to Address Equal Pay
Policy Domain
Women’s economic participation
Name of programme, main aim
Implementation of a federal coordinated effort to address equal pay.
Date of phase in
January 2010 – To be determined.
Main target group
Women
Number of beneficiaries
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Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
Most successful activities: enforcement actions have increased, the government has recovered
unprecedented monetary recoveries, and investments in education and outreach for both
employers and employees are paying huge dividends.
To meet the diverse needs of today’s workforce, in April 2013 DOL released both guides on
equal pay in four additional languages: Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese and French, available at
http://www.dol.gov/equalpay/. The winners of the "Equaly Pay App Challenge" were announced
in April 2012 and can be found here http://www.dol.gov/equalpay/.
3.4.7.2. National Dialogues on Work-Life Balance
Policy Domain
Women’s economic participation
Name of programme, main aim
National dialogues on work-life balance
Date of phase in
10.10.10 – 06.30.11
Main target group
Employees, employers, policy makers, unions, advocates, and researchers.
Number of beneficiaries
A total of 1,863 representatives of the business community, advocates, researchers, union
leaders, government agencies, and employees participated in the dialogues.
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
Most successful activities: engaging stakeholders impacted or influential in the area of
work-life balance was essential.
3.4.7.3. Safety Promotion for Female Workers in Vulnerable Occupations
Policy Domain
Women’s economic participation
Name of programme, main aim
Safety promotion for female workers in vulnerable occupations.
Date of phase in
2011 – 2012
Main target group
Women in vulnerable occupations
Number of beneficiaries
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
Most successful activities: by increasing the number of inspections in potentially vulnerable
occupations, employers are held accountable for any violations thereby creating a safer
working environment for workers.
3.5. Skills Development
3.5.1.Australia
3.5.1.1.Language, Literacy and Numeracy Program
Policy Domain
Skills development
Name of programme, main aim
Language, Literacy and Numeracy Program
Improved language, literacy and numeracy skills among job seekers
Date of phase in
2002
Main target group
Job seekers with a low standard of language, literacy and numeracy skills
Number of beneficiaries
Around 21,000 people a year, and projected to increase to around 30,000 by 2014 - 15.
Budgetary cost over full year
Full - year funding varies due to recent measures
Other observations
A long - running program.
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3.5.2.Brazil
3.5.2.1.National Program for Professional Education Access and Employment (The Most Successful
Activities)
Policy Domain
Skills development
Name of programme, main aim
National Program for professional Education Access and Employment.
Date of phase in
Main target group
Students in school from public schools; workers; and beneficiaries from income transfer
programs.
Number of beneficiaries
Until nov/2012: 2.559.000
Budgetary cost over full year
Investments (US$ billions):
2011/2012:
US$ 5,1
2013:
US$ 3,6
ther observations
It’s a federal government program, which aims to expand the vacancies supply in professional
Education. Brazil's unemployment rate is in low levels, and labor market ever more demands
more skilled and qualified professionals.
Other observations
The main objective of the program is to expand and democratize the vacancies supply in
professional education.
The program must be enhanced in order to better match the vacancies supply with the demand,
identifying the strategic demands of the productive sectors of the economy. Assessment and
monitoring of the execution are also important to be improved.
3.5.3.China
3.5.3.1.Implementing New Training Program to Enhance Employability
Policy Domain
Skills development
Name of programme, main aim
Implementing New training program to enhance employability.
Date of phase in
1–1–10 – ongoing
Main target group
Workers in enterprises with difficulties, unemployed, and new entrants to the labour market.
Number of beneficiaries
More than 20 million workers have been trained in the last three years.
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
Most successful activities: workers' skills have been upgraded.
Most challenging tasks: some groups such as rural migrants have low ratio of vocational
training.
