Download unit 3 usa boom and bust revision booklet

UNIT 3 USA BOOM AND BUST REVISION BOOKLET
AREAS OF KEY LEARNING:
Self assess your knowledge of the course using the table below. The key
questions and statements are taken from the exam board specification of
what you are meant to know. Focus on the areas you have ticked red!
Read each topic and tick to indicate your knowledge and understanding
(1=poor; 5=excellent). Use this document to help you prioritize your revision.
Topic
The economy of the US in the 1920s in the ‘boom’ years
An understanding of the condition of the USA’s economy in
1917 in order to understand the impact of the war and its
legacy
Knowledge and understanding of the reasons for the
prosperity of the 1920s
Understand the way in which government policies helped
create and perpetuate this ‘boom’, in particular: the
Emergency Tariff Act of 1921 and the Fordney-McCumber
Act of 1922, tax reductions and Coolidge’s general policy of
‘laissez-faire’
Social and political tension in the USA in the period to 1933
The activities of the Ku Klux Klan
Federal immigration policy
The ‘Red Scare’
Reactions to social changes, to the women’s suffrage issue
and to racial tensions
Students should also understand why prohibition was
introduced into the US.
Be able to consider the positive and negative attributes of
prohibition and its impact on US society
To opposition to Roosevelt as President in the period 1933-45
and opposition to the New Deal
Knowledge of Supreme Court opposition via its legal rulings
and Roosevelt’s response to it
Business opposition within the US and political challenges
from both left and right perspectives.
The impact on the USA of its entry of the US into the Second
World War and the consequences of this involvement in the
period to 1954
Knowledge and understanding of the growth of federal
intervention in the economy in the period 1941-54
Know about the economic benefits of the war for US society
and how this laid the foundations for the post-war boom
1
Understanding (1=poor;
5=excellent)
1
2
3
4
5
‘Anti-communism ‘refers mainly to the impact of McCarthyism
on US society why so many people supported the anticommunist and anti-trade union activity
The first controversy requires a study of the nature of the
depression in the years 1929-33, both long and short term
causes of this and why it lasted so long.
Students should be aware of the historical debate which
surrounds this period with historians stressing various factors:
structural imbalances within the USA, the weaknesses in the
US banking system and the lack of financial regulation by the
federal government, the problems of international trade etc.
The second controversy requires a study of the New Deal and
its impact on the US economy and society in the period 193241
In terms of success, some historians see the initiatives of
President Roosevelt and federal government as being of
importance.
Others have argued that recovery only really came when the
US decided to rearm in 1938 and the Second World War
broke out in 1939, thus providing millions of new jobs for both
men and women.
LEGISLATION:
Use your knowledge and notes to remind yourself of key legislation from our
course. Can you write a sentence about every key piece of legislation? (The
New Deal years will be dealt with in a separate section)
LEGISLATION I NEED
TO KNOW:
16th Amendment (1913)
DETAILS
Selective Service Act
(1914)
War Revenue Act (1916
and 1917)
Espionage Act (1917)
Sedition Act (1918)
Prohibition Act (1918)
2
19th Amendment (1918)
Volstead Act (1919)
Budget and Accounting
Act (1921)
Grain Futures Trading
Act (1921)
The Emergency Quota
Act (1921)
Fordney McCumber
(1922)
The Capper Volstead Act
(1922)
The Intermediate Credit
Act (1923)
Quota Act (1924)
Hawley Smoot (1930)
National Credit
Corporation (1931)
Reconstruction Finance
Corporation (1932)
Neutrality Act (1935)
3
Neutrality Act (1936)
Neutrality Act (1937)
House Un-American
Activities Committee
(1938)
Modification of Neutrality
Act (1939)
Lend Lease Act (1941)
GI Bill or Serviceman’s
Readjustment Act (1944)
Taft Hartley Act (1946)
Federal Loyalty Bonds
established (1947)
KEY TERMS:
Can you write a sentence about each of these key terms? Page 176 of the
textbook may help you!
