Download annotated-bibliography-literature-condition-queensland

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LITERATURE
ON
THE CONDITION OF QUEENSLAND STREAMS AND RIVERS
Angela H. Arthington
Centre for Catchment and In-stream Research, Griffith University
Nathan Queensland 41 11
Report to the Water Resources Commission
Brisbane, Queensland
June 1992
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 SCOPE AND METHODS
2.0 ANNOTATED BDBLIOGRAPHY
3.0 STREAM AND RIVER RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
AND IN-STREAMRESEARCH
3.1 CENTRE FOR CATCHMENT
3.1.1 Stream Invertebrate Studies
3.1.2 Fish Community Studies
3.2 AUSTRALIAN
FOR TROPICAL FRESHWATER
RESEARCH
3.2.1 Project Outlines
3.2.2 Publications in Progress
4.0 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
11.0
SCOPE AND METHODS
The f i s t objective of this annotated bibliography is to provide the Water
Resources Commission with a summary of what is known about the condition of
Queensland streams and rivers, including physical habitat characteristics, riparian
vegetation, infomation on fish, algae, aquatic plants and invertebrates, water quality,
and impacts of land use, flow regulation, other disturbances and introduced biota.
Section 2 of the bibliography provides the usual details of the publication and an
abstract for each published item, thesis or technical report. Where the original sighted
item has lacked an abstract, a brief summary has been written. In some cases, the
original item has not become available during the time available and no abstract is
provided. Literature of a strictly taxonomic nature is generally not included. A
bibliography of major taxonomic publications concerning the freshwater systems of
the Brisbane region is provided in Arthington, Griffiths and Hailstone (1990).
The second objective of this bibliography is to provide the Water Resources
Commission with a summary of research papers in press and research projects in
progress within the Centre for Catchment and In-stream Research, Griffith
University, Brisbane and the Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research,
James Cook University, Townsville. Papers in press, in review and in progress
related to stream condition are included in Section 3 of the bibliography. Other
studies in progress within state agencies have not been included at this time, but may
include various investigations underway in relation to the Queensland Integrated
Catchment Management Strategy (e.g. the Johnstone River Pilot Study and the QDPI
Review of the Downstream Effects of Agriculture). These are not readily accessible at
this time but could be added to a regularly updated version of the bibliography.
The majority of the information included in the annotated bibliography was
accessed through STREAMLINE, which was searched by stream or river name and
subject area. Other data bases which do not source information by river name could
not be searched within the time frame of this project. It is considered unlikely that
major ecological studies of Queensland streams and rivers have been overlooked but
internal reports and environmental impact studies not entered into STREAMLINE
will have been missed. Further investigation of these sources may be warranted but
should await comment on the coverage of this bibliography.
2 . 0 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Allen, G. R. and D. F. Hoese (1980). A collection of fishes from the Jardine River,
Cape York Peninsula, Australia. Journal of the Roval Societv of Western
Australia 63: 53-62.
Abstract
Collections of freshwater fishes were obtained by the authors from the Jardine
River at the northern tip of Cape York Peninsula on two expeditions during
1978 and 1979. An annotated checklist is presented which includes 30
species belonging to 24 genera and 16 families. The fish fauna of the Jardine
River is most similar to that of the central coastal plain of southern New
Guinea; at least 63% of the Jardine River fishes occur in the latter region. In
addition, a similarity exists between the fish faunas of the Jardine River and
Arnhem Land, Northern Temtory . The zoogeographic relationships of these
faunas are discussed in detail.
Arthington, A. H. (1984). Biological resources of urban creeks. Bulletin of the
Australian Society for Limnology 11: 6-10.
Abstract
Most Australian cities have developed along large rivers that are fed by a
network of small creeks draining through urban and suburban areas. The
plant and animal communities associated with urban creeks offer a variety of
resources which can enrich human life. The diversity of plant communities,
their associated terrestrial fauna, and the diversity of aquatic invertebrates and
fish in the Brisbane region are described and the scientific, educational and
recreational values of these resources are discussed. Some of the effects on
Brisbane's creek communities of alterations to creek hydrology, urban
development, water pollution and the establishment of introduced plant and
fish are described. An example of the management problems arising from
competing uses of urban creeks highlights the type of difficulty facing
management authorities. Management strategies are needed to evaluate
aquatic resources and to set management constraints and priorities at the level
of Local and State governments.
Arthington, A. H. (1989). Diet of Gambusia affinis holbrooki, Xiphophorus helleri,
X . maculatus and P. reticulata (Pisces: Poeciliidae) in streams of southeastern Queensland, Australia. Asian Fisheries Science 2: 192-212.
Abstract
The diets of four introduced Poeciliidae, Gambusia affinis holbrooki,
Xiphophorus helleri, X maculatus and Poecilia reticulata, were studied in
subtropical streams, southeastern Queensland. The prey of greatest
importance in G. affinis diets was usually of terrestrial origin, i.e. ants and
adult nematoceran Diptera, but aquatic Hemiptera and other aquatic taxa were
also important in some habitats. G. aninis ate invertebrate prey that were
small relative to body size and mouth gape (mean prey width 0.3 x mouth
gape, mean prey length 1.28 x mouth gape) and relative to the size range of
prey present (mean prey ingested = 0.597 x mean length and 0.702 x mean
width of available prey in the environment equal to or smaller than the largest
prey eaten). X helleri was omnivorous, consuming aquatic plant tissue,
filamentous and other algae and aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates. X
maculatus consumed Crustacea and aquatic and terrestrial insects, with
dominance of the atyid shrimp, Caridina. P. reticulata had a more diverse diet
composed largely of terrestrial insects, particularly ants; chironomid larvae
were the dominant aquatic taxon eaten. The four species of poeciliids had
significantly different mean diet composition. The implications of poeciliid
feeding for sympatric endemic fishes are discussed.
Arthington, A. H. (1990a). The biological environment of the Brisbane River: past,
present and future. In: The ~ 3 s b a n eRiver Book: A Source Book fo; the
Future (Eds P. Davie, E. Stock and D. Low Choy). Australian Littoral
Society Inc. and Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland. pp. 73-82.
Abstract
The Brisbane River Conference documented the impacts of land clearing,
urban growth and commercial development on the biological resources of the
Brisbane River. This paper reviews the more important features of change that
have affected the river and its biological communities since European
settlement, followed by a summary of information on the diversity of the
river's plant and animal communities and of the major ecological processes
operating within terrestrial, riparian and aquatic ecosystems. The third theme
of the paper is the future of the river's biological resources and the need for
the conservation, management and enhancement of importance resources,
preferably in a total catchment and river ecosystem framework. The paper
demonstrates that the biological and ecological knowledge base for planning
and management of the Brisbane River is inadequate. To address key issues
affecting the future of the river's biota will require a sustained, long-term
research effort involving many disciplines and research groups.
Arthington, A. H. (1990b). Latitudinal gradients in insect species richness of
Australian lotic systems: a selective review. Tropical Freshwater Biology 2:
179-195.
Abstract
Recent comparisons of macroinvertebrate species richness in eastern
Australian lotic systems suggest that tropical lotic communities may be more
diverse or not noticeably less rich than temperate communities. The
objectives of this paper are to review eastern Australian studies on lotic insect
community diversity taking into account differences between studies which
clearly influenced the reported estimates of species richness, including the
physical characteristics of the river systems and reaches studied, the degree of
disturbance or pollution of the study areas, and the sampling methods and
intensity used to examine the lotic fauna. This review provides preliminary
evidence of higher species richness of aquatic insects in some sub-tropical
and temperate streams than in the tropics; this pattern is demonstrated in the
insect fauna of both coarse and fine stream substrates. These uncommon
latitudinal gradients seem to contrast with Rapoport's rule presented recently
as a parallel pattern to, and as a possible phenomenon explaining, higher
biotic diversity in many tropical assemblages. This paper argues that
Rapoport's rule has overlooked the importance of latitudinal patterns in the
variability and predictability of stream discharge regimes, and related
environmental attributes, as factors in the maintenance of lotic insect
assemblages. Some effects of stream discharge regime on Australian lotic
insect communities support this contention.
Arthington, A. H. (1991). The ecological and genetic impacts of introduced
freshwater fishes in Australia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aauatic
Science 48 (Suppl. 1): 33-44.
Abstract
The inland waters of Australia have been colonized successfully by 20 species
of freshwater fishes introduced to the continent, including 6 poeciliids, 3
salmonids, 4 cyprinids, 5 cichlids, 1 percid and 1 cobitid, all of which
reproduce in the wild. The ecological and genetic consequences of fish
introductions and translocations have concerned scientists and water
authorities since the late 1960's, although the earliest introductions of
salmonids for sport were made towards the end of the 19th century. Impacts
of introduced fishes, including hybridization problems, habitat and water
quality alterations, competition for space and food, predation and the
introduction of exotic parasites and diseases are reviewed. Emphasis is
placed on sub-tropical and tropical species, since they presently appear to
present the greatest threat to natural ecosystems. Problems in the
translocation of indigenous Australian fishes between drainage systems to
supplement recreational fishing are noted. A review of the Lake Eacham
rainbowfish, supposedly brought close to extinction in its natural habitat by
translocated Australian piscivores, demonstrates that unanticipated predatorprey interactions may result from the thoughtless addition of piscivores to an
endemic community. A theoretical perspective on the assessment of candidate
species for introduction and translocation is given, and areas of theoretical
ecology that may assist in predicting future impacts of introduced species are
discussed.
Arthington, A. H. (1992a). An holistic approach to water allocation to maintain the
environmental values of Australian streams and rivers: A case history. In:
Proceedings of Conference on Conservation and Management of Tropical
Inland Waters: Problems. Solutions and Prospects. (Eds D. Dudgeon and P.
Lam) Mitteilung, Societas Internationale Limnologie.
Abstract
This paper describes the key features of an holistic approach for assessing the
environmental flow requirements of riverine ecosystems, based on the natural
hydrological regime of the river and the specific ecological features that
should be retained, protected or perhaps modified and which therefore require
a water allocation. The paper then describes the first attempt to apply the
holistic approach in a sub-tropical stream, Barker-Barambah Creek, southeastern Queensland, recently impounded by the Bjelke-Petersen Dam to
provide a reliable water supply largely for irrigation purposes. The paper
concludes with comments on the need for new directions in the overall field of
water allocation for the environment, and the development of sustainable and
environmentally sound management of riverine ecosystems.
Arthington, A. H. (1992b). Diets and trophic guild structure of freshwater fishes in
Brisbane streams. Proceedings of the Royal Societv of Oueensland 101 (in
press).
Abstract
This paper describes the diets of six common and five other endemic fish
species from streams of the Brisbane region, south-eastem Queensland. The
dominant trophic guild in these streams is comprised of insectivorous
carnivores, including at least three species of Eleotridae and Ambassis
nigripinnis. Several species for which there is less information may also
belong in this guild (Retropinna semoni, Pseudomugil signifer, and
possibly, Glossamia aprion and juvenile Tandanus tandanus). There is an
omnivorous guild, including Melanotaenia duboulayi, Craterocephalus
stercusmurcarum and A. marianu, and two species of Anguilla can be placed
in a piscivorous carnivore guild. The ordination of dietary data by detrended
correspondence analysis (DECORANA) suggested considerable dietary
overlap among most species during a time of year (March to May) when instream food resources may be limited compared to earlier summer months.
The significance of dietary overlap and the high incidence of use of terrestrial
food resources are discussed in the context of the relatively unpredictable
environment of Australian sub-tropical streams, where a degree of trophic
plasticity may be particularly advantageous for stream fishes.
