Download Ground Water Models

Ground Water Models
This is a list of models for ground water taken from a wide variety of government
agencies. The models are of various characteristics and performance. Click on a
model name for more information about the model. A comparison of the models is
found in a separate table.
Model
AIR3D
AIRSLUG
ANALGWST
AQTESTSS
BIOCHLOR2.2
BIOMOC
BIOPLUME II
BIOPLUME III
Description
An adaptation of the ground-water flow code MODFLOW
to simulate three dimensional air-flow in a
heterogeneous, anisotropic unsaturated zone where air
flow is induced through dry wells or trenches, as in
vapor- extraction remediation. Although the code was
developed primarily for this purpose, it can also be used
to simulate natural air flow in the unsaturated zone
caused by atmospheric-pressure variations.
AIRSLUG is a Fortran program used to generate type
curves needed to estimate transmissivity and storativity
from water level data collected during the recovery part
of an air-pressurized slug test.
A set of programs that calculate analytical solutions for
one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in
ground-water systems with uniform flow.
This report documents several spreadsheets that have
been developed for the analysis of aquifer-pumping test
and slug-test data. Each spreadsheet incorporates
analytical solution(s) of the partial differential equation
for ground-water flow to a well for a specific type of
condition or aquifer.
BIOCHLOR is a screening model that simulates
remediation by natural attenuation of dissolved solvents
at chlorinated solvent release sites. BIOCHLOR can be
used to simulate solute transport without decay and
solute transport with biodegradation modeled as a
sequential first-order process within one or two different
reaction zones.
BIOMOC is a two-dimensional model that can simulate
the transport and biotransformation of multiple reacting
solutes. The program is general and flexible, allowing for
any combination of biodegradation processes. A number
of expressions for biological transformation rates have
been included as options in the code.
BIOPLUME II is a simulation that computes
concentrations of dissolved hydrocarbon under the
influence of oxygen-limited biodegradation in an aquifer.
The model solves the solute transport equation for both
hydrocarbon and oxygen, assumes an instantaneous
reaction between oxygen and hydrocarbon, and
combines the two plumes using the principle of
superposition. Computations account for convection,
dispersion, mixing, and biodegradation effects.
BIOPLUME III is a 2D, finite difference model for
BIOSCREEN
CHEMFLO
CONTOUR
2DFATMIC
3DFATMIC
FEMWATER/LEWASTE
simulating the natural attenuation of organic
contaminants in ground water due to the processes of
advection, dispersion, sorption, and biodegradation.
Biotransformation processes are potentially important in
the restoration of aquifers contaminated with organic
pollutants. As a result, these processes require
evaluation in remedial action planning studies associated
with hydrocarbon contaminants.
BIOSCREEN is a screening model which simulates
remediation through natural attenuation of dissolved
hydrocarbons at petroleum fuel release sites. The
software, programmed in the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet
environment and based on the Domenico analytical
solute transport model, has the ability to simulate
advection, dispersion, adsorption, and aerobic decay as
well as anaerobic reactions that have been shown to be
the dominant biodegradation processes at many
petroleum release sites.
CHEMFLO enables users to simulate water movement
and chemical transport in unsaturated soils by solving
the Richards equation (water) and the convectiondispersion equation (chemicals).
CONTOUR is designed for use with finite-difference
models such as MODFLOW. It works with uniform or
variably spaced grids. Input data can be formatted data
from most models or unformatted data from MODFLOW.
FATMIC 2D (2DFATMIC) simulates subsurface flow,
transport, and fate of contaminants which are
undergoing chemical and/or biological transformations.
The model is applicable to transient conditions in both
saturated and unsaturated zones. The flow module is a
Galerkin finite element solution of Richard's equation.
The transport module is a hybrid Lagrangian-Eulerian
approach with an adapted zooming and peak capturing
algorithm.
FATMIC 3D (3DFATMIC) simulates subsurface flow,
transport, and fate of contaminants which are
undergoing chemical and/or biological transformations.
The model is applicable to transient conditions in both
saturated and unsaturated zones. The flow module is a
Galerkin finite element solution of Richard's equation.
The transport module is a hybrid Lagrangian-Eulerian
approach with an adapted zooming and peak capturing
algorithm.