3.5.4.Indonesia
3.5.4.1.Information and Employment Service/3 In 1 (Strengthening 3 in 1 Institution Kiosks)
Policy Domain
Skills development
Name of programme, main aim
Information and employment service/3 in 1 (Strengthening 3 in 1 institution kiosks in 30
locations)
Date of phase in
January – December 2012
Main target group
30 locations
Number of beneficiaries
Achieved
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
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3.5.4.2.Information and Employment Service/ Identification of the Needs of Manpower Competency
Policy Domain
Skills development
Name of programme, main aim
Information and employment service/ Identification of the needs of manpower competency
Date of phase in
January – December 2012
Main target group
Formulation competence standard, training program, and instructors competence in order to
match the need of manpower competence
Number of beneficiaries
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
7.785 unit of competence, have been formulated,and there are 477 job training program and
659 training manual which are matching standard competence
3.5.4.3.Information and Employment Service/ Promoting Capacity and Quality of Job Exchange
Conducted by Regional Offices of Momt by Facilitating Activities of Manpower Placement Through Job
Exchange Online, Job Fair And Infrastructure Empowerment in Local Areas Including Provinces,
Municipalities and Regencies As Well
Policy Domain
Skills development
Name of programme, main aim
Information and employment service/ Promoting capacity and quality of job exchange
conducted by the regional offices of MOMT by facilitating activities of manpower placement
through job exchange online, job fair and infrastructure empowerment in local areas including
provinces, municipalities and regencies as well.
Date of phase in
January – December 2012
Main target group
Placement facilitation through job exchange including online job exchange (402 542
persons).
Job fair (22 locations: 20 local and 2 national).
Number of beneficiaries
421.225 persons.
1 National and 24 local Job fair.
Budgetary cost over full year
To achieve the target of facilitation of the budgetary support for as many as 400000 people,
budget is divided into 3 types:
1. Budget for labor market information system infrastructure as much as 13,802,740,000.
2. The budget for the improvement of services (administration, internet and reporting) of
24.625 billion.
3. Budget to increase GPA-Online application 11,747,260,000
Divided in to two types of budgetary:
1. National Jobfair Rp. 1,200,000,000
2. Local Jobfair Rp.5.495.353.000
Other observations
The most successful activity: obstacles encountered in achieving the target of facilitating the
placement of as many as 402 542 people in 33 provinces and 456 districts / cities are within
a few districts so far and have not had a proper internet facility to apply online GPA system.
The most challenging task: regional autonomy policy which cause the implementation of labor
function is not in line with the policy of central government.
Infrastructure which is inadequate
Location of the offices which are far from the job seekers places of residence.
Lack of coordination amongst related institution.
Many companies do not comply with the report obligation on job vacancies.
Limited budget.
3.5.4.4.Promoting Skills and Competences of Labor Force / Development of Employment Competency
Standards
Policy Domain
Skills development
Name of programme, main aim
Promoting skills and competences of labor force / Development of employment competency
standards
Date of phase in
January – December 2012
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Main target group
Number of formulated and established Indonesia National Skill Competency Standards (50
standards).
Number of programs (80) and Manuals (95).
Number of guideline administration and management development Vocational Training
Institution (LPK) (10) guidelines.
Now 252 SKKNI have been formulated, from 9 (nine) sectors :
Agriculture, Plantation, Fishery, and Forestry and (37 SKKNI)
Electricity, Mining and Energy (21 SKKNI)
Manufacture Industry (30 SKKNI)
Transportation and telecommunication (10 SKKNI)
Culture, tourism and art (26 SKKNI)
Health (3 SKKNI)
Finance and banking (13 SKKNI)
Construction (47 SKKNI)
Consultation Service & mining (47 SKKNI)
7.785 units have been formulated and there are 477 competence job training programs and
659 job training manuals which are matching the competence standard
Number of beneficiaries
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
The most successful activity
3.5.4.5.Promoting Skills and Competences of Labor Force / Revitalization of Vocational Training
Policy Domain
Skills development
Name of programme, main aim
Promoting skills and competences of labor force / Revitalization of vocational training.
Date of phase in
January – December 2012
Main target group
Number of improved capacity training.
457 vocational training.
The data of vocational training board only 325
Number of beneficiaries
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
The most successful activity
The most challenging tasks: limited number of instructors, around 325 vocational training
board with 3.066 instructors. In regional implementation unit has 260 BLK, and has only
2.272 instructors.