Atlanticism:____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
American Federation of Labour (AFL): _______________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Anti-Saloon League: _____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4
Balanced Budget:_______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Bear Market:___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Bonus Army:___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Boondoggling:__________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Bootlegger:____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Bull Market:____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Buying on Margin:_______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Brain Trust:____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Congress:_____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Consumer Credit: _______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Creditor Nation: _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Debtor Nation: __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Democrat:_____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Devaluation: ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Federal Patronage: ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Federal Reserve: _______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Fiscal Conservatism:_____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Foreclosure: ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Four Horseman of the Apocalypse: _________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
GDP: _________________________________________________________
GNP:_________________________________________________________
House of Representatives: ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
HUAC: ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5
Hyphenated Americans: __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Insider Dealing: _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Isolationism: ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Keynesianism:__________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
KKK:__________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Liberty Bonds: __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Liquidity:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Mass Production:________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
McCarthyism:___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Monetarism:____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
NAACP:_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
New Deal:_____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Prohibition:_____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Protectionism: __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Republican Party:_______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Red Scare: ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Roosevelt Recession: ____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Sacco and Vanzetti Trial: _________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Senate: _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6
Scientific Management:___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Scopes Monkey Trial: ____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Sharecroppers: _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speakeasies: __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Supreme Court: ________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Tariffs: ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Tin Lizzie: _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Voluntarism:____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Wall Street Crash:_______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
KEY INDIVIDUALS:
Clarence Birdseye:______________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
7
Louis Brandeis:______________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
William Jennings Bryan:__________
_____________________________
_____________________________
____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
Calvin Cooldige:___________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Father Charles Coughlin:_________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
Clarence Darrow:____________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Harry Daughtery:_______________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
____________________________
Hiram Wesley Evans:_________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
8
_____________________________
_____________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Albert Fall:_____________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
Charles Forbes:_____________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
___________________________________________
__________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Henry Ford:____________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
Felix Frankfurter:_____________________________
__________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
9
Warren Harding:________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
Herbert Hoover:______________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Harry Hopkins:__________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
Harold Ickes:________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
10
General Hugh Johnson:___________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
_____________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
Huey Long:_________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Andrew Mellon:_________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
_____________________________
______________________________
______________________________
Franklin Delano Roosevelt:_____________________
__________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
11
Doc Simmons:__________________
______________________________
______________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
______________________________
_____________________________
______________________________
Alfred Sloan:________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Al Smith:______________________
______________________________
______________________________
_____________________________
_______________________________
________________________________
________________________________
David Curtis Stephenson:______________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Judge Webster Thayer:_____________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
_______________________________
______________________________
Dr Townsend:_______________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
12
Woodrow Wilson:__________________
________________________________
________________________________
_________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
TIMELINE:
Create a timeline of key dates relevant to the course. The beginning of each
chapter of the textbook may help you
DATE
1916
KEY DETAILS
1917
1918
1919
1920
13
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
14
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
15
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
16
1957
THE IMPACT OF WORLD WAR ONE:
What was the impact of World War One on the US? Make notes here to
revise the topic. What was the political, social and economic impacts?
POLITICAL:___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
SOCIAL:________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
ECONOMIC:_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
17
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
OTHER:_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
18
KEY DATES
KEY
INDIVIDUA
LS
WHAT
HAPPENED?
THE SCOPESMONKEY TRIAL
WHY WAS
IT
SYMBOLIC?
WHAT WAS
THE CASE
ABOUT?
WHAT WAS
THE
OUTCOME?
19
KEY
INDIVIDUALS
HOW DID THE
KKK BEGIN?
IMPORTANCE
/SIGNIFIANC
E OF THE KKK
THE KKK
REEMERGENCE
KEY IDEAS
AND
STRUCTURE
THE KKK IN
INDIANA
20
WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF
PROHIBITION?
WHAT LEGISLATION WAS PASSED?
PROHIBITION
21
WHAT WERE THE ANTI-ALCOHOL
LOBBY GROUPS?
22
SACCO AND VANZETTI AND IMMIGRATION
READ THROUGH THE STATEMENTS BELOW AND REWRITE THEM IN
THE CORRECT ORDER TO REVISE THE SACCO AND VANZETTI CASE:
After appeals, Sacco and Vanzetti were executed in 1927.
In 1917 literacy tests were introduced for immigrants-they were required to be
able to read and write. Woodrow Wilson spoke of the need for 100%
Americanism and ex-President Theodore Roosevelt demanded ‘America for
Americans’. In 1917, the Russian Revolution happened.
The new arrivals seemed to threaten the old lifestyles of the old migrants who
had mainly come from Great Britain, Germany and Scandinavia who were
mainly Protestant.