Arthington, A. H. and D. R. Bluhdom (1992). Distribution, genetics, ecology and
status of the introduced cichlid, Oreochromis mossambicus, in Australia. In:
Proceedings of Conference on Conservation and Management of Tropical
Inland Waters: Problems. Solutions and Prospects. (Eds D. Dudgeon and P.
Lam). Mitteilung, Societas Intemationale Limnologie.
Abstract
The African cichlid, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters), has established
breeding populations in a variety of waterbodies in Queensland and in one
Western Australian river system. The origin of all stocks is the aquarium
trade. This paper reviews the distribution, genetic differentiation, somatic
characteristics and ecological relationships of 0. mossambicus in Australia
and the evidence of adverse ecological effects in terms of competition for food
and space, predation, and the importation of parasites and diseases. We also
discuss the implications of there being two different genetic strains of tilapia
in Australia, one relatively pure form of 0. mossambicus and one based on
this species but with hybrid introgression from one or more of 0. niloticus,
0. hornorum and 0. aureus. The paper describes Federal and State legal and
informal prohibitions on the importation and translocation of tilapias, existing
management policies and practices, and options for the management of
tilapias in different habitats and circumstances. Finally, we examine the ways
in which research directed towards understanding the ecology of 0.
mossambicur in Australia could be of benefit to other countries as well as to
the needs of Australian management agencies.
Arthington, A. H, S. E. Bunn and M. Gray (1992). Tully-Millstream Hydroelecmc
Scheme. Additional Limnologial Studies. Final Report to the Queensland
Electricity Commission. 196 pp., plus Appendices. Centre for Catchment
and In-stream Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland.
Abstract
This report presents the results of a range of lirnnological investigations carried
out to provide an ecological basis for recommendations on the downstream
flows required to maintain the environmental values of streams within the
Tully Millstream Hydroelectric Scheme in north Queensland. It includes
information on stream hydrology, physical habitat, water quality, invertebrate
communities, the fish fauna and reproductive cycles in relation to the flow
regime, and a review of the in-stream water quality, habitat and flow
requirements of fishes. The report concludes with a series of
recommendations on alternative strategies for providing water to maintain the
aquatic ecosystem of each sub-catchment.
Arthington, A. H., B. M. Bycroft and D. L. Conrick (1992). Environmental Study
of Barker-Barambah Creek: Volume 1: Executive Summary. Water Resources
Commission, Brisbane and Centre for Catchment and In-stream Research,
Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland. 35 pp.
Abstract
This Study was commissioned to examine effects of the Bjelke-Petersen Dam
and the associated Barker-Barambah Irrigation Project on the natural
environment. The study began in 1987, with the following objectives: (a) to
obtain -a baseline assessment of the pre-impoundment hydrologic regime,
physical habitat characteristics, water quality, fish, invertebrate and aquatic
plant communities of Barker-Barambah Creek, (b) to develop a water
allocation strategy to protect the water quality and in-stream values of the
creek, and (c) to assist in the development of operational strategies for this
and other imgation projects to minirnise adverse environmental effects. This
report presents an overview of the study and describes the water allocation
strategy.
Arthington, A.H. and C.P. Catterall (1989). Brisbane Waterways Management
Study: Ecological Issues in Waterway Management. Report for the Brisbane
Wetlands Management Study, Brisbane City Council. Centre for Catchment
and In-stream Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland. 34 pp.
Abstract
Ecological issues of significance to the management of waterways are
reviewed, including the importance of riparian vegetation and biological instream resources. The report also provides an assessment of significant
waterways for conservation in the Brisbane region.
Arthington, A. H., D. L. Conrick and B. M. Bycroft (1992). Environmental Study
of Barker-Bararnbah Creek: Volume 2: Scientific Report: Water Quality,
Ecology and Water Allocation Strategy. Water Resources Commission,
Brisbane and Centre for Catchment and In-stream Research, Griffith
University, Brisbane, Queensland. 400 pp.
Abstract
This Study was commissioned to examine effects of the Bjelke-Petersen Dam
and the associated Barker-Barambah Irrigation Project on the natural
environment. The study began in 1987, with the objectives described above.
This report presents all results arising from the study (17 chapters) and a final
chapter which integrates information from various chapters into a
recommended water allocation strategy for Barambah Creek. The study
demonstrates that maintenance of imgation water quality, fish habitat and
spawning requirements, invertebrates and aquatic macrophyte communities
may require controlled supplementary water releases from the Bjelke-Petersen
Dam. Three levels of stream discharge have been recommended to describe
the boundary conditions of the water allocation strategy; flushing flow
requirements are also described. Since large releases of water from September
to November, or fluctuating water levels, could affect fish spawning and
survival of eggs and fry, the water allocation strategy recommends that daily
water level variations during critical spawning periods should not be allowed
to exceed the natural changes that occur over the historic range of flow
conditions in each month at particular sites. The study demonstrates that the
management of streams must be undertaken within the framework of
Integrated Catchment Management in order to address the range of water
quality and in-stream issues comprehensively.
Arthington, A. H., D. L. Conrick and B. M. Bycroft (1992b). Environmental Study
of Barker-Barambah Creek: Volume 3: Appendicies to Scientific Report.
Water Resources Commission, Brisbane and Centre for Catchment and Instream Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland. 100 pp.
Abstract
This Study was commissioned to examine effects of the Bjelke-Petersen Dam
and the associated Barker-Barambah Irrigation Project on the natural
environment. The Appendices present additional essential details on the
findings of the study, basic calculations for certain analyses, and further
information on the methodology used to assess the in-stream flow
requirements of stream fishes (questionnaires, compilation of habitat
preference data and the RHYHABSIM Computer Manual).
Arthington, A. H., D. L. Conrick, D. W. Connell and P. M. Outridge (1982). The
Ecology of a Polluted Urban Creek. Australian Water Resources Council
Technical Paper No. 68. Australian Government Publishing Service,
Canberra.
Abstract
Sewage systems servicing urban and light industrial areas may receive organic
wastes and a variety of toxic substances in low concentrations. Treatment
substantially reduces the BOD and converts organic nitrogen, phosphorus and
sulphur into oxidised salts. Chlorine is used as a sterilising agent in the final
effluent. Treated sewage effluents discharged into urban streams may
therefore contain toxic substances as well as organic materials. This report
describes the effects of such an effluent on the physical, chemical and
biological properties of an urban creek in metropolitan Brisbane, Queensland,
Bulimba Creek. The report then evaluates physico-chemical and biological
methods of detecting and assessing sewage effluent contamination in streams.
Evaluation of published toxicity and bioassay data indicated that the combined
effects of dissolved oxygen deficiency, residual chlorine and metals, acting at
lethal and sublethal levels, were likely to have had detrimental effects on
invertebrates at all sites downstream of the effluent outfall, but particularly
immediately below it. A total of 240 invertebrate species was collected from
Bulimba Creek during the study. The Phyla present were Cnidaria (one
species), Platyhelminthes (probably five species), Nematoda (number of
species not known), Mollusca (12 species), Annelida (nine species) and
Arthropoda (Arachnida 2 species, Crustacea 14 species and Insecta 197
species).
Arthington, A. H., D. L. Conrick and G.W. Yeates (1986). Nematodes, including
a new record of Tobrilus diversipapillatus in Australia, as potential indicators
e Freshwater
of sewage effluent pollution. Australian Journal of ~ a r i h and
Research 37: 159-166.
Abstract
Nine nematode taxa were collected during a study of the effects of sewage
effluent on benthic macroinvertebrates in Bulimba Creek, Brisbane. The
nematode, Tobrilus diversipapillatus, previously unknown from Australia,
comprised 80% of the collection, and was most abundant at polluted sites
with high biological oxygen demand and high levels of total organic carbon.
Free-living adult and juvenile Mermithidae made up 15.6% of the collection
and were most abundant at sites with low biological oxygen demand. The
potential of T. diversipapillatus and Mermithidae to serve as biological
indicators of organic enrichment and toxic pollution is discussed in terms of
these preliminary findings and literature data.
Arthington, A. H., M. W. Griffiths and T. S. Hailstone (1990). Freshwater flora
and invertebrate fauna of the catchment. In: The Brisbane River: A Source
Book for the Future. (Eds P. Davie, E. Stock and D. Low Choy). Australian
Littoral Society Inc. and Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland. pp.
103-130.
Abstract
This paper has three main themes: aquatic plants and riparian vegetation,
aquatic invertebrates, and the integrated management of catchments and the
aquatic systems they support. Firstly, it lists the freshwater plants and
macroalgae known from the Brisbane River catchment, reviews ecological
studies on aquatic plants and comments on areas where further research and
management investigations are most necessary. It also outlines the critical
research and management issues relating to riparian vegetation, and to the
ecological links between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. It updates and
earlier list of the freshwater invertebrates collected from the Brisbane River
catchment and develops a major theme discussed during the 1977 symposium
- the commercial, scientific, educational and practical importance of studies on
aquatic invertebrates. The concept of integrated catchment management and
recent developments in its application in the Brisbane River catchment are
discussed.
Arthington, A.H., S. Hamlet and D.R. Bluhdorn. The role of habitat disturbance in
the establishment of introduced warrn-water fishes in Australia. In:
Introduced and Translocated Fishes and their Ecological Effects (Ed. D. A.
Pollard). Bureau of Rural Resources Proceedings No. 8. Australian Govt.
Pub. Service, Canberra. pp. 61-66.
Abstract
The types of disturbance recorded in Australian streams supporting introduced
warm-water fishes are reviewed and it is demonstrated that habitat disturbance
may contribute to the success of invading species such as Oreochromis
mossambicur and Gambusia holbrooki. Implications for better management
of streams and other waterbodies and of the problem of introduced fishes are
discussed.
Arthington, A. H. and E. J. Hegerl (1988). The distribution, conservation status
and management problems of Queensland's athalassic and tidal wetlands. In:
The Conservation of Australian Wetlands. (Eds A. J. McComb and P. S.
Lake). Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney. pp. 59-101.
Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of Queensland's inland and tidal wetlands
and an appraisal of deficiencies in knowledge of the wetland resources of the
state. With the possible exception of mangrove wetlands, the sum total of
knowledge permits little more than an inventory of wetland types and their
distribution within 13 biogeographic regions. From this basis, and a review
of the conservation status of wetlands, it is possible to present a case for the
conservation of additional representative wetlands within each biogeographic
region, as Sattler has done for the terrestrial plant communities of Queensland
(Presidential Address to the royal Society of Queensland, April, 1986).
Queensland's athalassic and saline wetlands have been altered in many ways
by European settlement and development, particularly in populated coastal
areas where demand for agricultural and urban dryland is high. In this review
a wetland inventory and literature review is presented, but further work is
needed to identify critical areas of high conservation value before they are lost
or irreparably altered.
Arthington, A. H., J. M. King, J. H. O'Keeffe, S. E. Bunn, J. A. Day, B. J.
Pusey, D. R. Bluhdorn and R. Tharme. Development of an holistic approach
for assessing environmental flow requirements of riverine ecosystems.
Proceedings of an International Seminar and Workshop on Water Allocation
for the Environment. Centre for Water Policy Research, Armidale, New
South Wales. pp. 69-76.
Abstract
The paper describes key features of an holistic approach for assessing the
environmental flow requirements of the en tire riverine ecosystem, based on
the natural hydrological regime of the river, and the specific ecological
features that should be retained, protected or perhaps modified and which
therefore require a water allocation. The annual water needs of a riverine
ecosystem would be the sum of the low flow requirements throughout the
year, the additional wet-season flows and floods and the requirements for
flushing flows to achieve particular objectives which are not likely to be
achieved by the basic water provisions. The total water requirements of the
riverine ecosystem would ultimately be defined in terms of monthly flow
allocations, and monthly maximum and minimum flows, desirable levels of
flow variability and the timing and duration of floods and flushing flows.
