Download Air pollution

Air pollution
Air Pollution
The challenges of air pollution legislation
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Challenges of Risk Assessment
Economic consequences of overregulation
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Geographic Variation
Fairness and the Precautionary
Principle
Modeling of Air Pollution
Chemical
Changes
Transport
Emission
Deposition
Major Air Pollutants
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Particulates
Nitrogen Oxides
Sulfur Oxides
Carbon Oxides
Hydrocarbons
Ozone
– Stratospheric
– troposheric
Lead (included with particulates in the
text)
Air Toxics (hazardous air pollutants)
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Primary and Secondary Pollutants
Mobile and Stationary Sources
Smog
Photochemical Smog
Air Pollutant Sources (CA)
Effects of Air Pollution
Hazard Identification and Dose Response
• Respiratory Disease
– Emphysema
– Bronchitis
– Asthma
• Lung Cancer
• Toxic Responses
– Mental impairment and Death
– CO – reduction in blood’s ability to transport oxygen
– Neurotoxic responses and effects on development
• Teratogenic and Mutagenic Effects
– (less common for airborne pollutants)
Effects of Air Pollution
Hazard Identification and Dose Response
• Loss of plant productivity
• Damage to wildlife populations
• Corrode metals and concrete
Issues associated with Exposure Assessment
for outdoor air pollution
Exposure Assessment
Hazard Characterization
Establishment of standards
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Chronic vs. acute exposures
Sensitivity of the receptor
Precautionary principle?
Go through Risk Assessment
– Effects on human health
– Effects on the ecosystem
– Effects on buildings and
structures
– Calculation of dosage
– Inversions/Climatic Effects
Establishment of Limits
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Maintain or improve conditions?
Who bears the burden?
Economic consequences of over-protection vs. the environmental and health risks
associated with the pollutants:
Technology to Control Air Pollution
• Stationary sources
– Scrubbers…
– Reduce pollution in material being burned
– Higher stacks (greater dilution)
– Hotter temperatures (more rapid dispersal)
• Mobile Sources
– Catalytic converters
– Cleaner fuels
– Inspections
Legislation to Control Air Pollution
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Clean Air Act (1963, 1970, 1990)
Common Pollutants
– Criteria Pollutants
Mobile Sources
Acid Rain
Toxic Air Pollution
Stratospheric Ozone
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Mobile Sources
– Cleaner Cars
– Catalytic converters
– Lead and other toxins
– Reformulated Gasoline
– Low Sulfur Fuels
– Alternative Fuels
– Cleaner Trucks and Buses
– Transportation Policies
– Inspection and Maintenance
Programs
Stationary Sources
Ozone Depletion
http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/Students_Teachers/ozanim/ozoanim.shtml
Acid Precipitation
Global Distillation Effect
Indoor Air Pollution