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model of Water Flow
Through Saturated-Unsaturated Media (3DFEMWATER)
and Three-Dimensional Lagrangian-Eulerian Finite
Element Model of Waste Transport Through SaturatedUnsaturated Media (3DLEWASTE) are related and can be
used together to model flow and transport in three
dimensional, variably-saturated porous media under
transient conditions with multiple distributed and point
GEOEAS
GEOPACK
GW_Chart
HSSM-DOS
HSSM-Windows
HSSM en Español
HST3D
HYDROTHERM
sources/sinks.
GEOEAS is a collection of interactive software tools for
performing two-dimensional geostatistical analyses of
spatially distributed data. The principal functions of the
package are the production of grids and contour maps of
interpolated (kriged) estimates from sample data.
GEOEAS can produce data maps, univariate statistics,
scatter plots/linear regression, and variogram
computation and model fitting.
GEOPACK is a comprehensive geostatistical software
package that allows both novice and advanced users to
undertake geostatistical analyses of spatially correlated
data. The program generates graphics (i.e., linear or
logarithmic line plots, contour and block diagrams);
computes basic statistics (i.e., mean, median, variance,
standard deviation, skew, and kurtosis); runs programs
for linear regression, polynomial regression, and
Kolomogorov-Smirnov tests; calculates linear estimations
and nonlinear estimations; and determines sample
semivariograms and cross-semivariograms.
GW_Chart is a program for creating specialized graphs
used in ground-water studies. It incorporates the
functionality of two previous programs, Budgeteer and
Hydrograph Extractor and adds additional new features.
HSSM simulates flow of the LNAPL phase and transport of
a chemical constituent of the LNAPL from the surface to
the water table; radial spreading of the LNAPL phase at
the water table, and dissolution and aquifer transport of
the chemical constituent. The HSSM model is onedimensional in the vadose zone, radial in the capillary
fringe, two-dimensional vertically averaged analytical
solution of the advection-dispersion equation in the
saturated zone.
HSSM simulates flow of the LNAPL phase and transport of
a chemical constituent of the LNAPL from the surface to
the water table; radial spreading of the LNAPL phase at
the water table, and dissolution and aquifer transport of
the chemical constituent. The HSSM model is onedimensional in the vadose zone, radial in the capillary
fringe, two-dimensional vertically averaged analytical
solution of the advection-dispersion equation in the
saturated zone.
HSSM in Spanish.
The Heat- and Solute-Transport Program (HST3D)
simulates ground-water flow and associated heat and
solute transport in three dimensions. Over the years
since the release of Versions 1.0 through 1.4, various
additions, modifications, and corrections have been made
to the original simulator.
HYDROTHERM allows one- and two-dimensional radial
simulations as well as one-, two-, and three-dimensional
simulations in Cartesian coordinates. The program
HYSEP
Infiltration Model SCS
Infiltration Model PHILIP2T
Infiltration Model Layered Green-Ampt
Model
Infiltration Model Explicit Green-Ampt
Model
Infiltration Model Constant Flux GreenAmpt Model
structure is modular to allow easy modification.
HYSEP performs hydrograph separation, estimating the
ground water, or base flow, component of stream flow.
The program provides an automated and consistent
method for estimating base flow. Any of the three
hydrograph-separation techniques of Pettyjohn and
Henning (1979) can be used: fixed interval, sliding
interval, or local minimum.
The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Model is an
empirically developed approach to the water infiltration
process. It has been developed by first finding a
mathematical function whose shape as a function of time
matches the observed features of the infiltration rate.
This function is then provided a physical explanation of
the process
The Philip's Two-Term model (PHILIP2T) is a truncated
power series solution developed by Philips (1957). During
the initial stages of infiltration, i.e., when t is very small,
the first term of the model/equation dominates the
process. In this stage, the vertical infiltration proceeds at
almost the same rate as absorption, or horizontal
infiltration. In this stage of infiltration the gravity
component, represented by the second term of the
model/equation, is negligible. As infiltration continues,
the second term becomes progressively more important
until it dominates the infiltration process.
