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Transcript
NOTES-Chapter 12 Section 1: Plans for Reconstruction Main Idea: Northern leaders had differing ideas for dealing with the many issues and challenges of restoring the southern states to the Union. The South after the War Property Losses • Property values drop to ____________ what they were before the war • Many plantations lost workers (20% white male population died; slaves fled) • Transportation systems, especially ____________________, were devastated Challenges for African Americans and the South • 4 million newly freed slaves • No money, ______________________, or job prospects • Federal government still needed to address what role African Americans would play in _______ and what would happen to former Confederate states Wartime Reconstruction Freedmen’s Bureau • March 1865: Congress creates the Freedmen’s Bureau: __________________ to both black and white southerners • The Northern army had seized many ________________________ during the war and paid former slaves to stay and work • Some former slaves earned enough to ______ the land from the government Lincoln’s Reconstruction and Opposition • 1862: Lincoln appointed military governors to run the South • Ten Percent Plan: when _______ of a state’s voters took an oath of loyalty, they could organize a new state government that ________________ slavery • Arkansas, Louisiana, and Tennessee rejoined the Union under this plan • Congressional leaders opposed this plan for two reasons: readmitting states should be a Congressional decision and it was too lenient • 1864: Wade-Davis Bill: required ________ of voters to pledge loyalty to rejoin the union • Lincoln killed this bill with a _____________________ because he thought it was too harsh Lincoln’s Assassination • Lincoln’s popularity and political skill probably would have made him ultimately victorious in his battle with Congress over Reconstruction if he had survived • April 14, 1865: ______________________________________, a Southerner, shot and killed Lincoln while he was watching a play at Ford’s Theatre • The assassination was part of a larger plot to kill the vice-president and the cabinet, but the other assassins failed • He was later killed in a shoot-out with Union troops • Lincoln’s assassination meant that Southerner _________________________ was now president of the United States and in charge of Reconstruction Johnson and Congress Differ over Reconstruction Early Relations • Most Republicans thought they could work with Johnson because he believed the South should be punished for ______________ even though he was a Southerner • But Johnson really wanted to harm the _______________ planter class (he grew up poor), not the entire South • Congress was in recess until Dec. 1865, and Johnson felt he had the power to run Reconstruction while they were out of town Opposition to Johnson’s Plan • Johnson’s Plan included a loyalty oath (no specific %) but added one condition: Southerners with property over $20,000 had to apply for a __________________________ from the President • Republican Congressional leaders Sumner and _________________________ were opposed to the plan because it didn’t help former slaves • By the time they came back to DC, all states but ____________ had met Johnson’s requirement NOTES-Chapter 12 Section 2: Congressional Reconstruction Main Idea: Congress took control of Reconstruction as a new, radical branch of the Republican Party was emerging. Reconstruction Under President Johnson Southern State Governments • South welcomed Johnson’s approach ~ it gave power to the _____________ • Southerners wanted to rebuild government under ___________ control • Johnson also believed that African-Americans should ______ have a place in Southern government • Most Southerners elected to Congress were former generals or government leaders in the ____________________________ Black Codes and Southern Defiance • States were required to ratify the 13th Amendment but quickly passed ____________________: laws that kept African Americans in slave-like conditions and dependent upon plantations (required to sign year-long contracts, couldn’t own property, couldn’t own guns) • ______________________ formed to enforce laws and customs through terror Congress Takes Control of Reconstruction Northern Opposition • Northerners originally supported Johnson’s plan but quickly became disturbed at what was happening to African Americans in the South • Leniency with the South and implementation of Black Codes leads to _____________________________ Congress fights Back • ________________________________________ under Thaddeus Stevens favored tougher requirements for Southern states and wanted economic opportunity and political equality for freed slaves Johnson versus Congress • when Congress returned from recess, they passed a bill extending aid through the Freedmen’ Bureau • They also passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 which gave African Americans citizenship and equal rights • Johnson ______ both bills claiming they were unnecessary and unconstitutional • Both bills were passed over his veto • _____________________ was determined to take control of Reconstruction Radical Reconstruction Reconstruction Acts • Worried that the Supreme Court would overturn the Civil Rights Act, Congress passed the _______________________: granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US and granted them equal protection under the law • After wins in the 1866 election, Radical Republicans passed the Reconstruction Acts: divided the South into ________________________________ controlled by a general until the state ratified the 14th Amendment and gave African American men the right to vote • Tennessee was the only state exempt from military reconstruction because it has a large number of Union supporters and had met most of the Radical Republicans demands. Johnson’s Impeachment • Tenure of Office Act required