Training tools/equipments do not support the need of labor market, limited equipments, the
existing equipments does not meet to the need of skill education.
Limited budget, source of budget only from government, the private should be involved.
Education budget 20 % in state budget but still do not meet with the need.
3.5.4.6. Promoting Skills and Competences of Labor Force / Competency Based Training and Apprenticeships
Policy Domain
Skills development
Name of programme, main aim
Promoting skills and competences of labor force / Competency based training and apprenticeships.
Date of phase in
January – December 2012
Main target group
Number of manpower that have competency based training 127.148 persons.
Number of instructors and PSM that have competence improvement 1.669 persons.
Number of trainers that have competence improvement (610 persons).
Number of apprentice in companies (12.040 persons).
Number of licensed Professional Certification Institutions (LSP) (1st/2nd/3rd party) (150 LSP).
Number of certified manpower (40.000 persons).
Number of Competency Test Assessor that have capacity improvement (232 persons).
1.069.923 the. competence certification has been issued
Today we have 3.066 instructors, and we have program to upgrade their skills.
Main target group
Number of domestic apprentices in 2012 = 8.060 state budget (in 2012 is not cumulative);
regional budget 2012 = 160 apprentices self-managed = 1.882 apprentices. LSP 84, in 2012
LSP has done certification 24.708 certificates.
Number of beneficiaries
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Other observations
The most successful activity.
The most challenging tasks. low awareness and involvement of enterprises/companies towards
the apprenticeship programs.
However, but the government keep on encouraging the company for doing internship, and
we can see the outcome, many companies accept apprentices voluntarily. The regional
government has also awareness and encourage the company to do so.
3.5.4.7. Micro Medium Scale Business Development / Training of Entrepreneurs
Policy Domain
Skills development
Name of programme, main aim
Micro Medium Scale Business Development /Training of entrepreneurs
Date of phase in
January – December 2012
Main target group
Number of new entrepreneurs 31.660 persons
Number of beneficiaries
37.574 new entrepreneurs emerged.
Budgetary cost over full year
In order to achieve a number of new entrepreneurs several activities were conducted including:
self Employment to support a budget of 48.944 billion.
Subsidy programs to support a budget of 14,702,750,000
Other observations
The most successful activity.
The most challenging tasks: low willingness of the job seekers to be entrepreneurs
3.5.4.8.Micro Medium Scale Business Development / Productivity Measurement and Improvement
Policy Domain
Skills development
Name of programme, main aim
Micro Medium Scale Business Development / Productivity measurement and improvement.
Date of phase in
January – December 2012
Main target group
Number of manpower that have productivity improvement 4.600 persons.
Number of manpower who will be improved their productivity in 2012 8.420 persons.
Number of beneficiaries
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
3.5.4.9.Micro Medium Scale Business Development / Society Empowerment Through the Creation of
New Entrepreneurship by the Following Programs: Self Employment, Appropriate Technology, Informal Sector Development
Policy Domain
Skills development
Name of programme, main aim
Micro Medium Scale Business Development / Society empowerment through the creation of
new entrepreneurship by the following programs: self employment, appropriate technology,
informal sector development.
Date of phase in
January – December 2012
Main target group
Number of Volunteers that accompany in the program of job opportunity expansion 1.470
persons.
Number of appropriate technology in the region that synergize for job opportunity expansion
8.240 persons.
Number of developed productive villages 132 villages.
Number of beneficiaries
1.253 Volunteers
10.252 persons
Budgetary cost over full year
Support a budget of Rp. 24,270,880,000
Budget support activities Appropriate Technology in 2012 amounted to Rp. 13.76 billion.
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Other observations
Volunteers who are recruited are fresh graduated (university) and jobless. The obstacles
faced by the program are the recruited volunteers has met the permanent job before
completed the assignment.
3.5.5.Mexico
3.5.5.1.Training of Trainers / Capacitación A Trabajadores / Formación De Agentes Multiplicadores
[Training Trainers Program] (The Most Successful Activities)
Policy Domain
Skills development
Name of programme, main aim
Training of trainers/ Capacitación a trabajadores/ formación de agentes multiplicadores
[Training trainers program].
