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Medical Imaging and Pattern Recognition Lecture 8 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Oleh Tretiak Medical Imaging Modalities: History • • • • • 1895: X-ray† ~1950: Ultrasound ~1955: Radionuclide 1972: CT† ~1980: MRI† †Nobel Prize MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 2 MRI Procedures • • • • • • • • Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) Body MRI Cardiac MRI Chest MRI Head MRI Musculoskeletal MRI Spine MRI Functional MRI of the Brain (fMRI) MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 3 Full Carotid Artery MRI • There are four carotid arteries, two on each side of the neck: right and left internal carotid arteries, and right and left external carotid arteries. MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 4 Cardiac MRI: Akinetic Wall Animated clip and contrast image MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 5 Cardiac MRI: Valvular Reflux Reduced heart function due to aortic valve dysfunction. MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 6 Chest MRI MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 7 Head MRI Cerebral Aneurism - Schematic MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 8 Aneurysm MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 9 Musculoskeletal MRI QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Left: normal knee. Right: torn anterior cruciate ligament MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 10 Spine MRI MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 11 Functional MRI of the Brain MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 12 Strengths of MRI • Images of soft-tissue structures of the body, such as the heart, lungs, liver, are clearer and more detailed • MRI can help evaluate the function as well as the structure • Invaluable tool in early evaluation of tumors • MRI contrast materials are less harmful than those used in X-ray or CT • Fast, non-invasive angiography • Exposure to radiation is minimal (non-ionizing) MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 13 Risks and Weaknesses • Metal implants may cause problems • Problems with claustrophobia • MRI is to be avoided during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy • Bone is usually better imaged with Xrays • MRI typically costs more than CT MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 14 Magnetic Materials MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 15 Nuclear Magnetism No magnetic field Strong magnetic field Atomic nuclei have intrinsic quantized magnetic moments MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 16 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance • A transverse RF field at the appropriate frequency causes the moments to tilt from the magnetizing field axis B0 H HB0 B0 H Ht = Acost = H0 MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 H B0 Ht = Acost ≠ H0 17 Excitation of Spins In a static field, the spins line up with the magnetic field. There is no external magnetic signal. If a magnetic nucleus is in field strength H0 (Larmour frequency 0), and a RF field normal to H0 and at frequency 0 is applied, the magnetic moments move away (tip away) from the direction of Ho. Tip angle is proportional to the magnitude and duration of the exciting field (RF field). This is a resonance phenomenon. If , the RF field frequency, is different from 0, the tip angle is equal to 0. The motion of the magnetization is described by the Bloch equation. MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 18 Excitation of Spins H0 AT / H1 Acos 0 t 0tT MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 19 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 0 0 H0 When a nuclear magnet is tilted away from the external magnetic field it rotates (precesses) at the Larmour frequency. For hydrogen, the Larmour frequency is 42.6 MHz per Tesla. MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 20 Slice Selection • If the external field is equal to Hz(x, y, z) = H0 + zGz, and an exciting field at frequency w0 is applied, the slice z=0 is selected. That is, spins in that plane are tipped, while other planes are not affected. • Slice profile is proportional to the Fourier transform of the RF field envelope. Short, strong pulse — thick plane. Weak, long pulse — thin plane. • The plane can be selected by field gradients. MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 21 Slice Selection Examples Gradient x y z x-y-z Plane y-z x-z x-y oblique Hx Acos 0 t Hz Hz Hz H0 xGx MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 22 External Signal from Resonance H0 0 s(t) Spinning magnetization induces a voltage in external coils, proportional to the size of magnetic moment and to the frequency. MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 23 Bloch Equation Mx i My j (Mz M0 )k dM M H dt T2 T1 Motion of the magnetization vector is described by the Bloch equation. The cross product term leads to magnetic resonance, while T1 and T2 terms lead to relaxation (decay) of transient effects. For living tissues, T1 ~ 0.2 to 1 sec, T2 ~ 0.02 to 0.1 sec. MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 24 Imaging: two boxes. s(t) 2 1.5 1 a b 3.9 3.6 3.3 3 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6 -0.5 -1 0.3 0 0.5 0 -1.5 -2 Assume the ‘body’ consists of two samples, a in stronger field, b in a weaker field. s(t) is the sum of sinewaves at the two frequencies. The Fourier transform of s(t) will have two lines corresponding to the frequencies (locations) of the two samples. The strength of each line is proportional to the amount of material in each location. MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 25 Imaging: linear object Fourier transform of s(t) Tube, parts are narrow, parts are wide ‘Map’ of tube thickness Tube of nonuniform thickness in linearly varying magnetic field. The Fourier transform of the resonance signal is proportional to the tube thickness. MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 26 Imaging: two-dimensional object Hz H0 Gx x Gy y s(t) Ke i 0 t m(x, y)e Ke i 0 t i (Gx x Gy )t FT [m(x, y)]( x Gx t, y Gyt) Given a thin plate of magnetic moments in the x-y plane. The magnetic fields has linear variation (gradients) in the x and y directions. The resulting total magnetic resonance signal is proportional to the Fourier transform of m(x, y) along a line in the Fourier plane. MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 27 Diagram of Fourier plane path y y x x Gx Gcos Gy Gsin m(x, y) By successively applying different combinations of gradients we can measure the Fourier transform over the whole plane. Then take the inverse transform to compute m(x, y). MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 28 Huge Magnetic Fields • Magnetization proportional to external field • Frequency proportional to external field • Voltage proportional to the product of magnetization and frequency • Signal proportional to square of magnetic field • Higher field —> better image quality! • We can get good image quality (for some procedures) by scanning for a longer time – Problems with motion and with patient comfort MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 29 Contrast Mechanisms • Intrinsic contrast mechanisms: m, proton density; T1 and T2, relaxation times. • Chemical environment affects signals and can produce contrast. For example, resonant frequencies for fat and muscle are different. • Motion affects MRI signal. Flow and diffusion can be measured. MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 30 MRI Scanner MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 31 Open Bore MRI Scanner • Avoid claustrophobia • Lower image quality MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 32 Summary of MRI • Rich set of contrast mechanisms. • Versatile slice selection. Tomographic and projection images are possible. • Non-ionizing. No known harmful effects, except heating. • Resolution not as good as in X-ray. • Expensive and slow. • New technique. Rapid and continuing progress. MIPR Lecture 8 Copyright Oleh Tretiak, 2004 33