The paper concludes with several observations on the need for new directions
in the overall field of water allocation for the environment, and the
development of sustainable and environmentally sound management of
riverine ecosystems over the long term.
Arthington, A. H., R. J. McKay, D. J. Russell and D. A. Milton (1984).
Occurrence of the introduced cichlid, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) in
Queensland. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 35: 267272.
Abstract
The Mozambique mouthbrooder, 0. mossambicus, has established selfmaintaining populations in two water-supply reservoirs in Brisbane, southeastern Queensland, and in ornamental ponds and a man-made drainage
system in Townsville, northern Queensland. It has bred in standing
freshwater systems and in tidally flushed drains. An attempt to eradicate 0.
mossambicus from ornamental ponds in Townsville in 1980 was
unsuccessful. The species has also been recorded from the Gascoyne River,
Carnarvon, Western Australia.
Arthington, A. H. and D. A. Milton (1986). Reproductive biology, growth and age
composition of the introduced Oreochromis mossambicus CCichlidae) in two
reservoirs, Brisbane, Australia. Journal of the ~nvironmental~ i o l o ~ofv
Fishes 16: 257-266.
Abstract
The reproductive biology, growth and age composition of Oreochromis
rnossambicus (Peters) were studied in two Brisbane reservoirs during 19811983. The life history was assessed in terms of altrical and precocial
tendencies after Noakes and Balon (1982). Fish from both reservoirs had a
precocial life history style, showing delayed maturation at 12-15 months, at
minimum sizes of 152mm standard length in males and 174mm standard
length in females. The minimum size of fish at maturity was 0.51-0.73 of
maximum size. Mean fecundity was 1360 (+I 17.2 standard error) in North
Pine Dam and 2107 (k220.4 standard error) in Tingalpa Reservoir. This
difference was significant ( ~ ~ 01).. 0 Oocyte diameter ranged from 1.72.6mrn. Overall sex ratio was 1:l but males predominated amongst Ash
than 200mm standard length. Stocks consisted mainly of three age groups
and the oldest fish caught were 3+ years old. Growth rates were high in both
populations. Length-weight relationships conformed to the allomemcformula
W = aL" and were consistent with data on growth rates. High growth rates
are attributed to the high productivity of both reservoirs and the small size of
the populations relative to food resources, which are not utilized directly by
other fishes. These factors probably also account for the precocial life history
style exhibited, compared to the altricial history style of 0. mossambicus in
Lake Sibaya, South Africa, a food-restricted environment.
Arthington, A. H., D. A. Milton and R. J. McKay (1983). Effects of urban
development and habitat alterations on the distribution and abundance of
native and exotic freshwater fish in the Brisbane region, Queensland.
Australian Journal of Ecology 8: 87-101.
Abstract
The distribution of freshwater fish in creeks throughout the Brisbane region
was determined by a survey carried out in 1977-78. Seventeen native and six
exotic species were recorded in 55 creeks. Sixteen exotic species were
recorded in 55 creeks. Sixteen native and four exotic species were collected
in a more restricted survey of central Brisbane in 19481. Urban development
and the establishment of exotic plants have resulted in substantial changes to
the aquatic environment in many of the creeks surveyed. Exotic grasses,
especially para grass (Brachiaria mutica) have reduced the extent of free water
by growing partly into stream reaches. Native aquatic macrophytes have
declined, apparently due to dredging, siltation and other disturbances. These
changes have affected the distibution and abundance of native and exotic
fish. Native species with preference for open water and beds of aquatic plants
have declined in creeks overgrown by para grass and floating plants.
Melanotaenia fluviatilis, Retropinna semoni, Pseudomugil signifer,
Craterocephalus stercusmuscarum and Ambassis nigripinnis have been
affected. Para grass and floating plants have not affected the range of
abundance of Hypseleotris galii, H. compressus and Mogurnda adspersa.
Gambusia affnis andXiphophorus helleri have been advantaged by expansion
of their preferred habitat type - the edges of pools were exotic grasses have
grown partly into the water. The effect of exotic fish on native species is
unclear. There was a correlation between large number of G. afJinis and small
numbers of H. galii and M. fluviatilis. Correlations could result from
predatory or competitive interactions between species. Alternatively,
correlations could be due entirely to the effects of habitat alterations on exotic
and native species. However, H. galii was evidently not disadvantaged by
the habitat alterations studied. Thus there may be a complex interaction
between this species and G. affinis. There was no evidence that X. helleri
had affected the range or abundance of native species.
Arthington, A. H. and I. Pullar (1990). Barker-Barambah Irrigation Project: a case
study in integrated management of a catchment-aquatic ecosystem.
Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the International Committee on Larec
Dams IICOLD). pp. 78 1-803.
Abstract
The Queensland Government has recently completed the construction of an
Irrigation Project where impounded water will be used to irrigate alluvial flats
along Barambah Creek in the South Burnett region of south-eastern
Queensland. Impounded water will replace an inadequate groundwater supply which can be temporally and spatially of poor quality. The impoundment
will intercept down valley flow of groundwater as well as effluent from an
upstream coal power station. An environmental study of the catchment and
aquatic ecosystem began in 1987 to obtain a baseline assessment of the preimpoundment hydrologic regime, physical habitat characteristics, water
quality, fish, invertebrate and aquatic plant communities of Barker-Barambah
Creek and to assist in developing operational strategies for this and other
irrigation projects to minimise adverse environmental effects. This paper
presents selected pre-impoundment results and demonstrates that maintenance
of imgation water quality, fish reproductive patterns and balanced aquatic
macrophyte communities may require controlled supplementary water releases
from the Bjelke-Petersen Dam. Future studies will define an environmental
release strategy and monitor its subsequent in-stream effects.
Australian Environment Council (1989). Acid rain in Australia: a national
assessment. Australian Environment Council Report 25. AEC, Canberra,
ACT.
Abstract
Acid rain has not been perceived as a problem in Australia as it has been in the
northern hemisphere for two reasons: (i) the emission of acid rain percursors
to air is relatively small compared to the northern hemisphere countries and,
(ii) Australia is geographically isolated from heavily industrialized countries,
which ensures that long range transport of emissions is not problematic. In
some European countries acid depositions come from neighbouring countries
rather than locally. Not many extensive studies on rainfall acidity have been
conducted in Australia. The evidence suggests it is not a national problem,
but there are regions which warrant investigation. These are the Kalgoorlie
region of Western Australia, Mount Isa in Queensland and the Latrobe Valley
of Victoria. Regions susceptible to soil acidification include the eastern parts
of the Great Dividing Range in northern Queensland and sections of Kakadu
National Park. Techniques for minimizing acid percursor emissions are
identified.
Benson, L. J. (1983). Drift and Recolonization in a North Queensland Tropical
Stream. B. Sc. (Hons) Thesis, James Cook University, Townsville,
Queensland.
Abstract
A study conducted in Yuccabine Creek, a rainforest stream in tropical north
Queensland, traced the benthic recolonization process following the breaking
of an unusual drought by heavy autumn rain. A rapid recovery of taxonomic
composition was attributed to survivors in pools and moist
microenvironments under stones, and the immigration of flying adults from
nearby streams which did not cease to flow during the drought. A much
slower recovery in the density of benthic animals was linked to sporadic
spates during the f i s t three months of stream flow, the onset of winter and
depressed food reserves. The use of implanted-substrate trays showed drift
was the primary dispersal mechanism of larval colonists, particularly during
the early stages of recolonization. The majority of insect taxa in Yuccabine
Creek showed nocturnal drift maxima with a peak immediately following
sunset, a result which concurs with studies from both tropical and temperate
latitudes.
Benson, L. J. and R. G. Pearson (1987a). Drift and upstream movement in
a 3: 225Yuccabine Creek, an Australian tropical stream. ~ ; d r o b i o l o ~ i 15
239.
Abstract
Drift and upstream movement were monitored over 14 months in a seasonal
upland tropical stream in northeastern Australia. There were distinct seasonal
pulses in the drift with variable peak levels in the summer wet season and low
more stable levels during the dry season. Drift density ranged from 0.36 to
3.98 animals per m3 (monthly mean = 1.26). There was no correlation
between drift density and either benthic density or stream discharge. In the
absence of catastrophic drift, drift was dispersive, not depletive in the wet
season. A total of 121 taxa was caught in the 14 drift samples. Most taxa had
nocturnal maximum drift levels with a peak immediately after sunset, a pattern
apparently related to level of light and not temperature. Compensation for
drift by upstream-moving nymphs and larvae was least during the wet season
and increased during the dry season to a peak of 27% by numbers. Mean
compensation was 8.2%. It is suggested that apart from the wet season when
an animal may drift substantial distances, most riffle animals will spend their
larval lives in one small stretch of stream.
Benson, L. J. and R. G . Pearson (1987b). The role of drift and effect of season on
macroinvertebrate colonization of implanted substrata in a tropical Australian
stream. Freshwater Biology 18: 109-116.
Abstract
Experiments using implanted substrata were conducted in Yuccabine Creek
Queensland , an upland stream which exhibits a strong seasonal pattern of
discharge and temperature. The implanted substrata were either set in the
stream bed or were raised in the water column. Three experiments were run,
at different times of the year. Colonization rate was dependent on benthic
abundance, mobility of the fauna and distribution of resources. The rates on
embedded trays were similar in the late wet season and mid dry season, but
colonization rate in the late dry season was greater. Drift alone could have
accounted for all colonization in the late wet season, 63% of colonization in
the mid dry season and less (unmeasured) in the late dry season. Drift acts to
disperse early instars to patches of suitable habitat after the summer wetseason peak in reproduction. Following the wet season, stream discharge
decreases, benthic abundance increases, resources become more concentrated
and movements of animals in contact with the substratum play an increasingly
important role in colonization.
Benson, L. J. and R. G . Pearson (1988). Diversity and seasonality of adult
Trichoptera captured in a light-trap at Yuccabine Creek, a tropical Australian
rainforest stream. Australian Joumal of Ecologv 13: 337-344.
Abstract
Seventeen light-trap samples were taken over a 20 month period at Yuccabine
Creek, an upland rainforest stream in north-eastem Queensland. Seventyeight species of Trichoptera were recorded from a total catch of 6431
individuals. The fauna was dominated by the Hydroptilidae (25 species and
5 131 individuals) and, though composed primarily of To~~esian
genera, some
Bassian elements were recorded. A seasonal pattern of change of abundance
was observed with the majority of taxa exhibiting maxima between December
and January (summer) and minima between July and September (winter).
Beumer, J. P. (1979). Reproductive cycles of two Australian freshwater fishes: the
spangled perch,Therapon unicolor Giinther 1859 and the East Queensland
rainbowfish, Nematocentris slendida Peters 1866. Joumal of ~ i s hBiology
15: 111-134.
Abstract
The reproductive cycles of the spangled perch Therapon unicolor Gunther,
1989 and the East Queensland rainbowflsh Nematocentris splendida Peters,
1866 are described in terms of maturity stages, sex-ratio, gonosomatic
indices, oocyte diameters and fecundity. T. unicolor has a well-defined
reproductive cycle with gonad development stimulated by rising temperatures
and increasing daylength; with spawning induced by the 'wet', possibly by
rising water levels and increasing turbidities. In contrast, N. splendida has a
protracted spawning period with a peak of spawn!ng activity in pre-flood and
flood periods, although individuals in spawning condition and juveniles may
be found throughout the year.
