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Air pollution Air Pollution The challenges of air pollution legislation • • Challenges of Risk Assessment Economic consequences of overregulation • • Geographic Variation Fairness and the Precautionary Principle Modeling of Air Pollution Chemical Changes Transport Emission Deposition Major Air Pollutants • • • • • • • • Particulates Nitrogen Oxides Sulfur Oxides Carbon Oxides Hydrocarbons Ozone – Stratospheric – troposheric Lead (included with particulates in the text) Air Toxics (hazardous air pollutants) • • • • Primary and Secondary Pollutants Mobile and Stationary Sources Smog Photochemical Smog Air Pollutant Sources (CA) Effects of Air Pollution Hazard Identification and Dose Response • Respiratory Disease – Emphysema – Bronchitis – Asthma • Lung Cancer • Toxic Responses – Mental impairment and Death – CO – reduction in blood’s ability to transport oxygen – Neurotoxic responses and effects on development • Teratogenic and Mutagenic Effects – (less common for airborne pollutants) Effects of Air Pollution Hazard Identification and Dose Response • Loss of plant productivity • Damage to wildlife populations • Corrode metals and concrete Issues associated with Exposure Assessment for outdoor air pollution Exposure Assessment Hazard Characterization Establishment of standards • • • • Chronic vs. acute exposures Sensitivity of the receptor Precautionary principle? Go through Risk Assessment – Effects on human health – Effects on the ecosystem – Effects on buildings and structures – Calculation of dosage – Inversions/Climatic Effects Establishment of Limits • • • Maintain or improve conditions? Who bears the burden? Economic consequences of over-protection vs. the environmental and health risks associated with the pollutants: Technology to Control Air Pollution • Stationary sources – Scrubbers… – Reduce pollution in material being burned – Higher stacks (greater dilution) – Hotter temperatures (more rapid dispersal) • Mobile Sources – Catalytic converters – Cleaner fuels – Inspections Legislation to Control Air Pollution • • • • • • Clean Air Act (1963, 1970, 1990) Common Pollutants – Criteria Pollutants Mobile Sources Acid Rain Toxic Air Pollution Stratospheric Ozone • Mobile Sources – Cleaner Cars – Catalytic converters – Lead and other toxins – Reformulated Gasoline – Low Sulfur Fuels – Alternative Fuels – Cleaner Trucks and Buses – Transportation Policies – Inspection and Maintenance Programs Stationary Sources Ozone Depletion http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/Students_Teachers/ozanim/ozoanim.shtml Acid Precipitation Global Distillation Effect Indoor Air Pollution