The Green-Ampt Model has been modified in this
application to calculate water infiltration into non-uniform
soils by several researchers (Bouwer, 1969; Fok, 1970;
Moore, 1981; Ahuja and Ross, 1983). The
implementation for layered systems (GALAYER) utilized
for this project was that developed by Flerchinger et al.
(1989). Specifically, the model could be utilized for the
determination of water infiltration over time in vertically
heterogeneous soils.
The initial Green-Ampt model was the first physically
based model/equation describing the infiltration of water
into soil. It has been the subject of considerable
developments in soil physics and hydrology owing to its’
simplicity and satisfactory performance for a great
variety of water infiltration problems. This model yields
cumulative infiltration and the infiltration rate as an
implicit function of time (i.e., given a value of time (t),
values of the cumulative infiltration (I) and the
infiltration rate (q) can be directly obtained. Thus, the
model functions are q(t) and I(t), rather than of t(q) and
t(I).
For the constant flux Green-Ampt model, two
formulations are required, one for the condition that the
application rate (r) is less than the saturated hydraulic
conductivity (Ks), and one for the condition that the
application rate is greater than the saturated hydraulic
Infiltration/Exfiltratio
n Model
MF2K_GWT
MFI
MFI2k
MOC
MOC3D
conductivity. When r<Ks, the infiltration rate (q) is
always equal to the surface application rate (r), and the
surface never becomes saturated. When r>Ks , the
surface becomes saturated at the time of the initial
application (t0).
The vertical movement of water in the soil profile from
the surface to water table is a dynamic condition, and
can be conceptualized as being composed of basically
two predominant processes: 1) infiltration and 2)
exfiltration. Exfiltration can be envisioned as the
processes dominating during drying periods, and water
released during this period can be thought of as being
released through evaporation to the atmosphere. The
model (INFEXF) selected for this project is a formulation
of the Philips model developed by Eagleson (1978) to
account for water infiltration during the wetting season
and exfiltration during the drying season.
The Ground-Water Transport (GWT) Package for
MODFLOW-2000 (mf2k) provides the capability to
simulate three-dimensional solute transport. The GWT
Package is based on the previously documented MOC3D
model, which was integrated with MODFLOW-96. Version
1.0 of the GWT Package was constructed by merging
version
3.5 of MOC3D with Version 1.1 of mf2k and adding solute
calculations compatible with the new Lake and Gage
Packages.
MFI is a data input (entry) program for the U.S.
Geological Survey modular three-dimensional finitedifference ground-water flow model commonly referred
to as MODFLOW. Data for MODPATH, a particle-tracking
program for use with MODFLOW, can also be entered
using MFI.
MFI2K is a data input (entry) program for the U.S.
Geological Survey modular three-dimensional finitedifference ground-water model called MODFLOW-2000.
Data for MODPATH, a particle-tracking program for use
with MODFLOW, can also be entered using MFI2K.
This model simulates solute transport in flowing ground
water. It is applicable to one- or two-dimensional
problems involving steady state or transient flow. The
model computes changes in concentration over time
caused by the processes of advective transport,
hydrodynamic dispersion, mixing or dilution from fluid
sources, and certain types of chemical reactions (firstorder irreversible-rate reaction or equilibrium-controlled
sorption-desorption and ion exchange).
This model simulates three-dimensional solute transport
in flowing ground water. The model computes changes
in concentration of a single dissolved chemical
constituent over time that are caused by advective
transport, hydrodynamic dispersion (including both
MOCDENSE
MODBRNCH
Model Viewer
MODFE
MODFLOW-2000
mechanical dispersion and diffusion), mixing (or dilution)
from fluid sources, and mathematically simple chemical
reactions (including linear sorption, which is represented
by a retardation factor, and decay). The model can also
simulate ground-water age transport and the effects of
double porosity and zero-order growth/loss.
This model simulates solute transport in flowing ground
water. It is applicable to two-dimensional, crosssectional problems involving ground water with constant
or variable density. The model computes changes in
concentration over time caused by the processes of
advective transport, hydrodynamic dispersion, mixing or
dilution from fluid sources. The concentrations of two
independent solutes
can be modeled simultaneously.
Surface- and ground-water interactions can be simulated
by the coupled BRANCH and USGS modular, threedimensional, finite-difference ground-water flow
(MODFLOW-96) models, referred to as MODBRNCH.