the president to ask Congress to be allowed to fire cabinet members • Johnson refused and fired Stanton, a supporter of Congressional Republicans • Congress votes to _______________ him (formally accuse him of a crime) • After a 2 month trial, Johnson is acquitted 15th Amendment • In 1868 Republicans choose Ulysses S. Grant as their presidential candidate (wins) • Congress pushes the ___________________________: grants African American men the right to vote (most joined Republican Party) because most white southern voters had supported Grant’s opponent. • It does not include women or recognize that states might try other ways to disenfranchise African Americans NOTES-Chapter 12 Section 3: Republicans in Charge Main Idea: Republican Reconstruction had a significant impact on life in the South. Republican Government Brings Change to the South Scalawags and Carpetbaggers • Military Reconstruction changes Southern politics: • ___________________: white Southerners who join the Republican Party and cooperate; seen as traitors to fellow white Southerners • Tended to be poor whites who opposed secession and the war and hoped to gain more political power • _____________________: northern Republicans who moved south to reconstruct the South (also hated by most white Southerners) African Americans • Scalawags, carpetbaggers, and freedmen joined together to run state governments • African Americans were the _____________ group of Republican voters in the South; 700 served in state legislatures and 16 served in Congress New State Government • New state governments provided social services (more schools; hospitals, railroads, and repealed black codes) Life after Slavery for African Americans Seeking Economic Opportunity • African American families worked to reunite with loved ones • Some moved to ___________ areas looking for jobs (pop. doubled in 10 cities)—small numbers moved North or West • Most remained on their former plantations working for their former masters Education and Religion • By 1877 _________________ African Americans were enrolled in school • The Freedmen’s Bureau had started over 4,000 schools • African Americans also started their own _______________, which often became the center of the community • Some of these churches started schools (i.e. Morehouse College) • They also created clubs, fire companies, and _______________________ Reconstruction and Land Ownership • Some Radical Republicans wanted to seize Southern land and give it to former slaves (Southern Homestead Act: gave government owned land to slaves, but was repealed because former slaves lacked seed/tools only 4,000 families got land)many whites refused to sell land • Two farming systems emerged: • ________________________: owners provide land, tools, and seed, the resulting crop is shared with the farmers; OR • ________________________: owner rents land for a fixed price, farmer is responsible for all materials and ‘owns’ resulting crop and can choose what to plant • Most were sharecroppers • all ended up in poverty and in debt because they had to _____________ money to meet needs before the harvest of the crops • Collapse of cotton prices and overproduction also hurt farmers • Industry grew in the South during Reconstruction • African Americans were excluded from factory jobs • workers made lower wages than up North and were indebted to company stores NOTES-Chapter 12 Section 4: Reconstruction Collapses Main Idea: A variety of events and forces led to the end of Reconstruction, which left a mixed legacy for the nation. Problems with Reconstruction Terrorist groups in the South • Ku Klux Klan most active of several different ___________ organizations • They included planters, merchants, and poor white farmers and laborers • Common goal: undo advances and _____________ old political and social order • Main _____________: African American leaders but they also attacked men and women working with the Freedmen’s Bureau • Enforcement Acts: (1870/1871) heavy penalties including jail for preventing people from voting • KKK power and influence did ______________ as a result of these laws Support for Reconstruction Declines • White Southerners claim Enforcement Acts restrict individual rights • Northerners were frustrated with the continued need to post troops in the South • Taxes increased and states were deeply in debt • Democrats won control of Congress in ________ • A 5-year depression beginning in 1873 also weakened support for Reconstruction The End of Reconstruction “Redeeming” the South • The Supreme Court weakens Reconstruction in the _________________________________: most civil rights are under state control, 14th Amendment doesn’t apply this _______________ many of the rights won during Reconstruction • Terror against Southern Republicans became more brutal and bold; the federal government did little to help • Democrats, calling themselves ____________________, began to take control of Southern states The Election of 1876 • (R) Rutherford B. Hayes vs. (D) Samuel Tilden • Tilden one vote shy of majority in Electoral College (20 votes in dispute-19 from South) • Both sides made charges of voter fraud; Tilden supporters threatened to go to war over the outcome • Compromise of 1877: Hayes is given the 20 disputed votes becomes president; in return all federal troops were withdrawn from the South _______________ Reconstruction Reconstruction’s Legacy • 14th and 15th Amendment have profound effects for African Americans in South and North • 15th Amendment increases calls for women to gain right to vote • Industrialization and economic change in the South leads to the rise of the _______________________ • Supreme Court decisions weaken 14th & 15th Amendments and allow white Southern Democrats to control lives of African Americans • Southerners deeply resent federal intervention • South becomes so strongly Democratic, it becomes known as the _________________________, Republicans cannot make gains until the 1970s