Beumer, J. P. (1980). Hydrology and fish diversity of a North Queensland tropical
stream. Australian Joumal of Ecology 5: 159-186.
Abstract
The diversity and distribution of fish and the hydrology of the Black-Alice
River System, North Queensland, are described from a 2-year study
(September 1972 to August 1974). Most physico-chemical parameters
measured exhibited seasonal patterns which are influenced by rainfall and
discharge. A total of forty-one species of fishes belonging to four groups:
freshwater tolerant, saltwater tolerant, diadromous and sporadic, were
recorded during the study. The diversity of fish species decreased with
increasing distance from the mouth of the system. Fluctuations in total
diversity (H') were due to variations in 'species richness' (D) rather than to
equitability (E). The ability of the fish community to 'recover' its diversity
and longitudinal distribution after a flood of above-average magnitude is
demonstrated.
Blackman, J. G. and D. K. Locke (1985). Quantitative analysis of seasonal
wetlands in the Burdekin-Townsville region with special reference to
waterbird habitat. Ecologv of the Wet-drv tropics: Proceedings of a Joint
Svm~osium.(Eds M.G.Ridpath and L.K. Corbett). Ecological Society of
Australia and the Australian Mammal Society, Melbourne, Victoria. pp. 139152.
Abstract
Vegetation and other wetland components of seasonally adapted wetlands can
be precisely mapped from low level aerial photography. Measurements of the
individual components' area and position within the wetland have been
indexed. These indices can be used to assess the persistence of components
within the wetland habitat at sequential time periods. This persistence concept
has three applications: (i) in establishing the nature and variation of succession
and persistence of components in a wetland, (ii) in evaluating the persistence
of those components which determine waterfowl carrying-capacity of a
wetland, and (iii) in monitoring seasonal and longer term changes in
wetlands. The above indices are used to examine the persistence of waterfowl
plant food species which occurred at one swamp over a 10 year period. There
is an apparent relationship between the persistence of these and the numbers
of waterfowl which used the swamp. Present work is concerned with habitat
utilization of coastal sedge swamps by regional populations of brolgas Grus
rubicundus (Perry). One aspect of this work is the use of persistence indices
to examine and subsequently model seasonal and annual persistence of
components in these swamps. The data for this are being derived from
repetitive mapping of wetland components along fixed transects across coastal
swamps.
Bluhdom, D. R. and A. H. Arthington (1990a). Somatic characteristics of an
Australian population of Oreochromis mossambicus Peters (Pisces:
Cichlidae). Journal of the Environmental Biologv of Fishes 29: 277-29 1.
Abstract
TheOreochromis mossambicus population of North Pine Dam, Brisbane,
Queensland, Australia was studied over three years, from 1985 to 1988.
Basic somatic data were obtained and characteristic values of condition factor,
sex ratio, gonosomatic index and the relationships between total and standard
lengths, and length and weight, were calculated. Standard length is
proportional to total length by the formula SL= - 0.321 + 0.799 TL.Weight
is related to length by the isometric formula W = a ~ 3 .Condition factor
values spanned the range 0.0254 to 0.0563, with an average of 0.04078 for
males and 0.03877 for females. The sex ratio is 1: 1 until maturity is reached
(21 cm SL), at which time the catch rate of the sexes varies due to divergent
habitat selection behaviour. Average values of gonosomatic index, considered
in relation to maturity classification, are similar to those obtained from other
populations, however maximum values are generally much lower, at 0.47 for
males and 3.62 for females. These characteristic values are compared, with
varying degrees of concordance, with those for populations of this species in
other countries.
Bluhdom, D. R. and A. H. Arthington (1990b). The incidence of stunting in
Australian populations of the introduced cichlid Oreochromis mossambicus
(Peters). In: The Second Asian Fisheries Forum (Eds R. Hirano and I.
Hanyu). Asian Fisheries Society, Manilla, Philippines. pp. 41-44.
Abstract
This study involved the electrophoretic and morphometric examination of six
feral populations of Oreochromis mossambicus in Australia for indications of
stunting. Gonosomatic index and condition factor values were calculated and
evaluated, along with standard length, minimum and meansize at maturity,
and sex ratio. Two of the six populations were considered to be stunted. The
delineating values derived from the above data are considered in relation to the
Australian populations and comparable populations in other countries. It is
concluded that, 1: two populations, Guthries Pond and Western Australia, are
stunted, 2: the stunted populations are not genetically different from
associated non-stunted populations, 3: while each exhibited characteristics of
a stunted population, it appears that the environmental issues being applied are
of very different types, and 4: there are indications that, at Tingalpa
Reservoir, the population is intermediate between stunted and non-stunted
conditions.
Bluhdorn, D. R., A. H. Arthington and P. B. Mather (1990~). The introduced
cichlid, Oreochromis mossambicur, in Australia: a review of distribution,
population genetics, ecology, management issues and research priorities. In:
Introduced and Translocated Fishes and their Ecological Effects (Ed. D. A.
Pollard). Bureau of Rural Resources Proceedings No. 8. Australian
Government Publishing Service, Canberra, ACT. pp. 83-92.
Abstract
The introduced African cichlid, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters), has
established feral populations in a range of tropical and sub-tropical
waterbodies in Australia. This paper describes the species' distribution in
Queensland and Western Australia. Genetic differences between populations
are discussed and evidence is presented that two basic stocks of Oreochromis
mossambicur are involved; a hybrid in the Cairns area, and an almost pure
stock in the remaining areas. Somatic characteristics of six populations are
described, showing that two of these exhibit stunting, that is, reproduction at
an unusually small body size. Information on the dietary ecology of 0 .
mossambicus in North Pine Dam and Tingalpa Reservoir, Brisbane, shows
that adult and sub-adult 0.mossambicus has a markedly different diet
composition from the other two common large fish species in these
impoundments. 0. mossambicus, Tandanus tandanus (eel-tailed catfish), and
Leiopotherapon unicolor (spangled perch) partition the available food
resources at both high and low water levels in these impoundments. The
paper concludes with an overview of management issues arising from the
presence of 0.mossambicus in Australia. A case is made for continuing to
prohibit importation and translocation of this species as the single most
significant action needed to prevent the widespread invasion of fresh and
brackish water habitats. Research priorities are also outlined.
Bretz, J. J. (1984). Watercourse Meander Spectra of the Logan and Albert Rivers.
B.C.E. Thesis, Queensland Institute of Technology, Department of Civil
Engineering, Brisbane, Queensland. 125 pp.
Abstract
The report outlines a project which uses the technique of spectral analysis to
find meander wavelengths of the Logan and Albert Rivers. It discusses the
introductory theory of meanders, considering such aspects as regular
watercourse forms from total work, pools and riffles and comparison of a
straight reach with a curved reach. Previous work is surveyed, including
modelling meanders and artificial meander generation. Spectra were
generated for the two rivers using the sine generated curve to approximate the
in-plan shape of meanders. From the spectra obtained, dominant wavelengths
were found and interpretations made.
Bristow, J. (1985). Water quality changes with impoundment. Oueensland Division
Technical Papers: Institution of Engineers 26: 29-35.
Abstract
This paper considers the specific rainfall and stream flow conditions in
Queensland and their effects on water quality in streams and impoundments.
It discusses the changes introduced by impoundment of water and cites
specific data relating to various problems experienced in the operation and
control of water treatment plants. The examples quoted show that there are
definite water quality changes with impoundment but that it is difficult to
postulate these with certainty due to rainfall intensities experienced from time
to time.
Bunn, S. E. (1991a). Response of stream invertebrates to extreme discharge events.
30th Australian Society for Limnoloev Congress: Promamme and Abstracts.
Australian Society for Limnology, Caulfield East, Victoria.
Abstract
A preliminary study of the life history and behavioural responses of algal
grazing invertebrates to physical disturbance was conducted in a small
subtropical rainforest stream in south-east Queensland. Three relatively
sedentary species of Trichoptera dominate the guild of grazers on stone
surfaces in this stream; an undescribed species of Tasimia, Tmiagm ?ciliata
(both Tasimiidae) and an undescribed species of A g a p e t u s
(Glossosomatidae). These species comprise approximately 60%, 13% and
13% respectively of the individuals on cobble size stones. The lowest
chlorophyll a concentrations on cobbles were recorded during the wet season
but the decline in algal food resources occurred in the absence of disturbances
from extreme discharge events. Such disturbances in the late wet season
were, however, associated with a major decline in the density of grazers,
particularly Tasimia, on cobbles. The subsequent recolonisation of grazers on
cobbles post-disturbance was slow and correlated with an increase in
chlorophyll a during the dry season. Qualitative sampling of boulder habitats
demonstrated a disproportionately high number of Tasiagma ?ciliafa larvae
(46% of the total individuals) than on cobbles and it appears that densities of
this species were-not greatly reduced following high discharge events.
Experiments are underway to determine if boulder habitats offer a refuge from
discharge-related disturbances and to examine the influence of disturbance on
interactions among these species of grazers.
Bunn, S. E. (1991b). Streamflow patterns, disturbance and benthic invertebrate
communities. In: Svm~osiumon Streamflow Regulation and Ecolo~ical
Implications - Australia/South Africa ~ers~ectives.
Centre for Catchment and
In-stream Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland.
Abstract
There is little doubt that disturbance exerts a major influence on the structure
and dynamics of natural communities and that it can account for a large
portion of the observed spatial and temporal heterogenity. This appears to be
particularly true for stream and river communities and disturbance is now
considered by some stream ecologists to be the most important feature of
steams to be studied. One of the more common natural disturbances can also
result from periods of low stream discharge which lead to stranding and
desiccation. Populations of stream invertebrates are greatly influenced by the
intensity, frequency and predictability of these extreme discharge events. The
latter is particularly important because this will influence the evolution of
behavioural and life history strategies. A study of the responses of algal
grazing invertebrates to discharge-related disturbance is underway in a small
sub-tropical rainforest stream in south-east Queensland. Data from this study
will be discussed together with additional information on the influence of the
overall pattern of flow on benthic invertebrate communities in Australian
streams. An understanding of the influence of the seasonality and
predictability of stream flow and the associated disturbance regime on stream
benthic communities is essential to the planning of water release strategies for
flow-regulated rivers.
Bunn, S. E. (1991~).The neglected inhabitants of our streams and rivers: aquatic
invertebrates. In: Snippets. The Occasional Journal of CCISR. (Ed. D.
Charles-Edwards). Centre for Catchment and In-stream Research, Griffith
University, Brisbane, Queensland. Number 4: 17-25.
Abstract
With perhaps the exception of conspicuous and admired species such as
butterflies and beetles, insects and arthropods in general are rarely considered
worthy of inclusion in conservation and management programmes. This
article discusses the importance and significance of aquatic invertebrates in
terms of their contribution to world biodiversity, their conservations status,
the taxonomic impedment to their analysis in ecological studies, and the
regional and functional significance of invertebrates in aquatic ecosystems. It
discusses the condition and fate of Australian streams and rivers and the role
of biological monitoring in assessing and managing the condition of
waterways.
Bunn, S. E. and W. Boughton (1991). Ecological significance of streamflow
patterns of some Australian rivers. Internationale Vereinigune fur
Theoretische und An~ewandteLimnologie 24.