Date of phase in
2010
Main target group
317, 746 supervisors, teachers and related occupations.
Number of beneficiaries
12, 746 trainers trained
87, 501 skilled workers by trained instructors.
Total 100.233
Budgetary cost over full year
2012: MXN $561,653.00
Other observations
Training of trainers is on a national basis, per request of each business center.
3.5.5.2. Estrategia Para La Atención De Los Jornaleros Agrícolas Y Sus Familias [Strategy for the Attention
of Agricultural Workers And Their Families] (The Most Successful Activities)22
Policy Domain
Skills development
Name of programme, main aim
Estrategia para la atención de los jornaleros agrícolas y sus familias [Strategy for the Attention
of Agricultural Workers and their Families] / Acreditación de habilidades y certificación de
competencias laborales de jornaleros y jornaleras agrícolas [Accreditation of abilities and job
competencies certification for agricultural workers].
Date of phase in
2008
Main target group
Agricultural Workers
Number of beneficiaries
From 2010 to 2012, the STPS has certificated 14,817 Agricultural Workers.
Budgetary cost over full year
MXN $7,140,000.0022
Other observations
3.5.6.Russia
3.5.6.1. Professional Training, Retraining and Advanced Training of the Unemployed Citizens; Advanced
Vocational Education and Apprenticeships, Professional Training and Certification of Job – Seeking
Citizens in Order to Obtain a Document Certifying Professional Qualifications, Apprenticeships for
Graduates of Vocational Education Institutions
Policy Domain
Skills development
Name of programme, main aim
Professional training, retraining and advanced training of the unemployed citizens;
Advanced vocational education and apprenticeships, professional training and certification of
the job-seeking citizens in order to obtain a document certifying professional qualifications,
apprenticeships for graduates of vocational education institutions.
Date of phase in
2010 – 2013
22Estimated
Budget.
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Main target group
Unemployed citizens and jobseekers, employees, including employees at risk of dismissal (idle
time, introduction of part-time work)
Number of beneficiaries
Every year, more than 350, 000 of the unemployed citizens are sent for professional training.
In 2010 – 2011 more than 253,000 people underwent advanced training and took
apprenticeships.
In 2012,5580 employees of organisations underwent professional training and took
apprenticeships and 1962 jobseekers underwent professional training and certification in
order to obtain a document certifying a professional qualification.
In 2010 – 2012, more than 131,000 graduates took apprenticeships.
In 2013 – 6300.
Budgetary cost over full year
In 2010 – 2011, the professional training of the unemployed citizens was financed through
federal budget funds in the form of grants to the budgets of the constituent entities of the
Russian Federation. Since 2012, the funding for this scheme has been carried out through the
budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
In 2010 – 2013 funding has been allocated in order to implement additional measures to
reduce tension at the labour markets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Other observations
Professional training, retraining and advanced training of the unemployed citizens are a crucial
factor for an active employment policy and they are aimed at developing labour resources and
providing employment for citizens that is productive and of their own choice. Professional
training of the unemployed citizens strengthens their social security, enhances their skills and
increases their competitiveness at the labour market.
Advanced vocational education and apprenticeships for employees is one of the conditions
for acquiring new professional skills and competencies and improving the standard of the
labour force as a whole. This is essential for maintaining the level of competitiveness and
professional mobility of employees, ensuring employment opportunities for employees made
redundant as new technologies are introduced, bringing production processes up to date and
creating new jobs.
When students take apprenticeships it increases the likelihood of their securing positions in
the place where they complete the apprenticeship and it also increases their employment
rates in their profession (area of expertise). The graduate employment rate is more than 75%
of the total number of those undertaking apprenticeships. The implementation of this scheme
has continued into 2013.
3.5.7.Saudi Arabia
3.5.7.1. E-Training Program
Policy Domain
Skills development
Name of programme, main aim
E-Training program
Date of phase in
October 2011
Main target group
All unemployment assistance beneficiaries in Saudi Arabia (currently).
Scope of target group to be widened significantly in the course of 2013.
Number of beneficiaries
Currently >1m participants
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
MOL's e-training program is the largest program of its kind in the world.