In 1919-20 two violent robberies took place. The crime was linked to
immigrants and Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested.
Immigration was increasingly linked to left-wing politics. In 1919, a bomber
blew himself up on the steps of the Attorney General, Mitchell Palmer. The
bomber was an Italian anarchist.
The period 1880-1914 had been marked by a new flood of immigration from
eastern and southern Europe. Over 2.3 million Jews from Russia and Poland
became US citizens, as did 2 million Catholic Poles.
At the trial, the evidence against Sacco and Vanzetti was dubious and the
judge, Webster Thayer, was criticised. He is reputed to have said: “I want to
see the anarcghist bastards hanged.”
In July 1921, Sacco and Vanzetti were sentenced to death.
There was a growing radicalism against immigration. In 1916, Madison Grant,
a wealthy New Yorker wrote ‘The Passing of a Great Race’. He believed in
the pseudo science of
Eugenics which divided the
races of the world up.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
23
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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24
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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25
26
BUSINESS
INTERESTS
TAXATION
KEY IDEAS
THE
REPUBLICAN
YEARS
AGRICULTUR
E
TARIFFS
TRADE
UNION
POLICY
27
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
Make notes under the headings/factors below to remind yourself of the
causes of the Great Depression-remember the mneumonic BIAS!
Cause/factor
BANKING
Notes
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
INDUSTRY
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
AGRICULTURE
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
STOCKS AND SHARES
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
28
29
Foreign Economic Crises
Monetarist Theory
Nature of American Business
30
WHY DID THE GREAT
DEPRESSION LAST SO LONG?
Insuffiecent Government Interventions
31
Extent of the Depression
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
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_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
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_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
I cut my own and state
officials salaries
_____________________________________________
by 20%
In 1930, I introduced the Hawley
Smoot tariff act with an average of
40% tariffs
32
33
HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE WALL STREET CRASH AND GREAT
DEPRESSION
MILTON FRIEDMAN:___________________
____________________________________
___________________________________
_____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
PETER TEMIN:______________________
_________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
__________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
___________________________________
JIM POWELL:_________________________
____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
ANTHONY BADGER:_________________
___________________________________
__________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
___________________________________
34
MICHAEL BERNSTEIN:_________________
____________________________________
_____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
___________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
CHARLES KINDELBERGER:___________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
__________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
___________________________________
DAVID KENNEDY:__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
35
THE FIRST NEW DEAL
DATE
1933
LEGISLATION
EMERGENCY BANKING ACT
KEY DETAILS
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
CCC ESTABLISHED
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
FERA ESTABLISHED
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
AAA
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
TVA ESTABLSISHED
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
HOME OWNERS
REFINANCING ACT
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
GLASS STEAGALL ACT
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
36
________________________________________
1934
37
FARM CREDIT ACT
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
NIRA WHICH ESTABLISHED
THE PWA AND THE NRA
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
FARM MORTGAGING
REFINANCING ACT
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
CROP LOAN ACT
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
JONES-CONNALLY FARM
RELIEF ACT
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
FEDERAL FARM
BANKRUPTCY ACT
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
SECURITIES AND
EXCHANGE COMMISSON
SET UP
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
1935
1936
SOIL EROSION ACT
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
WPA ESTABLISHED
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
ACT
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
SOCIAL SECURITY ACT
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
NATIONAL LABOUR
RELATIONS ACT (WAGNER
ACT)
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
WEALTH TAX ACT
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
SOIL CONSERVATION AND
DOMESTIC ALLOTMENT
ACT
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
38
1937
WAGNER STEAGALL ACT
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
1938
AAA ACT
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
FAIR LABOUR STANDARDS
ACT
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
FEDERAL NATIONAL
MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION
(FANNIE MAE) SET UP
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
OPPOSITION TO THE NEW DEAL
Design a poster to show the views of either Father Charles Coughlin,
Townsend. Better still design one for each of them!
HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE NEW DEAL
ARHTUR SCHLEISINGER:________________
______________________________________
_____________________________________
_______________________________________
39
LEUCHTENBERG:____________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
_______________________________________ ___________________________________
______________________________________ ___________________________________
B.J. BERNSTEIN:________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
_____________________________________
______________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
AMITY SHALES:_____________________
___________________________________
__________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
HUGH BROGAN:______________________
______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
ANTHONY BADGER:_________________
___________________________________
__________________________________
____________________________________
___________________________________
_____________________________________
PAUL CONKIN:__________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
FIONA VENN:_________________________
____________________________________
___________________________________
40
_______________________________________ _____________________________________
_______________________________________ _____________________________________
DAVID KENNEDY:______________________
_______________________________________
______________________________________
_____________________________________
_______________________________________
_____________________________________
____________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
41
NIALL FERGUSON:____________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
“THE NEW DEAL WAS A
SUCCESS”
“THE NEW DEAL WAS A
FAILURE”
42
1941
1940
1939
1938
1937
1935
43
1936
Make notes on the political, social
and economic impacts of World
War Two
POLITICAL
44
ECONOMIC
45
SOCIAL
THE GROWTH OF FEDERAL INTERVENTION
DATE
1941
KEY DETAILS:
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
1942
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
1943
_________________________________________________________________
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1944
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1945
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1946
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1947
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1948
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46
1949
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_________________________________________________________________
1950
1951
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
47
Thousands of new jobs
were created
New technologies
were
developed such as synthetic
rubber-51 new plants were
created
The USA was the
largest exporter
of synthetic
rubber
Technology
WHAT WERE THE
ECONOMIC BENEFITS
OF THE WAR?
48
WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF THIS NEW
SCARE OR HYSTERIA?
WHAT WAS HUAC?
MCCARTHYISM
49
WHY DID/WOULD A COMMUNIST
THREAT BENEFIT THE REPUBLICAN
PARTY?
HOW DID MCCARTHYISM/THE RED
SCARE END?
WHO WAS MCCARTHY? WHO WAS
ALGER HISS?
WHAT DID MCCARTHY SAY? WHAT
EVIDENCE DID HE HAVE?
50
PRACTICE A QUESTIONS:
1. To what extent was the First World War the key factor in the US decision to restrict
immigration in the years 1917–29? (PREVIOUS EXAM QUESTION)
2. How far do you agree with the view that McCarthyism had little impact on US society in
the years 1950–54? (PREVIOUS EXAM QUESTION)
3. How far do you agree with the view that, in the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan possessed neither
sizeable support nor significant influence? (PREVIOUS EXAM QUESTION)
4. ‘American prosperity in the years 1945–54 was primarily due to the impact of the US war
economy.’ How far do you agree with this view? (PREVIOUS EXAM QUESTION)
5. ‘The US economic boom of the 1920s was primarily due to the motor manufacturing
industry.’ How far do you agree with this view? (PREVIOUS EXAM QUESTION)
6. ‘Neither the Supreme Court nor Roosevelt’s critics exerted much influence over the nature
of the New Deal in the 1930s.’ How far do you agree with this view? (PREVIOUS EXAM
QUESTION)
7. ‘Herbert Hoover’s Presidency was a complete failure’ How far do you agree with this view
8. To what extent was the policy of Prohibition a complete failure?
9. The prosperity of the 1920s was entirely due to the policies of the Republican
Presidencies. How far do you agree with this view?
10. To what extent do you agree that the Scopes Monkey Trial demonstrated the supremacy
of the traditional conservative Protestant elite?
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SELF ASSESSMENT TABLE FOR PRACTICE A QUESTIONS:
SUCCESS
CRITERIA
Clear introduction
Argument explained
in introduction
Question addressed
at the start of each
paragraph
Depth of evidence
Analysis
Balanced answer
Clear argument
Clear conclusion
Includes most
important reason
Paragraphs
arranged in order of
importance/significa
nce
Q1
R A
G
Q2
R A
Q3
G R A
Q4
G R A
Q5
G R A
G
Q6
R A
Q7
G R A
Q8
G R A
G
Q9
R A
Q10
G R A
52
G
53
PRACTICE B QUESTIONS
Practice Question 1:
‘The Great Depression was caused by the failure of America to assume leadership
of the world economy’ How far do you agree with this view? Explain your answer,
using sources 1, 2 and 3 and your own knowledge of the issues related to this
controversy?
SOURCE 1: (From Charles P. Kindelberger, The World Depression 1929-39,
published in 1973)
The world economic system was unstable unless some country stabilised it, as
Britain had done in the nineteenth century and up to 1913. In 1929, the British
couldn’t and the United States wouldn’t. When every country turned down its own
interest the world public interest went down the drain, and with it the private interests
of all.