Abstract
The pattem of stream discharge is known to exert a major influence on the
structure and functional organisation of stream benthic communities. In
particular, discharge-related disturbance can be responsible not only for major
variations in spatial and temporal patterns in community structure, but also
have a major impact on productivity, nutrient spiralling and decomposition in
streams. The east cost of mainland Australia extends from 100 to 400 S
latitude. Discharge data from a range of river systems along the east coast,
and from the south-west of Western Australia, were compared using
Collwell's measures of time-series. This approach considers the overall
predictability of discharge patterns, together with their contingency, which
measures predictable fluctuations, and constancy. Streams in the far north of
eastern Australia show pronounced seasonal variation in flow from the
tropical wet summers and dry winters, and have a high predictability and
contingency. Streams in south-western Australia also show pronounced
seasonal variation but with wet winters and dry summers. The degree of
seasonality of stream discharge diminishes, however, as we move down the
east coast. Streams in the south-east are more uniform in flow throughout the
year because of the temperate climate and some snowmelt and in fact, show
the least seasonal discharge pattem. Most knowledge of the structure and
functional organization of stream communities in Australia is based on studies
conducted in the south-east. If stream discharge patterns are important in
influencing benthic communities we should be careful not to make
generalisations when this region is clearly atypical of most river systems in
Australia.
Cameron McNamara Pty Ltd (1985). Stream aggradation effects of soil erosion.
Cameron McNamara Pty Ltd, Brisbane.
Abstract
This paper describes the erosion/aggradation processes that are occumng in
the agricultural catchment of the South Johnstone River and the methodology
adopted for measuring aggradation and its physical and quantified off-site
economic consequences. The significance of farm erosion on river
aggradation is discussed and the findings of a sedimentary study of collected
sediment samples reported. Finally, on the basis of the findings of the
project, the report recommends that the movement and deposition of sediment
and the very high suspended beds in the South Johnstone River should be
subject to a monitoring programme so that the appreciable silt content can be
evaluated. This will assist the fate determination of catchment erosion and
provide input to coastal studies connected with environmental conditions.
Campbell, I. C. and T. J. Doeg (1989). Impact of timber harvesting and production
on streams: a review. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater
Research 40: 519-539.
Abstract
Timber harvesting operations have significant effects on both water quantity
and water quality. The effects on water quantity have been well documented
both in Australia and elsewhere. The effects on water quality are less widely
appreciated, and include elevated concentrations of dissolved salts, suspended
solids and nutrients, especially during peak flow periods. Several Australian
studies have failed to measure peak flow transport of suspended solids, or
have measured it inadequately, thus severely underestimating transport. The
major short-term effects of timber harvesting on the aquatic biota result from
increased sediment input into streams or increased light through damage to, or
removal of, the riparian vegetation. Sediment which settles on, or penetrates
into, the stream bed is of more concern than suspended sediment, and can
lead to long-term deleterious changes to fish and invertebrate populations.
Increased light causes an increase in stream primary production which may
increase invertebrate densities, and alter community composition. These
biological consequences have not yet been adequately investigated in
Australia. Longer-term effects, as yet not investigated in Australia, include
changes to stream structure as the regrowth forest has fewer large logs to fall
into the stream. These large logs play a major role as habitat and retention
structures in streams. There has been no attempt to evaluate the effects of
timber production activities, including pesticide use and fuel reduction
burning, on the Australian stream biota. Likewise, although buffer zones are
widely advocated as a protection measure for streams in Australia, there have
been no studies to evaluate their effectiveness.
Chandler, C. (1985). The Australian Bass. Internal Report. Queensland Department
of Primary Industries, Brisbane.
Absmct
This report presents information on the Australian Bass, the only freshwater
sport fish of any consequence in southern Queensland: It establishes the
distribution of the fish. The Bass is found in the freshwater reaches of coastal
streams from the New South Wales border to the Noosa River and streams
running into Tin Can Bay. Briefly discusses the biology and ecology,
covering aspects such as growth rates, food items and breeding. Turbidity,
temperature and salinity limitations are stated. Outlines measures needed to
maintain bass populations, including the prevention of erosion, siltation, and
pollution. Specific management steps legislated to protect the fish are listed.
They involve the Noosa River system and Lake Cootharaba, and also relate to
minimum catch sizes and commercial netting.
Charlton, L. J. (1989). The Ecology of Dragonflies (Odonata) in a Tropical
Australian Stream. B. Sc. (Hons) Thesis, James Cook University,
Townsville, Queensland. 88 pp.
Abstract.
An ecological study was conducted of the dragonfly (Anisoptera) and
damselfly (Zygoptera) fauna of Birthday Creek, an upland, order-3 tropical
rainforest stream in north eastern Queensland. A diverse fauna comprising 14
species, representing nine of the 16 odonate families in Australia, occurred
within a 200m stretch constituting the study site. The Birthday Creek fauna
was typified by stream dwelling odonate species restricted to north eastern
Queensland and Cape York. Although the odonate fauna in each of the four
major habitats (riffles, runs, leaf litter and sand) was comparatively diverse,
odonate species demonstrated a distinct preference for either riffle or leaf litter
by way of their relative abundance in these two habitats. Within the major
habitats there was spatial separation of species in response to limitations
imposed by environmental variables and morphological traits. Biotic
interactions were probably most important between species occupying the
same microhabitat. Results of the study indicated that a range of
environmental variables and biotic interactions determined the spatial and
temporal occurrence of odonates in Birthday Creek.
Congdon, R. A. (1990). Two extremes of the Burdekin River system: from
Birthday Creek the Banattas wetlands. 29th Australian Societv of Limnology
Conmess: Promamme and Abstracts. Australian Society for Limnology,
Caulfield East, Victoria.
Abstract
The Burdekin River system has its headwaters in wet tropical rainforests on
the Great Dividing Range, but flows through much dner savanna woodlands
to the enonnous Burdekin Dam, and thence to the coast. Water from the dam
is diverted to the Burdekin River Inigation Scheme near the river's delta,
where it drains into the wetlands of the Barrattas creeks. This paper
summarizes studies underway in a rainforest catchment in the river's
headwaters and in the Barrattas wetlands. These extremities of the Burdekin
system show contrasting water quality, with important implications for
management.
Congdon, R. A. (1991). Effects of imgation discharge on the Barrattas wetlands.
Report to the Land and Water Resources Research and Development
Corporation, Canberra, ACT.
Abstract
Data on water quality were collected over 26 months from 11 sites within and
downstream of the Burdekin Irrigation Area Queensland . At least some of
the increased nutrient concentrations are likely to have resulted from inigation
drainage. To reduce nutrient inputs and the likelihood of algal blooms in
natural wetlands receiving irrigation drainage, it is suggested that an artificial
wetland system be developed to act as a biological filter. Total catchment
management, however, would be necessary to reduce the impact of nutrients
and sediments on the coastal waters of the Great Barrier Reef. It is
considered probable that the natural wetlands play an important role in
absorbing some nutrients and accelerating sedimentation. Eichhornia and
Salvinia were found in the wetlands, and it is recommended that their
distribution be monitored, as they can clog imgation channels as well a
degrading natural aquatic systems.
Connell, D. W., H. C. Morton and B. M. Bycroft (1982). Oxygen budget for an
urban estuary. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 33:
607-616.
Abstract
Various processes affecting the dissolved oxygen content of waters of the
Norman Creek estuary, Brisbane, were measured or estimated and
standardized for the mid-tide daylight situation. Over a 9-week period,
accrual, aeration and photosynthetic processes resulted in the daily addition of
76,225 and 214 kg oxygen, respectively, and export, deaeration, biochemical
oxygen demand, plant respiration and benthic respiration in the daily loss of
30, 89,91,97 and 335 kg oxygen, respectively. These processes are highly
dynamic, with substantial daily turnover in the water mass. Benthic
sediments, enriched with organic matter, exercise a major influence on the
dissolved oxygen content of the water.
Corben, C. J. and G. J. Ingrarn (1987). A new barred river frog (Myobatrachidae:
Mixophyes). Memoirs of the Oueensland Museum 25: 233-237.
Abstract
Mixophyes fleayi sp. nov. has been confused with both M. balbus and M.
fasciolatus, but it is readily separable from these species and the other two
members of the genus. The new species is a ground dweller in montane
rainforest from Conondale Range, southeast Queensland to Richmond Range
northeast New South Wales. Discovery of M. fleayi triggered new
examination of the types of mixophyes taxa about which there has been
serious confusion,
Cosser, P. R. and A. J. Moss (1986). Environmental considerations in planning
long term sewage disposal from Caloundra: Part 2 - Biological studies. Use
and Abuse of Environmental Information in Engineering. National
Environmental Endneering Conference. Institution of Engineers, Barton.
pp. 21-25.
Abstract
The biological effects of sewage effluent discharged to shallow water off
Moffat Heads, southeastern Queensland, were assessed. The diversity,
abundance and distribution of species of intertidal algae were determined in
impacted and control areas. The biomass of algae regrowth was measured
following clearing of areas of substrate. The total number of algae species
declined from 17-21 at control sites to 10 nearest the outfall. A total of 15
species recorded from control sites did not appear in the impacted area. The
Rhodophyta and Phaeophyta appeared most sensitive to pollutants. A
difference in species dominance and evenness was observed, with Ulva sp.
and Enteromorpha clathrata assuming dominance in the impacted area. The
biomass recovered from cleared areas was significantly higher near the outfall
as a result of growth stimulation. As a result of toxicants and growth
stimulants contained in the effluent, the intertidal community has been
significantly altered.
Cosser, P. R. (1988a). Macroinvertebrate community structure and chemistry of an
organically polluted creek in south east Queensland. Australian Journal of
Marine and Freshwater Research 39: 67 1-683.
Abstract
The benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of Gowrie Creek Queensland and 24
chemical and physical parameters, were monitored over 105km downstream
from a major sewage effluent outfall near Toowoomba Queensland between
June 1981 and October 1984. Species richness declined to two to three taxa
and density of organisms increased significantly just below the outfall, with
an increasing number of taxa progressively downstream. The elimination of
taxa near the outfall was caused by dissolved oxygen depletion and possible
ammonia and sulphide toxicity. Changes in dominance were related to the
changes in food types in the transition from a heterotrophic to an autotrophic
environment.
Cosser, P. R. (1988b). Concentration-flow Relationships and Loads of Phosphorus
in the South Pine River, South-east Queensland. M. Phil. Thesis, Griffith
University, Brisbane, Queensland
Abstract
The concentrations of total phosphorus, particulate phosphorus and total
dissolved phosphorus were monitored in the upper South Pine River,
Queensland, to examine concentration-flow relationships and estimate
catchment phosphorus export.
Cosser, P. R. (1989a). Estimating catchment phosphorus export using a unit runoff
coefficient. 28th Australian Society for Limnologv Congress: Promamme
and Abstracts. Australian Society for Limnology, Caulfield East, Victoria.
Abstract
Unit runoff coefficients were determined for stormflow and baseflow
discharge regimes during a two year study of the South Pine River
Queensland . Coefficient values were constant during baseflow and relatively
constant over three major storm events. This constancy has potentially
significant implications for load estimation because, by using the coefficients
in conjunction with discharge data stratified by flow regime, reliable
estimation is possible. Once measured, the coefficients can be used to
estimate both historical and current load directly from the flow record.
Cosser, P. R. (1989b). Nutrient concentration-flow relationships and loads in the
South Pine River, south-eastem Queensland. I. Phosphorus loads. Australian
Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 40: 613-630.
Abstract
Total P (TP), particulate P (PP), and total dissolved P (TDP) were monitored
over 24 months in the South Pine River, south-eastem Queensland. The
sampling interval ranged from 13-16 days during baseflow to less than 30
min during stomflow. Baseflow TP concentrations were relatively constant at
0-03 mg L-1. During stormflow, concentrations of both TDP and PP
increased significantly and were positively correlated with flow. TP loads
were 8950 kg (56 7 kg km-2 year-1) and 3980 kg (25.2 kg-2 year-1) in 1984
and 1985 respectively. Annual load was influenced by both the absolute
discharge volume and the relative proportion of stormflow. PP was the
dominant P fraction, comprising 77% of the TP load. Approximately 86, 89
and 75% of the TP, PP and TDP loads, respectively, were canied in only 28% of the time (20 days) during three major storms (50-8% of total flow).