MODFLOW-96 simulates steady and nonsteady flow in an
irregularly shaped flow system in which aquifer layers
can be confined, unconfined, or a combination of
confined and unconfined. BRANCH simulates steady or
unsteady flow in a single open-channel reach (branch) or
throughout a system of branches (network) connected in
a dendritic or looped pattern by solving the onedimensional equations of continuity and momentum for
the river flow.
Model Viewer is a computer program that displays the
results of three-dimensional ground-water models. Scalar
data (such as hydraulic head or solute concentration)
may be displayed as a solid or a set of isosurfaces, using
a red-to-blue color spectrum to represent a range of
scalar values. Vector data (such as velocity or specific
discharge) are represented by lines oriented to the
vector direction and scaled to the vector magnitude.
Model Viewer can also display pathlines, cells or nodes
that represent model features such as streams and wells,
and auxiliary graphical objects such as grid lines and
coordinate axes. Users may crop the model grid in
different orientations to examine the interior structure of
the data. For transient simulations, Model Viewer can
animate the time evolution of the simulated quantities.
MODular, Finite-Element digital-computer program
(MODFE) was developed to provide solutions to groundwater-flow problems based on the governing equations
that describe two-dimensional and axisymmetric-radial
flow in porous media.
MODFLOW-2000 simulates steady and nonsteady flow in
an irregularly shaped flow system in which aquifer layers
can be confined, unconfined, or a combination of
confined and unconfined. Flow from external stresses,
such as flow to wells, areal recharge, evapotranspiration,
flow to drains, and flow through riverbeds, can be
MODFLOW/DAFLOW
MODFLOW-GUI
MODFLOW Manual
MODPATH Version 4.3
MODTOOLS
MOFAT
simulated.
The DAFLOW model routes flows through a system of
inter-connected one-dimensional channels and subdivides
the system into a series of branches, with each branch
divided into a number of subreaches. MODFLOW
simulates ground-water flow through a three-dimensional
grid of cells. The models are coupled by adding an
exchange between each subreach and a specified
ground-water cell, with the amount of flow from the
stream to ground water being limited to the available
stream flow. The water exchange for each subreach is
computed on the basis of the stream-aquifer head
difference, the streambed thickness, stream width, and
streambed hydraulic conductivity.
New version of the MODFLOW Graphical User Interface
for Argus ONE (MODFLOW GUI) that adds support for the
U.S. Geological Survey's MODFLOW-2000 and the
Reservoir, Transient Leakage, Interbed Storage, Lake,
and Gage packages. The new version can also import
existing MODFLOW-88 and MODFLOW-96 models. A
utility program, GW_Chart, was developed in conjunction
with the MODFLOW GUI and is used for post-processing
of the output of MODFLOW.
The Modflow Instructional Manual is an instructional
manual (study guide) for the USGS MODFLOW Model.
The manual contains a series of twenty problem sets that
illustrate by example the use of MODFLOW including
modeling principles, input/output specifics, available
options, rules of thumb, and common modeling mistakes.
MODPATH is a particle-tracking postprocessing package
that was developed to compute three-dimensional flow
paths using output from steady-state or transient
ground-water flow simulations by MODFLOW, the U.S.
Geological Survey finite-difference ground-water flow
model. The particle-tracking package consists of two
Fortran computer codes: (1) MODPATH, which calculates
particle paths, and (2) MODPATH-PLOT, which displays
results graphically.
MODTOOLS is a set of computer programs for translating
data of the ground-water model, MODFLOW, and the
particle-tracker, MODPATH, into a Geographic
Information System (GIS). MODTOOLS translates data
into a GIS software called ARC/INFO. MODFLOW is the
recognized name for the U.S. Geological Survey Modular
Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Ground-Water
Model. MODTOOLS uses the data arrays input to or
output by MODFLOW during a ground-water flow
simulation to construct several types of GIS output files.
MODTOOLS can also be used to translate data from
MODPATH into GIS files.