SOURCE 2: (From Jim Powell, FDR’s Folly, published in 2003)
The Great Depression was a government failure, brought on principally by Federal
Reserve policies that abruptly cut the money supply; unit banking laws that made
thousands of banks more vulnerable to failure; Hoover’s tariffs, which throttled trade’
Hoover’s taxes which took unprecedented amounts of money out of peoples pockets
at the worst possible time and Hoover’s other policies which made it more difficult
for the economy to recover.
SOURCE 3: (From Maldwyn A. Jones, The Limits of Liberty, published in 1995)
The most serious underlying weakness of the economy was that the capacity to
produce had outrun the capacity to consume. One reason for this was that a
substantial part of the population-farmers, for example, and workers in declining
industries like coal and textiles-had not shared in the general prosperity. Another
was that income was maldistributed. Profits and dividends had risen faster than
wages, while Republican tax policies favoured the wealthy.
Practice Question 2:
‘The Great Depression lasted so long because of the failure of Hoover’s government
to intervene’ How far do you agree with this view? Explain your answer, using
sources 3, 4 and 5 and your own knowledge of the issues related to this
controversy?
SOURCE 3: (From Charles P. Kindelberger, The World Depression 1929-39,
published in 1973)
The world economic system was unstable unless some country stabilised it, as
Britain had done in the nineteenth century and up to 1913. In 1929, the British
couldn’t and the United States wouldn’t. When every country turned down its own
54
interest the world public interest went down the drain, and with it the private interests
of all.
SOURCE 4: (From Anthony Badger, The New Deal, published in 1989)
However noble Hoover’s aspirations the fact remains that his anti-Depresssion
policies failed. The President was eventually forced to abandon his voluntary
principles. But in the main, Hoover clung doggedly to his anti-state control policies,
often wilfully refusing to acknowledge the extent of the failure of his policies.
SOURCE 5: (From David Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, published in 1999)
Given the constraints under which he laboured, Hoover made impressively
aggressive countercyclical use of fiscal policy. Measured against either past of
future performance, his accomplishment was remarkable, He nearly doubled federal
public works expenditure in three years. Thanks to his prodding, the net stimulating
effect of federal, state and local fiscal policy was larger in 1931 than any subsequent
year of the decade
Practice Question 3:
‘The New Deal was a failure because it did not provide relief, recovery and reform to
all American 1933-39’
SOURCE 6: From Niall Ferguson, The Ascent of Money, published in 2008)
In the flood of acronyms the New Deal produced, it is easy to miss the fact that its
most successful and enduring component was the new deal it offered with respect to
housing. By radically increasing the opportunity for Americans to own their own
homes, the Roosevelt administration pioneered the idea of a property owning
democracy. It proved to be the perfect antidote to red revolution.
SOUCE 7: (From David Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, published in 1999)
Above all, the New Deal gave to countless Americans who had never had much of
it, a sense of security, and with it a sense of having a stake in their country. And it
did it all without shredding the American constitution or sundering the American
people. At a time when despair and alienation were prostrating other peoples under
the heel of dictatorship, that was no small accomplishment.
SOURCE 8: (From Maldwyn A. Jones, The Limits of Liberty, published in 1995)
Upon black Americans the Depression had a catastrophic effect. In the rural South
where most of them lived, blacks were more dependent than whites on cotton, the
crop hardest hit by the Depression. New Deal agricultural policies compounded
Negro miseries; the AAA in particular displaced many Negro tenants and croppers.
New Deal agencies generally discriminated against blacks. The NRA all but
excluded them …
55
Practice Question 4:
‘The New Deal failed to revive the US economy.’ How far do you agree with this
view? Explain your answer, using Sources 10, 11 and 12 and your own knowledge
of the issues related to this controversy.
SOURCE 10: (From Paul Johnson, A History of the American People, published
1997)
The New Deal recovery was slow and feeble. The only reasonably good year was
1937 when unemployment stood at 14.3 per cent, but by the end of the year the
economy was in free-fall again, and unemployment was at 19 per cent in 1938. In
1937 production briefly passed 1929 levels but soon slipped below again. The real
recovery came only when news of the war in Europe plunged the New York Stock
Exchange into a joyful confusion which finally wiped out the traces of October 1929.
Two years later, with America on the brink of war itself, production finally passed
1929 levels for good. If government interventionism worked, it took nine years and a
world war to demonstrate the fact.