Concentrations and exports were high relative to those reported in other
Australian studies, suggesting that climatic factors, particularly rainfall
intensity, are important in determining export. As a result of the variability in
unit area export attributable to variations in runoff, unit area export
coefficients are of negligible use for predictive purposes. However, by
expressing load in terms of mass per unit runoff per unit area (kg mm-1 kmL), variance attributable to discharge is removed. When expressed in this
form, stormflow export was relatively constant (0.46-0-54 kg mm-1 km-2).
A method of predicting load from the flow record using this coefficient is
proposed.
A
Coughlan, J. F. (1990). Population and Trophic Ecology of the Freshwater Crayfish
Cherax depressw (Crustacea: Parastacidae) in a North Queensland Tropical
Rainforest Stream. B. Sc. (Hons) Thesis, James Cook University,
Townsville, Queensland. 74 pp.
Abstract
An autecological investigation into the population and trophic ecology of the
freshwater crayfish Cherax depressus (Crustacea: Parastacidae) was
conducted in a third order North Queensland tropical rainforest stream. The
interaction of the riparian zone with the stream was investigated through
monthly leaf litter collections and monthly standing crop estimates. Litterfall
and standing crop of litter in the stream were monitored monthly. Litterfall
comprised 75% leaf and peaked in October and November (late dry season).
Standing crop levels did not correspond to litterfall. Litter accumulated
steadily in pools whilst in riffles in the standing crop remained at or below a
threshold level which is a function of current velocity and protruding
obstacles. Accumulated litter was washed from the stream during high
discharge after cyclone Ivor. Cherax depressus was found to shred leaves,
prefemng those conditioned for the longest amount of time. Experiments
showed a clear preference for the least tough leaves. There was a preference
for one species over all others and it is thought that a combination of nutrient
content and physical characteristics of the leaf ultimately influence how much
it will be processed.The interactions between the crayfish population and the
riparian vegetation are discussed with reference to quantity, quality and timing
of litter inputs to the stream. The contribution of the crayfish population to
litter processing is discussed. A tentative leaf processing budget is presented.
Day, D. G. (1988). River mismanagement: policy, practice or nature? Centre for
Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University,
Canberra, ACT.
Abstract
This paper explores the 'mismanagement' problem for Australian rivers. In
reviewing close interrelationships between the physical nature of rivers and
their management, questioning policy problems already recognized and those
unrecognized in the conflicting and changing perception of riverine resources
by society, the paper attempts to put forward some objectives for better river
management. Case studies for the Macquarie River, NSW and Thomson
River, Victoria, are noted, in particular, the impact of flow regulation on instream water allocation and runoff dynamics. A conceptual model for riverine
planning suggests how the complexities and failures in managing rivers might
be reduced.
Day, D. G. (1989). Resources development or instream protection? The case of
Queensland, Australia. Environmentalist 9: 7-23.
Abstract
The extent of instream water planning in Queensland is considered as well as
the potential for new policy development. Important environmental water
allocation issues are explored, including instream water resource management
policy and the position of the Queensland Water Resources Commission.
Derivation of State river management policies and the implications for
planning are discussed.
Digman, R. (1990). River repair needs rock, not sand. Australian Canemower 12:
29-30.
Abstract
Erosion control along the Tully River Queensland is discussed. The practice
of dozing to place sand across rivers is criticized for being ineffective and for
its adverse environmental effects. Rock protection of eroding banks is
proposed as a more suitable technique. Costs involved and responsibility for
these are discussed. The suggestion is made that the Queensland Electricity
Commission should undertake a rock stabilizing programme to overcome
erosion which will be aggravated by the proposed Tully-Millstream
Hydroelectric Scheme.
Dowling, A. J. and B. A. Cowie (1984). Chemical monitoring of underground
waters in the Callide, Don and Dee Valleys. Australian Salinitv Newsletter
12: 26-27.
Abstract
The objectives of this investigation in the Don, Dee and Callide Valleys in
Queensland include provision of information on water level and quality
changes for selected bores within the valley system, evaluation of differences
between bores and assessment of directional trends in water quality attributes.
Conclusions regarding salinity, restricted lateral groundwater flow and
groundwater leakage are presented. Salinity variations in the Callide alluvium
were explained using a simple hydrological model involving recharge,
transmission and accumulation areas.
Duivenvoorden, L. J. (1988). The Dee River: aquatic flora and acid mine discharge.
Water Weeds Management Workshoo. Queensland Institute of Technology,
Brisbane.
Abstract
The open cut gold mine at Mount Morgan in central Queensland lies adjacent
to the Dee River and was established about 100 years ago. Upstream of the
mine water in the river varies in pH from about 7.2 to 8.0 and contains a
diversity of aquatic plants. At the mine the pH of the water is reduced to
levels as low as 2.7 and this is associated with a change in the stream flow.
The pH of the water and the number of aquatic plant species increase with
distance downstream from the mine. Factors which may influence the
distribution of aquatic flora are discussed and preliminary results of the heavy
metal content in plants are presented.
Duivenvoorden, L. J. (1989). Aquatic macrophytes and heavy metal pollution in the
Fitzroy River system, Central Queensland. State of Our Rivers Conference,
Canberra.
Abstract
This paper extends an earlier study into the effects of acid mine discharges
from the gold and copper mine at Mount Morgan in Central Queensland on the
water quality and aquatic macrophytes of the Dee River, a tributary of the
Fitzroy River. It documents macrophyte species downstream and provides
further data on the heavy metal contents of plants at various sites along the
Dee River. Results indicate that more research is needed to assess the extent
of pollution from the mine on the Fitzroy River system.
Edwards, P. B. (1989). Seasonal changes in larval populations of Culicoides
subimmaculatus Lee and Reye (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), with observations
on the influence of tides on larval ecology. Australian Journal of Marine and
Freshwater Research 40: 69-78.
Abstract
At Tingalpa Creek, Brisbane, larvae and pupae of Culicoides subimmaculatur
were most numerous 1.94m above datum, midway between mean high-water
neaps and mean high-water springs. Monitoring of a field population of
immature stages indicated that C. subimmaculatw completes four generations
a year, and overwinters in the 4th larval instar. Adults emerge during
synchronized periods associated with the lunar tidal cycle; however
laboratory experiments indicated that tidal coverage did not affect the time of
adult eclosion or of pupation. It is suggested that synchronization occurs at an
earlier point in the life cycle, possibly at ecdysis of 3rd to 4th instars.
Edwards, T. M. (1988). Design Proposal for Toowong Creek as a Wildlife Corridor
and Local Recreational Resource. Grad. Dip. Land Arch. Thesis, Queensland
Institute of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland.
Abstract
The study sets out to achieve a design proposal for Toowong Creek
Queensland as a wildlife comdor and community resource. The proposal
aims to promote the Toowong Creek wildlife conidor as a model for other
creek schemes in Brisbane. The study is presented in two sections: the
investigative section and the design proposal section. The investigative section
examines the habitat requirements of wildlife in an urban environment and
how wildlife corridors function and links these requirements directly to the
conditions found in Toowong Creek. The design proposal section covers the
site survey, an analysis of the site survey and an evaluation of the analysis,
giving options and preferred options. Presents the preferred options as a
concept and a management strategy. The study concludes with a master plan
showing Toowong Creek as a wildlife comdor and community resource for
recreation and nature study.
Fenwick, T. D. (1986). Transferable water rights: a Queensland viewpoint.
Proceedings of the Joint AWRC-AAES Seminar on Transferable Water
Rights. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, ACT. pp. 85102.
Abstract
The paper provides a brief perspective on irrigation development in
Queensland and looks at the present situation for allocation of water. It
addresses the constraints to development of a market in water rights and
concludes with an overall strategy for enhancing cost recoveries from the
Burdekin River Imgation Project.
Fleay, A. (1978). Studies on the Ecology and Behaviour of Phalacrocorax
sulcirostris (Brandt, 1837) and Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (Vieillot, 18 17)
on the Ross River Dam, Townsville. B. Sc. (Hons) Thesis, James Cook
University ,Townsville, Queensland..
Abstract
Two species of cormorant Phalacrocorax sulcirostris (Brandt, 1837) and
Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (Vieillot, 1817) were studied on the Ross River
Dam between February and October 1978. Although broadly these species
were similar, a number of differences in the use of resources and in the
associated behaviours were observed. These differences were considered in
terms of potential competition between the species. The comfort behaviours
of each species were described and were found to be similar. Except in a few
specific instances they were very similar to those described in the literature for
the Anatidae. A list of bird species observed on the Dam was compiled and
the abundance of some of the more common waterfowl noted. Comments
were made regarding the future management of the Dam in relation to these
bird populations.
Fleming, P. M. (1986). The Burdekin Dam and irrigation project: some
environmental consequences with particular reference to drainage and
flooding. Proceedin~sof Conference on Plannin E and Manavement of Water
for Amiculture in the Tro~ics.International Commission on Irrigation and
Drainage. West Perth. pp. 384-392.
Abstract
The Burdekin irrigation project comprises a large dam at Burdekin Falls some
160km from the mouth of the river, a weir at 50.5km and two pumping
stations and supply canals. An area of 45000ha will be irrigated annually in a
region adjacent to an existing groundwater supply area of 40000ha. The new
development will inigate different soil types and landscapes from the present
development and part of an area subject to overbank flooding. The paper
discusses possible environmental degradation due to irrigation, resulting from
changes in the hydrologic balance, in particular waterlogging and salinization.
The necessary surface and subsurface drainage systems will carry agricultural
chemicals and fertilizers into the adjacent marine environment. General
design and management considerations with respect to the drainage systems
are discussed. The large floodways necessary to cany overbank flooding
offer a unique opportunity to preserve and manage some significant natural
ecosystems.
Guilfoyle, B. P. (1978). A Preliminary Study of Water Quality in Bulimba Creek
and Tributaries. B. Sc. (Hons) Thesis, Griffith University, Brisbane,
Queensland.
Abstract
This study investigates some water quality parameters in Bulimba Creek, a
tributary of the Brisbane River, during an atypical low flow period. The
results confirm that along the main stem of the creek the effluent from the
overloaded Mimosa Creek sewage treatment plant is an important determinant
of water quality for most of the time. The literature canvassed to ascertain the
effects of urban development on the stream flow regime and water quality of
streams and the review is included in this dissertation.
Gilmour, D. A. (1971). The effects of logging on streamflow and sedimentation in a
north Queensland rainforest catchment. Commonwealth Forestry Review 50:
39-48.
Abstract
Stream water samples were collected during logging operations in a 17 square
mile rainforest catchment in North Queensland. Analysis by millipore
filtration equipment indicated high levels of sediment resulting from low
rainfall intensities. A survey of the catchment revealed that most of the
sediment was derived from a relatively small number of sediment source
areas. Conditions were inserted in the timber sale agreement aimed at
preventing the occurrence of these sediment source areas and these proved
effective in reducing the sediment level in the streams. A double mass curve
analysis indicated a trend towards increased annual discharge since logging
commenced in 1960. It is concluded that it is possible to harvest both timber
and water from the one catchment provided each producer is prepared to make
concessions for the utilisation of the other resource.
Gilrnour, D. A. (1977a). Effect of rainforest logging and clearing on water yield and
quality in a high rainfall zone of north-east Queensland. The Hvdrology of
Northern Australia: Hvdrologv Svmposium. Brisbane, Queensland. pp. 156160.
