Download IGNEOUS ROCKS

IGNEOUS ROCKS
EXTRUSIVE (Volcanic)- Fine-grained
INTRUSIVE (Plutonic)- Coarse-grained
MAGMA
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Molten Rock
– Usually with dissolved gasses
Generated at depth
If doesn’t reach surface, Solidifies underground
– Intrudes country rock
– Intrusive contact
– Chill zone
– Zenolith
Igneous Rocks
Names based on mineral composition (which reflects
chemical composition
of the magma) and...
Grain size
– Course-grained: > 1 mm.
– Fine-grained: < 1 mm.
– Porphyritic
– Pegmatite-very coarse-grained: >5 cm
Igneous Rocks-Classification
Course-grained- Plutonic
– GRANITE
– Diorite
– Gabbro
– Ultramafic
Fine-Grained
– Rhyolite
– ANDESITE*
– BASALT*
Igneous Rock Identification
Granite (& Rhyolite)
– High in Si + O
– Low in Fe + Mg
– Mostly feldspar &
quartz
– Light-colored
Basalt (& Gabbro)
– “Low” in Si + O
– High in Fe + Mg
– no quartz, abundant ferromagnesian minerals
– Dark colored
Andesite (& Diorite- intermediate)
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Ultramafic rock (Peridotite)
INTRUSIVE BODIES (STRUCTURES)
Bodies that solidified underground
Volcanic neck- shallow intrusion
Fills cracks- tabular bodies
– DIKE• If no layering in country rock
• If country rock is layered- Discordant
– SILL- less common
• Concordant- parallel to layering in country rock
Pluton
BATHOLITH– Large intrusive body
– Exposed in an area greater than 100 square Km.
– Coalesced smaller plutons
smaller bodies are called STOCKS
Batholiths a gathering of smaller blobs
Magma moves upward from depth as diapirs
DISTRIBUTION OF PLUTONIC ROCK
– Granite most abundant
• Common in mountain ranges
• In ancient rock that were mountain ranges that are now plains
– Ultramafic rock in the mantle
How magma forms
Partial melting of rock at depth
Source of heat
– Geothermal gradient
– Mantle plumes
Factors that control melting temperatures
– Pressure
– Water under pressure
– Mixing of minerals
How magmas evolve
Differentiation
– Bowen’s Reaction Series
• Discontinuous Branch
• Continuous Branch
– Crystal Settling
• Ore deposits due to crystal settling
Partial melting
Assimilation
Mixing of magmas
PLATE TECTONICS & IGNEOUS ACTIVITY
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
– Notably at mid-oceanic ridges
– Sea floor Spreading
Magma from asthenosphere
• Partial melting
– Due to reduced pressure
• Produces mafic magma
• Solidifies into basalt and gabbro
• Becomes oceanic crust
• Unmelted residue remains as ultramafic rock
INTRAPLATE IGNEOUS ACTIVITY
– Attributed to mantle plumes
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
– Origin of Andesite
• Partial melting of asthenosphere above subducted crust
• Water lowers melting temperature producing mafic magma
• Ascending magma modified into intermediate magma
– Origin of Granite
• Partial melting of lower continental crust
• Heat from mafic magma underplating the crust
Alternate hypotheses for explaining andesitic and granitic magmas
– Partial melting of basalt in subduction zone
– Assimilation of crustal rocks
– Mixing of magmas
– Melting of sedimentary rocks
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The End