3.5.8.USA
3.5.8.1.Increase Benefits and Services to Trade Affected Workers
Policy Domain
Skills development
Name of programme, main aim
Increase benefits and services to trade affected workers
Date of phase in
Start date 10.21.11. Appropriation authority expires 12/31/13 though the TAAEA covers FY
2012, FY 2013, and Q1 of FY 2014.
Main target group
Trade affected workers (workers who have lost or may lose their jobs or have reduced wages
as a result of foreign trade).
Number of beneficiaries
Actual # of TAA Participants in FY 2012 was 131,011.
FY 2013 is estimated to be 165,000 and 35,750 for Q1 of FY 2014. (According to FY 2013
President's Budget).
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Budgetary cost over full year
The TAA Federal Appropriation as estimated in the FY 2012 President's Budget under the
current law is $1.278 billion for FY 2012; $1.421 billion for FY 2013 and $1.182 billion in FY
2014. Dollar amounts have not been appropriated for FY 2013 and FY 2014 due to Continuing
Resolution & fiscal budget discussions.
Other observations
Most successful activities: the implementation of more stringent completion timeframes (via
special team focused on overdue petitions) and improved accountability by internal audits
contributed to a reduction in the average petition processing time. The positive retention
outcome was a result of of continued focus on employment and case management services
which led to effective service strategies.
Most challenging tasks: сhanges in legislation and limited staffing had a slight negative
impact on results.
The FY 2014 budget proposes to merge the TAA program with another dislocated worker
program to create a new Universal Dislocated Worker program that will reach more than a
million workers each year by providing a set of core services.
3.5.8.2. Increase the Number of States Implementing Initiatives Focused on The Increase in Employment
of Individuals with Disabilities
Policy Domain
Skills development
Name of programme, main aim
Increase the number of states implementing initiatives focused on the increase in employment
of individuals with disabilities.
Date of phase in
2012- To be determined.
Main target group
State Governments.
Number of beneficiaries
3 protégé states receive intensive supports; 32 states participate in the EFSLMP Community of
Practice, which is the sharing of ideas and strategies for adopting state policies and practices.
Budgetary cost over full year
$975 000
Other observations
Most successful activities: access to subject matter experts with strong knowledge base in
specific effective practices, policy reform, and other aspects of a comprehensive Employment
First systems change framework; peer-to-peer mentoring across state governments; access to
a virtual policy workspace and a centralized electronic inventory of Employment First policies,
resources, and effective practices; strong public Federal commitment to state’s objectives.
Most challenging tasks: in Year One, U.S. Department of Labor’s ODEP matched the protégé
states up with only one subject matter experts (SME). It soon became clear that with the
magnitude of systems change being undertaken, the states benefitted from a wider pool of
SMEs that possessed various skills and expertise.
Systems change, when executed properly, requires time and dedicated expertise. Must
have strong, long-term commitment of political leadership across various state government
agencies (coupled with solid Federal support) to effectuate systems transformation of this
magnitude. Demand for continual technical assistance/training is high, and current initiative
lacks sufficient resources to meet all demand.
3.6. Quality Employment
3.6.1.UK
3.6.1.1.Right to Request Flexible Working
Policy Domain
Quality employment
Name of programme, main aim
Right to request flexible working
Date of phase in
2003 – 2014
Main target group
All employees
Number of beneficiaries
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
Most successful activities: more information is available in the Government’s response and
impact assessment.
Most challenging tasks: allowing the right only to certain groups of employees led to a stigma
attached to those who have taken up flexible working arrangements, and companies are not
fully aware of the benefits for productivity.
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3.7. Social Protection
3.7.1.China
3.7.1.1. Social Security Coverage Extension Project
Policy Domain
Social protection
Name of programme, main aim
Social Security Coverage Extension Project
Date of phase in
06 – 30 – 2009 – ongoing
Main target group
all people
Number of beneficiaries
millions every year
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
Most successful activities: medical insurance coverage.
Most challenging tasks: equality among different groups.