Abstract
A pair of small catchments was used in a land use hydrology experiment to
determine the effects of logging and clearing in a tropical rainforest. One
catchment was kept as an undisturbed control while the other was treated.
Logging produced little hydrological change. However, clearing produced a
substantial increase in baseflow and the annual water yield increased by 293
mm (10.2 percent) during the first two years after clearing. Logging
produced a doubling of the suspended sediment load during high flows and
clearing produced a ten-fold increase.
Gilmour, D. A. (1977b). Streamflow generation processes in a tropical rainforest
catchment: a preliminary assessment. The Hvdrologv of Northern Australia:
Hydrologv Svmposium. Brisbane, Queensland. pp. 178-179.
Abstract
An hypothesis is developed to explain the source of quickflow in a tropical
rainforest catchment. This is contrasted with the situation in humid
temperature environments. It is indicated that in this particular tropical
rainforest environment the variable source area concept of storm flow
generation, associated with humid temperate areas, is not applicable, mainly
due to the characteristics of rainfall intensity.
Gilmour, D. A., D. A. Cassells and M. Bone11 (1982). Hydrological research in the
tropical rainforests of North Queensland: some implications for land use
management. (Eds E. M. O'Loughlin and L. J. Bren). 1st National
Symposium on Forest Hydrology. Melbourne, Victoria. pp. 145-152.
Abstract
Forest hydrology research in the rainforests of north Queensland began with
studies which aimed to quantify the hydrological effects of logging and land
clearing. Subsequently, hydrological process studies were undertaken to
provide a basis for extrapolating the results from these monitoring studies to
the wider rainforest management situation. This paper summarises some of
the more important findings from both the monitoring and the process
studies. It also outlines a number of implications for land management and
future research. It is considered that long term environmental monitoring
should be seen as an integral part of land management in the tropics.
Gunn, D. (1982). Water management - Tarong power station. Electricity S U D D ~ ~
Association Conference: Section 1: Genera tion. Electricity Supply
Association of Australia, Melbourne, Victoria.
Abstract
This paper depicts the overall water supply and effluent systems management
for Tarong power station which is designed to operate on a zero discharge
concept using ash dams. Water for construction is drawn from a borefield via
a lagoon and 1Okm of pipeline, and for domestic purposes, requires treatment
by a plant which includes a reverse osmosis unit. Provision has been made
for using dam surface water on sit to supplement the bore water. Make-up
water for the operating power station is from the Boyne River Dam and
pipeline and three associated pumping stations balancing storages.
Conservation measures planned to ensure an adequate supply for power
generation are an on site water harvesting system utilizing stomwater in the
Meandu Creek and on ash water reclaim system.
Hacker, J. L. F. and M. R. Gourlay (1986). The problems of a prograding river
mouth: the Pioneer River at Mackay. Proceedings of Short Course on
Geoloeical and Environmental Aspects of Coastal Management Programs.
Queensland Institute of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland. pp. 93- 109.
Abstract
This paper presents a case study which looks at the problems of a prograding
river mouth, the Pioneer River at Mackay Queensland. It outlines the
sedimentation processes which are aggravating the flooding situation in the
city. As a result of this sedimentation, major flood related effects in the river
are (i) deposition on the floodplain, (ii) formation of Cullen Island
Queensland within the estuary, (iii) progradation of the bar, (iv) formation of
a new beach ridge south of the river mouth, and (v) extension of the area
colonized by mangroves. These various effects are discussed. Examines the
influence of tides, waves and wind on the sedimentation processes. States
the necessity for this estuarine environment to be studied as a whole. Rate of
sedimentation is examined. In conclusion, considers guidelines for the
management of the estuary.
Hair, I. D. (1990). Hydrogeology of the Russell and Johnstone Rivers alluvial
valleys, north Queensland. Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane,
Queensland. 57 pp.
Abstract
An investigations program was initiated by the Department of Mines in 1980
to assess the groundwater resources of the Russell River and Johnstone
River-Liverpool Creek areas of northern Queensland. The fieldwork phase of
the program was completed in 1985. Pumping tests to determine aquifer
characteristics were camed out at four selected sites. Groundwater samples
were taken for chemical analysis and determination of ionic constituents.
Particle size distribution tests were carried out on selected samples of
sand/gravel aquifer material. Little development of groundwater resources
has taken place in this part of Queensland, and water requirements for the
region are largely met from surface water resources. Results of this
investigation show that there is little scope for large scale development of
existing groundwater resources.
Ham, R. D. (1981). The Ecology of Six Native and Two Introduced Fish Species in
the Enoggera Creek System, South-east Queensland. B. Sc. (Hons) Thesis,
Griff'ith University, Brisbane, Queensland.
Abstract
The ecology of two introduced and six native fish species in Enoggera Creek,
Brisbane were investigated. Many native species were found upstream from
the Enogerra Reservoir but no exotic species. Numbers of introduced species
increased as the downstream distance from the reservoir increased. The
distribution appears to reflect the habitat alteration in the downstream areas.
Harding, P. (1988). Report on Mulgrave River degradation study. Queensland
Water Resources Commission, Brisbane.
Abstract
The US Army Corps of Engineers model, HEC-6, was used to simulate the
sediment transport processes in the Mulgrave River Queensland between
Gordonvale and Behana Creek to quantify the bed degradation caused by
sand extraction operations and to determine the limits for both existing and
future operations. While the hydraulic component of the model was
calibrated using measured flood levels, there was insufficient information to
calibrate the sediment transport component. Therefore, the uncertainty in the
applicability of the various available sediment transport formulae was
determined by a sensitivity analysis. The effects of the extraction proposals
on the water quality, fringing bank vegetation and in stream fish habitats were
briefly addressed.
Hart, B. T, G. Day, A. Sharp-Paul and T. Beer (1988). Water quality variations
during a flood event h the Annan River. Australian ~ournalof - ~ a r i n eand
Freshwater Research 39: 250-253.
Abstract
Variations in water quality during a major flood event that occurred in the
Annan River on March 21 1985, are reported. Factor analysis showed that
dilution of base flow concentrations by surface runoff was the dominant
influence during the rising stage of the flood event, possibly with some
flushing of ions from surface layers of the catchment soils also occumng. At
low river flow, water quality was dominated by that in groundwater and
possibly interflow. Heavy metals were mostly transported in particulate
forms. Filterable metal concentrations were low and changed little with flow.
Hearnden, M. N. (1986). Resource Use by Mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) in a
Topical Rainforest Stream. B. Sc. (Hons) Thesis, James Cook University,
Townsville, Queensland. 95 pp.
Abstract
Patterns of spatial resource use indicated distinct partitioning of the available
habitat among a suite of mayfly species in a tropical rainforest stream. The
observed patterns were dependent on the distributions of detrital deposits. In
the absence of detritus in erosional, fast-flowing regions, leaf litter was the
prime determinant of distributions. Current velocity and substratum particle
size were of influence in determining the distribution of these detrial and leaflitter deposits. The carrying capacity of pool habitats exceeded that of the
riffle habitat as the result of limited detrital and leaf-litter resources. Detritus
was of major importance in the diet of all mayfly species, except one species
with a carnivorous habit.
Hearnden, M. N. and R. G. Pearson (1991a). Habitat partitioning among the mayfly
species (Ephemeroptera) of Yuccabine Creek, a tropical Australian stream.
Oecolorria 87: 9 1- 101.
Abstract
This study examines the distributions among microhabitats of 12 detritivorous
species of mayfly in Yuccabine Creek Queensland, an upland tropical
rainforest stream. Analysis of the data showed that although all species
occurred in all the microhabitats examined, different species had significantly
different peaks of abundance in different microhabitats, leading to distinct
partitioning of the available habitat. In the absence of fine detritus deposits in
fast flowing regions, leaf litter was the prime determinant of species
distribution. Current velocity and substratum particle size influenced the
distribution of detritus and leaf litter.
Heamden, M. N. and R. G . Pearson (1991b). The diets of mayflies (Insecta:
Ephemeroptera) in a tropical Australian rainforest stream. Journal of Tropical
Freshwater Bioloev (in press).
Abstract
The diets of 13 species of mayflies from Yuccabine Creek, a tropical
rainforest stream, were investigated. Quantitative analyses of gut contents
showed that fine detritus was of major importance in the diets of all species
except Mirawara sp. 1, which was carnivorous. Dietary overlap was
exceptionally high (Horn's coefficient, c = 0.92 to 1.00). There were no
differences between winter and summer diets within each species. No
significant difference was found between the diets of large and small size
classes of any detritivorous species, but the diets of small and large nymphs
of Mirawara sp. 1 were significantly different: larger individuals selected for
larger numbers of leptophlebiids in the diet, while smaller individuals utilised
chironomid prey that were not observed in the guts of the larger size class.
.
Hearnden, M. N. and R. G. Pearson (1991~).Habitat partitioning among the mayfly
species (Ephemeroptera) of Yuccabine Creek, a tropical Australian stream.
Oecolorria 87: 91-101.
Abstract
This study examines the distributions among microhabitats of 12 detritivorous
species of mayfly in Yuccabine Creek, an upland tropical rainforest stream.
Analysis of data from regular benthic sampling and from in situ experiments
using implanted substrata showed that although all species occurred in all the
microhabitats examined, different species had significantly different peaks of
abundance in different microhabitats, leading to distinct partitioning of the
available habitat. The observed patterns of distribution were closely
associated with the distribution of fine detritus deposits (FPOM). In the
absence of FPOM in fast-flowing regions of the stream, leaf litter was the
prime determination of species distribution. Current velocity and substratum
particle size influenced the distribution of the detritus and leaf litter.
Abundance of mayflies was greatest in the pool habitat for all except two of
the species.
Herbert, B. (1987). Note on Cherax quadricarinatus from the Jardine River, Cape
York Peninsula. Oueensland Naturalist 28:19-21.
Abstract
This paper compares Cherax quadricarinatus from the Jardine River
Queensland with the same species in the Mitchell River (700km to the south).
It discusses the four different habitat types inhabited by Jardine River C .
quadricarinatus. and remarks on cover size, breeding and diet. Concludes
that the difference in reproductive biology and parasitic fauna suggest that the
Mitchell River and Jardine River populations of the crayfish species represent
intraspecific clinal variations.
Hewitt, D. R. (1984). Growth and Bioenergetics of the Freshwater Prawn,
Macrobrachiurn australiense (Holthuis). B . Sc. (Hons) Thesis, James Cook
University, Townsville, Queensland.
Abstract
Prawns of the species Macrobrachium australiense were grown using diets of
differing composition to determine the suitability of the animal for
aquaculture. This required the determination of the calorific loss associated
with each energy-consuming bodily process, to construct a partial energy
budget. Four diets were used, Caridina (freshwater shrimp), pellets (poultry
feed), algae (Spirogyra sp.) and detritus (decayed plant material). The
growth rate was highest for the Caridina diet (65% protein) and decreased
through pellet, algae and detritus. Growth rate decreased with increasing
prawn size. Growth rates of M. australiense were lower than those of culture
organisms, but higher than those of organisms not used in aquaculture.
Construction of a partial energy budget showed that larger prawns assimilate
high nitrogen diets more efficiently. Low nitrogen diets were more efficiently
assimilated by small prawns. Plant protein was more efficiently utilized by
large prawns than by smaller prawns. It was concluded that different sized
M . alcrtraliense would require different feeds in culture. M. rosenbergit
would be a wiser choice for aquaculture when the advantages of M .
alcrtraliense (non-feeding larval stages with no need of saline water, growth
nearly all year round; widespread distribution) are not a consideration.
