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INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN
MOVEMENT SCIENCE
Human Movement System Function
• The Human Movement System must:
– Be aware of its relationship to its environments,
both internal and external.
– Gather necessary information regarding them.
– Produce appropriate motor responses.
– This ensures optimum functioning of the HMS and
optimum human movement.
Human Movement System
Represents the integrated functioning of the three
main systems within the body, which are components
and structures of the human movement system (HMS):
• Nervous system (central
and peripheral)
• Skeletal (articular) system
• Muscular system
Biomechanics
• Science concerned with internal and external
forces acting on the human body and the
effects produced by these forces
• Study of applying laws of mechanics and
physics to determine how forces affect human
movement
• Predicts performance in athletic events
Anatomic Location Terminology
• Superior―positioned
above a point of reference
• Inferior ―positioned
below point of reference
• Proximal―positioned
nearest the center of the
body, or point of reference
• Distal―positioned farthest
from the center of the
body, or point of reference
• Anterior (or ventral) ―on
the front of the body
Anatomic Location Terminology
• Posterior (or dorsal) ―on
the back of the body
• Medial―positioned near
the middle of the body
• Lateral―positioned toward
the outside of the body
• Contralateral―positioned
on the opposite side of the
body
• Ipsilateral ―positioned on
the same side of the body
Planes of Motion and Axes
• Universally accepted method of describing
human movements is in three dimensions
• Based on system of planes and axes
• When applying these principles, keep in mind
that anatomic nomenclatures occur according
to the body in the:
– Anatomic position―the position with the body
erect with the arms at the sides and the palms
forward
Sagittal Plane
An imaginary bisector that divides
the body into left and right halves
• Sagittal plane movements
include:
– Flexion―a bending movement
in which the relative angle
between two adjacent
segments decreases
– Extension―a straightening
movement in which the relative
angel between two adjacent
segments increases
– Hyperextension―extension of a
joint beyond the normal limit or
range of motion
Flexion and Extension Movements
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Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Knee flexion
Knee extension
Hip flexion: femoralonpelvic rotation
• Hip flexion: pelviconfemoral rotation
• Hip extension
Flexion and Extension Movements
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Spinal flexion
Spinal extension
Elbow flexion
Elbow extension
Shoulder flexion
Shoulder extension
Cervical flexion
Cervical extension
Frontal Plane
An imaginary bisector that divides
the body into front and back
halves.
• Abduction― a movement in the
frontal plane away from the
midline of the body
• Adduction― a movement in the
frontal plane back toward the
midline of the body
Frontal Plane
Adduction and abduction
movements:
• Eversion
• Inversion
• Hip abduction
• Hip adduction
• Lateral flexion
• Shoulder abduction
• Shoulder adduction
• Cervical lateral flexion
Transverse Plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the
body into top and bottom halves.
• Internal rotation―rotation of a joint
toward the middle of the body
• External rotation―rotation of a joint
away from the middle of the body
• Horizontal abduction―movement of
the arm or thigh in the transverse
plane from an anterior position to a
lateral position
Transverse Plane
Horizontal adduction―movement of the
arm or thigh in the transverse plane from
a lateral position to an anterior position
Rotational movements:
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Hip external rotation
Hip internal rotation
Radioulnar supination
Radioulnar pronation
Shoulder external rotation
Shoulder internal rotation
Shoulder horizontal abduction
Shoulder horizontal adduction
Spinal rotation
Cervical rotation
Scapular Motion
Motion of the shoulder
blades are important for the
fitness professional to:
• Be familiar with proper
movement of the shoulder
complex
• Ensure proper movement
of the shoulder complex
Scapular Motion
Scapular movements include:
• Scapular retraction―adduction
of scapula; shoulder blades
move toward the midline
• Scapular
protraction―abduction of
scapula; shoulder blades move
away from the midline
• Scapular
depression―downward
(inferior) motion of the scapula
• Scapular elevation―upward
(superior) motion of the scapula
Muscle Actions
The prefix iso means same or equal. The suffix
tonic refers to tension. Kinetic refers to motion
Muscle Actions
Example of Muscle Actions
• Squat
– Flexing at the hips, knees,
and ankles
– Extending at the hips,
knees, and ankles
• Biceps Curl
– Flexing at the elbows
– Extending at the elbows
Functional Anatomy of Muscles
Traditional perception is that muscles work
concentrically and predominantly in one plane
of motion.
To design efficient training programs:
• View muscles functioning in all planes of motion
• Through entire muscle action spectrum (eccentric,
isometric, and concentric)
Muscular Force
Force
• An influence applied by one
object to another
• Results in an acceleration or
deceleration of the second
object
Length-Tension
Relationships
• Refers to the resting length
of a muscle
• Tension the muscle can
produce
Muscular Force
Force-Velocity Curve
• Refers to the
relationship of
muscle’s ability to
produce tension at
differing shortening
velocities
• Concentric: Speed + Force –
• Eccentric: speed +,
Force +
Muscular Force
Force-Couple
Relationships
• Muscle groups moving
together to produce
movement around a
joint
• Muscles in a forcecouple provide divergent
pulls on the bones they
connect with
Common Force-Couples
Muscular Leverage
• 1st Class
• 2nd Class
– Increase force production
• 3rd Class
– Most abundant in the body
– Increase speed and range of motion
Muscular Leverage
Muscular Leverage
• Rotary Motion ― movement of the bones around
the joints
• Torque―a force that produces rotation
MOTOR BEHAVIOR
Motor Behavior
Study of motor behavior examines the manner by
which the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems
interact.
Motor Behavior
• Motor behavior―response to internal and
external environmental stimuli
• Motor control―how the central nervous system
integrates internal and external sensory
information with previous experiences to
produce a motor response
• Motor learning―integration of motor control
processes through practice and experience
• Motor Development – the ability of muscles to
work in synergy
Motor Behavior
• Muscle synergies―groups of muscles that are
recruited by the central nervous system to
provide movement
Motor Control
• Muscle synergies―groups of muscles that are
recruited by the central nervous system to
provide movement
• Proprioception―the cumulative sensory input to
the central nervous system from all
mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb
movements
• Sensorimotor integration― the cooperation of
the nervous and muscular system in gathering
and interpreting information and executing
movement
Motor Learning
• Feedback―the use of sensory information and
sensorimotor integration to help the human
movement system in motor learning
• Internal feedback―the process whereby sensory
information is used by the body to reactively
monitor movement and the environment
• External feedback―information provided by
some external source, such as a health and
fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart
rate monitor, to supplement the internal
environment