SOURCE 11: (From Amity Shlaes, The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great
Depression, published 2007)
Roosevelt created relief, aid and regulatory agencies, assuming that recovery could
be achieved only through large military-style effort. Some were useful, such as the
financial institutions he established upon entering office. Some were inspiring – the
Civilian Conservation Corps, for example. Other institutions such as the National
Recovery Agency (NRA) did damage. NRA rules were so inflexible they frightened
45 away capital and discouraged employers from hiring workers. Where the private
sector could help to bring the economy back, Roosevelt often suppressed it. The
creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority snuffed out a growing – and potentially
successful – private sector effort to light up the South. The high wages generated by
New Deal legislation helped those workers who earned them but also prevented
50 companies from hiring additional workers. Hence the persistent shortage of jobs
in the latter part of the 1930s.
SOURCE 12: (From Philip Jenkins, A History of the United States, published 1997)
The New Deal had its greatest success in Roosevelt’s first term. Between 1930 and
1933 the gross national product (GNP) of the US had fallen from $99 billion to $77
billion – a figure which more than bounced back to $113 billion by 1937. GNP
55 per head rose from $615 in 1933 to $881 in 1937, and to $954 by 1940. People
also became significantly better off as the decade progressed, as measured by
possession of material goods. However, in some ways the New Deal only softened
the worst effects of the crisis. Unemployment remained at 16–20 per cent for most
of the late 1930s. Even in 1937, unemployment only just dipped below 8 million,
60 and 1938 brought a brief but painful economic contraction. Moreover, the financial
costs were immense: the federal debt grew from $22.5 billion in 1933 to $40.5 billion
in 1939.
56
Practice Question 5: ‘The New Deal failed because of FDR’s failure to engage in
radical and drastic change.’ How far do you agree with this view? Explain your
answer, using Sources 10, 11 and 12 and your own knowledge of the issues related
to this controversy.
SOURCE ??? David M. Kennedy, Freedom From Fear: The American People in
Depression and War, 1929-1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999),
pages 153-154
“By any standard, the achievements of the Hundred Days were impressive. The
New Deal had decisively halted the banking panic. It had invented wholly new
institutions to restructure vast tracts of the nation’s economy, from banking to
agriculture to industry to labor relations. It had authorized the biggest public works
program in American history. It had earmarked billions of dollars for federal relief to
the unemployed. It had designated the great Tennessee watershed as the site of an
unprecedented experiment in comprehensive, planned regional development. No
less important, the spirit of the country, so discouraged by four years of economic
devastation, had been infused with Roosevelt’s own contagious optimism and hope.
. . . But for all of the excitement about the Hundred Days . . . the Depression still
hung darkly over the land.
SOURCE ??? Anthony Badger, FDR: The First Hundred Days (New York: Hill
and Wang: 2008), p. 173-174.
“Roosevelt gave indispensable assistance to many Americans in the summer of
1933. He instigated a regulatory regime for financial institutions that prevented a
repeat of the Great Crash. He made a start on a massive program of investment in
the physical infrastructure of the United States. What he had not found in 1933 was
the magic key to economic recovery.
SOURCE ???? Robert S. McElvaine, The Great Depression: America, 19291941 (New York: Random House, 1984, 1993)
But to fault Roosevelt for missing his chance to bring about drastic changes in the
American economic system is to overlook the restraints upon him (even assuming
he wanted such changes, which in most cases he did not). A time of economic
collapse, such as 1933, might seem just the time to introduce radical change. It is
not. People may be willing to try new ideas; much evidence suggests that a majority
was ready for bold new experiments in 1933. But any move toward either
socialization or truly effective antitrust action would have been resisted vehemently
by business. This would have made the economic collapse even worse in the short
run (which might well not be very short). The fact is that, bad as things were in early
1933, they could get worse, and drastic change was likely to bring about that
undesirable end.
57
SELF ASSESSMENT TABLE FOR PRACTICE B QUESTION
SUCCESS CRITERIA
1
R A
G
2
R
A
3
G R
A
4
G R
A
5
G R
A
G
Clear introduction
Argument explained in introduction
Refers to the question at the start of each paragraph
Depth of evidence
Analysis of all the sources
In-depth own knowledge included
Historians views/historiography included
Clear conclusion/judgment
Own view explained in conclusion
May include a most important reason in conclusion
Paragraphs organised in order of importance/significance
58