3.7.2.India
3.7.2.1. Mahatma Gandhi NREGA
Policy Domain
Social Protection
Name of programme, main aim
Mahatma Gandhi NREGA
Date of phase in
Revamped in 2009 – ongoing as of May 2013
Main target group
Number of beneficiaries
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
The bargaining power of the agricultural labour has increased. Even of the
private sector, wages have increased. Improved economic outcomes, especially
in watershed activities, and reduction in distress migration are its other
achievements. The landless SC, ST and BPL population which earlier worked as
bonded labour on farms of rich land lords has become free from their clutches.
Most successful activities: Social Audits to make the system transparent, Establishment
of Ombudsman for redressal of grievance,
Mandatory Discloser through citizen
information Board, the payment of wage made through the individual or joint
saving accounts of the worker in the bank or post offices opened in accordance
with the direction of Central Government,
Performance Feedback, NREGA in
partnership with Unique Identification Development Authority of India (UIDA)
has been initiated and will develop the identification system for the residents.
Most challenging tasks: The biggest challenge for the programme remains creation of
productive assets. Other issues are delay in distribution of job cards; unsolicited fees being
charged for work application forms, non-issuance of receipts, absence of worksite facilities,
presence of contractors, shortage of staff and delay in appointments are plaguing this
programme.
3.7.2.2. Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)/Right to Education (RTE)
Policy Domain
Social Protection
Name of programme, main aim
Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)/Right to Education (RTE)
Date of phase in
April, 2010-Ongoing as of May 2013
Main target group
Number of beneficiaries
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Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
Most successful activities: Khulja Sim Sim Project to provide education to Out of school
children and Adult Learners through an interactive, interesting and enjoyable manner. Chalta
Firta Schools (moving schools) is operating at four habitations on daily basis catering to the
Urban deprived children Residential Bridge Course: operational zed three residential Bridge
Course Centres for Street and Working children.
Most challenging tasks: The budget for the implementation of the RTE Act throughout the
country is very meager. 907,951 teacher posts have been lying vacant in primary schools
across the country. Private schools that are not government-aided also have to reserve 25%
of their seats in Class 1 for EWS students which is going to be very difficult to implement and
monitor. States do not want to contribute towards the implementation of the Act and will
depend wholly on the Centre. Huge number of Out-of-school children. Lack of Coordination
between various implementing agencies is another issue and the existence of various kinds
of schools and the quality of education in these schools is another area of challenge.
3.7.2.3. National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)- This is known as Aajeevika
Policy Domain
Social Protection& Skill Development
Name of programme, main aim
National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)- This is known as Aajeevika.
The Mission aims at creating efficient and effective institutional platforms of the rural poor
enabling them to increase household income through sustainable livelihood enhancements
and improved access to financial services.
Date of phase in
June 2011- Ongoing as of May 2013
Main target group
Number of beneficiaries
Budgetary cost over full year
Other observations
Most successful activities: Self Employment Training Institutes for training, Skills
and Placement Projects for skill upgradating and placement, Linkages with PRIs to
facilitate a mutually beneficial working relationship between Panchayats and
the institutions of the poor, technical assistance to the States and all other
partners for creating and strengthening their institutional capacities, Partnerships
with NGOs and other CSOs and Convergence with other central ministries.
Most challenging tasks: Target oriented top down approach should be changed. Relying only
on SHGs appears to be a serious limitation. The increasing growth of micro-finance and
financial inclusion initiatives, have led to the development of a new set of intermediaries
called agents. Rural economy has many segments and, it would become crucial to ensure
that a range of bundled services (as envisaged) are provided in accordance with the needs
of the different segments. The scheme should use sub-sectors as focal points and address
the practical challenges stemming from a detailed analysis of the concerned sub-sectors
to address the vulnerability and risks faced by rural producers. There is a lack of serious
attention to value added agriculture and rural MSMEs. The strategy of NRLM is too broad
and sweeping. It should focuses on areas that could impact livelihoods of large number of
rural livelihoods.
3.7.2.4. National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)
Policy Domain
Social Protection
Name of programme, main aim
National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)
Aims at decentralizing planning and management
Date of phase in
April 2005 - ongoing as of May 2013
Main target group
Number of beneficiaries
Budgetary cost over full year
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