A two-dimensional, finite element model for simulating
coupled multiphase flow and multi-component transport
MT3D
NAPL Simulator
OnSite On-line Site
Assessment Tool
PATRIOT
PESTAN
PRZM3
in planar or radically symmetric vertical sections. MOFAT
evaluates flow and transport for water, nonaqueous
phase liquid (NAPL), and gas. The program also can be
used when gas and/or NAPL phases are absent in part or
all of the domain.
MT3D is a 3D solute transport model for simulation of
advection, dispersion, and chemical reactions of
dissolved constituents in ground-water systems. The
model uses a modular structure similar to that
implemented in MODFLOW. The modular structure makes
it possible to independently simulate advection,
dispersion, sink/source mixing, and chemical reactions
without reserving computer memory space for unused
options.
NAPL Simulator conducts a simulation of the
contamination of soils and aquifers which results from
the release of organic liquids commonly referred to as
Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLS). The simulator is
applicable to three interrelated zones: a vadose zone
which is in contact with the atmosphere, a capillary zone,
and a water-table aquifer zone. Three mobile phases are
accommodated: water, NAPL, and gas. The 3-phase k-SP sub-model accommodates capillary and fluid
entrapment hysteresis. NAPL dissolution and
volatilization are accounted for through rate-limited mass
transfer sub-models.
On-Site was developed to provide modelers and model
reviewers with prepackaged tools ("calculators") for
performing site assessment calculations. The philosophy
behind OnSite is that the convenience of the
prepackaged calculators helps provide consistency for
simple calculations, and access to methods and data that
are not commonly available.
Pesticide Assessment Tool for Rating Investigations of
Transport (PATRIOT) provides rapid analyses of ground
water vulnerability to pesticides on a regional, state, or
local level. PATRIOT assesses ground water vulnerability
by quantifying pesticide leaching potential in terms of
pesticide mass transported to the water table. It
integrates a tool that enables analysis of pesticide
leaching potential with data required for area-specific
analysis anywhere in the U.S.
PESTAN is used to estimate the vertical migration of
dissolved organic solutes through the vadose zone to
ground water. Estimates are based on a closed-form
analytical solution of the advective-dispersive-reactive
transport equation. The model is intended for use in
conducting initial screening assessments of the potential
for contamination of ground-water from currently
registered pesticides and those submitted for
registration.
PRZM3 is the most recent version of a modeling system
RADMOD
RETC
RITZ
SEAWAT
SHARP
STF
SUTRA
that links two subordinate models--PRZM and VADOFT-in order to predict pesticide transport and transformation
down through the crop root and unsaturated zone.
This preprocessor for MODFLOW calculates the
conductances and storage capacity more precisely for the
changing geometries and head gradients of axisymmetric
flow to a well. The conductances and storage capacity
blocks are concentric shells that decrease in area in the
direction of the well. This program then outputs these
coefficients as an input data file for the General FiniteDifference (GFD) Package (Harbaugh, 1992).
RETC is a program for analyzing the hydraulic
conductivity properties of unsaturated soils. The
parametric models of Brooks-Corey and van Genuchten
are used to represent the soil water retention curve, and
the theoretical pore-size distribution models of Mualem
and Burdine predict the unsaturated hydraulic
conductivity function. The simulation can be generated
from observed soil water retention data, assuming that
one observed conductivity value (not necessarily at
saturation) is available. The program also permits users
to fit analytical functions simultaneously to observed
water retention and hydraulic conductivity data.
RITZ is a screening level model for simulation of
unsaturated zone flow and transport of oily wastes during
land treatment. RITZ was developed to help decision
makers systematically estimate the movement and fate
of hazardous chemicals during land treatment of oily
wastes. The model considers the downward movement of
the pollutant with the soil solution, volatilization, and loss
to the atmosphere, and degradation. The model
incorporates the influence of oil upon the transport and
fate of the pollutant.
The SEAWAT program was developed to simulate threedimensional, variable- density, transient ground-water
flow in porous media. The source code for SEAWAT was
developed by combining MODFLOW and MT3DMS into a
single program that solves the coupled flow and solutetransport equations.
SHARP is a quasi-three-dimensional, numerical model
that solves finite-difference approximations of the
equations for coupled freshwater and saltwater flow
separated by a sharp interface in layered coastal aquifer
systems. The model is quasi-three dimensional because
each aquifer is represented by a layer in which flow is
assumed to be horizontal.
