Download 4. How we can do for the watershed management

4. How we can do
for the watershed management
4. How we can do for the watershed management
Watershed management strategies
 Preventative strategies — to
preserve existing sustainable land
use practices
 Restorative strategies — to
overcome identified problems or
restore conditions to a desirable
level (pp.4)
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 In most watershed management situations,
we are somewhere in between the two
extremes.
 The cost of preventing losses of
productivity by using the first strategy
can be much lower than the cost of
achieving the same benefit through
restoring productivity on lands that
already have been degraded. (pp.5)
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Tools for watershed mahagement
 Watershed management involves
nonstructural (vegetation
management) and structural
(engineering) practices.
 Soil conservation practices and land
use planning can be tools employed in
watershed management.
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Soil conservation practices
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No-till
The start of the twenty- first century may
signal the end of a period of 200 years in
developing the plow and the initiation of
a new system that deletes or at least
minimizes the use of this implement in
crop production.
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No-till
The deletion of the moldboad plow in notillage could have as great an impaction
agriculture in the future as the
moldboard plow has in the past.
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Tillage in the USA
1796 patent for a cast iron plow
1830s the steel moldboard plow
1868 steam power tractor
1900s internal combustion engine tractor
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No-tillage
1943 Edward Fraulkner, Plowman’s Folly
1984 Ronald E. Phillips and Shirley H.
Phillips. No-tillage agriculture.
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No-tillage in the USA
• No-till in USA
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A recommended planning and
management approach
(Heathcote, I. W., 1998, pp.12)
1. Develop an understanding of watershed
components and processes, and of water
uses, water users, and their needs
2. Identify and rank problems to be solved,
or beneficial uses to be restored
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3. Set clear and specific goals
4. Develop a set of planning constraints
and decision criteria, including any
weights that may be assigned to criteria
5. Identify an appropriate method of
comparing management alternatives
6. Develop a list of management options
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7. Eliminate options that are not feasible
because of time, cost, space, or other
constraints
8. Test the effectiveness of remaining
feasible options using the method
identified in (5) and the decision criteria
and weights identified in (4)
9. Determine the economic impacts and
legal implications of the various feasible
management options and their
environmental impacts
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10. Develop several good management
strategies, each encompassing one or
more options, for the consideration of
decision makers
11. Develop clear and comprehensive
implementation procedures for the
plan that is preferred by decision
makers
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规划步骤 （周年生，李彦东. 2000. pp.11）
初始阶段
1. 基础调查
2. 识别问题
3. 拟定目标
4. 制定标准
5. 确定方法
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
中间阶段
社会经济发展预测
自然资源基础
建立数学模型
制定规划方案
进行影响评价
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最后阶段
1.
2.
3.
4.
信息反馈
调整规划方案
规划方案排序
完成规划报告
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Your planning and management
approach
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Integrated watershed management
 Integrated watershed management
has to bring the physical facts of
watersheds and the political realities
together.
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Sound watershed management is based
on the full integration of engineering,
meteorology & climatology,
geomorphology, hydrology, plant, soil,
and social sciences.
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Techniques needed
 Social and economic aspects
 Policies, laws, and regulations
 Mapping techniques
 Geographic Information System
 Weather records and prediction system
 Soil survey reports
 Computer use
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