STF is a computer-based tool for selecting data on
chemicals in the environment and for simulating their
fate and transport in site-specific conditions.
SUTRA is a finite-element simulation model for
saturated-unsaturated, fluid-density-dependent groundwater flow with energy transport or chemically reactive
SUTRA-GUI
UCODE
UTCHEM
VLEACH
VS2DI
WhAEM - DOS
single-species solute transport. SUTRA may be
employed for areal and cross-sectional modeling of
saturated ground-water flow systems, and for crosssectional modeling of unsaturated zone flow.
Preprocessor and postprocessor graphical-user interface
for preparing SUTRA input data and for viewing model
output for use within Argus Open Numerical
Environments (Argus ONE).
UCODE is a universal inverse modeling program (DOS &
UNIX) developed as a collaborative project between the
U.S. Geological Survey and the International Ground
Water Modeling Center at the Colorado School of Mines in
cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Waterways Experiment Station.
Originally a three-dimensional finite difference model for
multiphase flow, transport and chemical flooding, the
UTCHEM code has been modified to transform it into a
general purpose NAPL simulator. Appropriate physical,
chemical and biological process models have been
incorporated into the simulator to create a 3D multiphase
multi-component model capable of simulating the fate
and transport of NAPL's in the saturated and unsaturated
zones of aquifers. The model can be used to simulate the
actual field operation of remediation activities such as
surfactant remediation or bioremediation as well as
laboratory experiments with large-scale aquifer models.
VLEACH is a one-dimensional, finite difference model for
making preliminary assessments of the effects on ground
water from the leaching of volatile, sorbed contaminants
through the vadose zone. The program models four main
processes: liquid-phase advection, solid-phase sorption,
vapor-phase diffusion, and three-phase equilibration. In
an individual run, VLEACH can simulate leaching in a
number of distinct polygons, which may differ in terms of
soil properties, recharge rates, depth of water, or initial
conditions. Modeling results in an overall, area-weighted
assessment of ground-water impact.
The VS2DI package contains all the tools that a user
needs to create, run, and view results for a simulation of
flow and transport through variably saturated porous
media. The package seamlessly integrates a graphical
user interface--within which the user can draw the
simulated domain and enter or modify model
parameters--with existing USGS models of flow and
solute transport, and a postprocessor that displays
simulation results.
WhAEM is a computer-based tool used in the wellhead
protection decision-making process to delineate ground
water capture zones and isochrones of residence times.
Unlike similar programs, WhAEM can accommodate fairly
realistic boundary conditions, such as streams, lakes,
and aquifer recharge due to precipitation.
WhAEM2000
WHPA
ZONEBUDGET Version
2.1
The U.S. EPA's Wellhead Analytic Element Model,
WhAEM2000 for Windows (9x/NT/2K/XP), is a
groundwater geohydrology computer program.
WhAEM2000 is a public domain, ground-water flow
model designed to facilitate capture zone delineation and
protection area mapping in support of the State's
Wellhead Protection Programs (WHPP) and Source Water
Assessment Planning (SWAP) for public water supplies in
the United States.
WHPA is a semi-analytical ground-water flow simulation
program used for delineating capture zones in a wellhead
protection area. The program consists of four
computational modules (RESSQC, MWCAP, GPTRAC,
MONTEC). WHPA is applicable to homogeneous aquifers
exhibiting two-dimensional, steady ground-water flow in
an areal plane and appropriate for evaluating multiple
aquifer types (i.e., confined, leaky-confined, and
unconfined). The model is capable of simulating barrier
or stream boundary conditions that exist over the entire
depth of the aquifer. WHPA can account for multiple
pumping and injection wells and can quantitatively
assesses the effects of uncertain input parameters on a
delineated capture zone(s). Also, the program can be
used as a postprocessor for two-dimensional numerical
models of ground-water flow.
Zonebudget (ZONBUD) is a computer program that
computes subregional water budgets using results from
the MODFLOW ground water flow model. The user
designates the subregions by specifying zone numbers.
A separate budget is computed for each zone. The
budget for a zone includes a component of flow between
each adjacent zone.