Hicks, D. (1986). Ipswich City's Bremer River: a Strategy for Riverside Recreation
Management. Grad. Dip. Land Arch. Thesis, Queensland Institute of
Technology, Brisbane, Queensland.
Abstract
This thesis presents a study which investigates the use of the Bremer River as
a recreational resource for the residents of Ipswich and surrounding districts.
It looks at the current state of the river comdor relative to physical, social and
biological factors and the visual character of the river and adjacent land areas.
Examines the likely recreational needs and demands of the local residents and
the types of recreational activities that are possible on or beside the river.
Determines four options for levels of recreation usage and provides guidelines
for management under each of these options. A strategy plan is outlined
designating the recreation management options to appropriate areas along the
river within the study area.
Howell, J. (1987). Epiphytic Diatom Communities of South East Queensland, as
Indicator Species of pH Levels (preliminary survey). B. App. Sc. Thesis,
Queensland Institute of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland.
Abstract
Epiphytic diatom communities were investigated at three sites in southeast
Queensland: (i) Eighteen Mile Swamp North Stradbroke Island, (ii) a small
dam near Boyne Smelters Boyne Island, Gladstone and, (iii) Swanbank
Lagoon near Ipswich. Samples of submerged macrophytes were collected in
the littoral regions. Physiochemical data at each sampling site was also taken.
There was an indication of an association between some diatom communities
and a particular macrophytic host. A correlation of diatom community
composition with pH levels and water conductivity was established.
Hortle, K. G . and R. G. Pearson (1990). The fauna of the Annan River, Far North
Queensland, with reference to the impact of tin mining. I. Fishes. Australian
Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 4 1: 677-694.
Abstract
Fish were sampled at a range of sites in the Annan River system in tropical
northern Queensland, using a variety of methods. In all, 25 species were
recorded, including 14 principal fresh water forms. Species richness
increased in a downstream direction and was directly related to stream size,
the best measures of which were catchment area and stream length. When
adjusted for stream size, the fish fauna of the Annan River system is relatively
rich, compared with temperate Australian systems and streams on other
continents. analyses of gut contents of the species found in freshwater
showed that six species were carnivorous, four were omnivorous, three were
algivorous or detritivorous, and one was piscivorous. Mining were evident at
three sites and were associated with a reduced number of species; those
eliminated were apparently less tolerant of sediment.
Hughes, J. M., M. N. Griffiths and D. A. Harrison (in press). The effects of an
organophosphate insecticide on two enzyme loci in the shrimp Caridina sp.
Biochemical and Svstematic E c o l o g ~
Abstract
This paper examines the effect of acute exposure to the organophosphate
pesticide, chlorpyrifos, on genetic structure of freshwater shrimps. Genotype
frequencies at two enzyme loci, Pgi and Pgm, were examined. There were
significant differences in genotype frequencies between tolerant and
susceptible animals in some experiments and not others. This suggests that
the differential tolerance occurs only at some concentrations or in some
populations due to different linkage relationships between populations. The
potential for using this method for monitoring pollution impacts is discussed.
Hughes, J. M., D. A. Harrison and I. M. Arthur (1991). Genetic variation at the
Pgi locus in the mosquito fish Gambusia afJinis (Poeciliidae) and a possible
effect on susceptibility to an insecticide. Biological Journal of the Linnaean
Society 44: 153-167.
Abstract
Although some studies have been completed on genetic variation in relation to
tolerance to heavy metals, none have considered pesticide pollution. This
study examines the relationship between genotypes at the glucose phasphate
isomerase (Pgi) locus in Gamburia and susceptibility to the organophosphate
insecticide chlorpyrifos. Laboratory toxicity tests show significant differences
in genotype frequencies between susceptible and tolerant groups of fish from
one site but not at others. A field survey examined genotype frequencies and
levels of pesticide in the fish at seven sites. No chlorpyrifos was found at any
of the sites, but a number of organochlorines were recorded. Significant
correlations were found between three organochlorines @DT/DDD, DDE and
lindane) and frequencies of particular genotypes. There were also significant
differences in tolerance between populations and between size classes. These
results are discussed in relation to previous work with heavy metals.
Ian Drummond and Associates Pty Ltd (1985). Macalister River Improvement Trust:
Master Plan. Macalister River Improvement Trust, Maffra.
Abstract
Reviews the operations of the Macalister River Improvement Trust and makes
recommendations for its future. It identifies the seriously degraded state of
some of the streams. The strategy plan recommends implementation of a
strategy aiming to treat the most urgent stream related problems in a six year
works programme. It describes major components of the works programme.
A history of the Trust is given.
Jackson, B. (1991). The Darling: from floods to drought and poisoned water.
Enrrineers Australia 63: 14-16.
Abstract
Infestations of blue-green algae in the Darling River, New South Wales, are
indicative of the environmental degradation of Australia's inland waterways.
The contamination is attributed particularly to phosphorus from
superphosphates and sewage. Engineering and environmental management
options to deal with the problem are discussed.
Johnson, I. G. (1990). An Assessment of Fish Ladders in South-eastern
Queensland. Ph D Dissertation, University of Queensland, Brisbane,
Queensland.
Abstract
This thesis presents an assessment of fish ladders on major structures in
rivers of south-eastem Queensland. It reviews the literature on fish ladder
design and efficiency and then presents the results of field studies designed to
assess the efficiency of particular types of ladder. Population and community
data are summarised for each site. The study also assess the Denil fish
ladder.
Kailola, P. J. and B. E. Pierce (1988). A new freshwater catfish (Pisces: Ariidae)
from northern Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 14: 7389.
Abstract
Describes a new species of fork tailed catfish on the basis of 31 specimens
collected in northern Australia between the Fitzroy River, Western Australia
and the Mitchell River, Queensland. Comparison is made with other ariid
species occurring in northern Australian waters, including the
morphologically similar A rius leptaspis ( Bleeker).
Kelley, R. E. (198 1). Hydrogeochemistry of the Upper Isaac River: with Comments
on the Origin and Tansport of Sediments and Solutes. M. Sc. Thesis, Griffith
University, Brisbane, Queensland.
Abstract
This thesis examines the chemical loadings in the river, both spatially and
temporally. As sampling was carried out at wide intervals on an ephemeral
stream, the available data in some areas of flow regime is meagre and the
establishment of significant correlations is affected. It is estimated however,
that the annual loss rate from the catchment of suspended material is
approximately 12 tonneslsq km and dissolved material loss approximately 7.8
tonnes/sq km. Although there was sufficient data to produce a broad
characterization of the chemical loadings of the river, the paucity of flowing
water data at specific sites precluded the adequate correlation with land
features. The study did show a reduction in solute concentration with
increasing distance downstream.
Kent, D. J. (1986). Salinity in the South Burnett. In: Landsca~e.Soil and Water
Salinitv. Proceedings of the Darling Downs Regional Worksho~.
Toowoomba, March 1986. Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane,
Queensland.
Abstract
After giving an historical introduction, describes the extent of salting effected
areas in the South Bumett. States that development in the form of clearing
and cultivation have been the main factors contributing to the increased
movement of water and salts through the deeply weathered landscapes
concerned. Mentions the problem potential, the increasing number of salinity
related inquiries being received by Departmental officers. Relates reclamation
schemes attempted, which have used either drainage or revegetation
techniques. The use of gypsum on smaller wet spots where soil structure has
declined is noted. Summarizes future requirements, such as the need for
practical reclamation guidelines and systematic data recording.
Kerby, B. (1991). Aspects of Invertebrate Drift in a South-East Queensland Stream.
B. Sc. Honours Thesis, Division of Environmental Sciences, Griffith
University, Brisban, Queensland. 93 pp.
Abstract
This report has investigated several aspects of invertebrate drift in south-east
Queensland streams. The pattern of drift was documented for two streams in
the Conondale Ranges. Hourly drift sampling in these streams revealed low
drift rates and no distinct die1 patterns. The drift was dominated by the taxa
Simuliidae (Diptera), Chironomidae (Diptera), and to a lesser extent
Tasmanocoenis (Caenidae: Ephemeroptera), Baetis (Baetidae:
Ephemeroptera) and Cheumatopsyche (Hydropsychidae: Trichoptera). The
phenomenon of behavioural drift was investigated with the aim of determining
why some individuals of particular taxa drift while other individuals (of the
same taxa) remain in the substratum. To determine this three aspects were
investigated, 1) state of hunger, 2) injury and 3) possible genetic differences
between those individuals drifting and those remaining in the substratum.
Kevan, S. D. and R. G. Pearson (in press). Toxicity of Diquat pulse exposure to the
tropical freshwater shrimp Caridina nilotica ( Atyidae). Bulletin Environmental
Contamination and Toxicoloev.
Abstract
A two hour pulse exposure to diquat concentrations >= 213.4 mg L-l was
acutely toxic to the tropical freshwater shrimp Caridina nilotica. Although the
two hour PE-LC50 concentration may be greater than recommended
concentrations (80 mg diquat11000 m2 plants, excluding wetting agent, for
single field applications (QRLPB 1989), it is conceivable that higher
concentrations of diquat could occur in the field where saturation of diquat to
densely infested areas of plants is necessary.
Kneipp, I. J. (1979). The Ecology of Macrobrachium species (Decapoda,
Palaemonidae) in a Coastal Stream in North Queensland. Ph.D. Thesis,
James Cook University, Townsville, Queen sland. 267 pp.
Abstract
Five species of Macrobrachium occur in the study area, Bluewater Creek,
27km northwest of Townsville. They are M. latidacrylus (Thallwitz, 1891),
M . tolmerum (Riek, 195I), M. australiense (Holthuis, 1950), M. novaehollandiae (de Man, 1908) and M. species A, probably an undescribed
species. A multivariate morphometric study gave support to the separation of
M. sp. A and M. tolmerum which are morphologically very similar. Field
studies were undertaken in order to infer causal relationships between
environmental factors and distribution patterns. These were complemented by
laboratory studies of responses to selected environmental factors. It is
concluded that distribution patterns of Macrobrachium species in the study
area are largely determined by temperature, salinity, substrate and current
whose effects are interconnected with competition between species and
adaptation of the life cycle to fresh water.
Kowarsky, J. (1980). Fish passage through the fishway at the Fitzroy River
barrage, Rockhampton: Part B: Effects of environmental variation on the
upstream movement of fish through the fishway. QDPI, Brisbane,
Queensland.
Abstract
This part of the two-part report seeks to determine the effects of various
environmental factors on the upstream passage of fish through the Fitzroy
River barrage fishway. A sampling programme was initiated. The study
suggests the level of the headwater exerted an important influence on the sizes
of fish negotiating the fishway. Smaller fish were excluded at relatively high
headwater levels and some larger fish did not use it at relatively low levels.
There is some evidence the tailwater level may have influenced the rate of
passage through the fishway. The presence and position of open barrage
gates did not appear to affect the number of fish using the fishway.
Leadbetter, B. W. (1978). A Basis for Evaluating Future Land Use within the
Noosa River Catchment. M.Sc. Thesis, Griffith University, Brisbane,
Queensland.
Abstract
The natural environment and current and possible future land use patterns of
the Noosa River catchment are examined. The thesis presents a methodology
for evaluating future land use change involving initial qualitative assessment
of possible impacts using conceptualized models. The technique appears
useful in indicating the magnitude of possible impacts with limited data and in
isolating the factors or processes effecting changes. The method could be
used to limit undesirable changes to acceptable levels.
Lever, M. L. (1979). Strategies and Standards for the Protection of Australian
Waters. M.Sc. Thesis, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland.
Abstract
A national, coordinated programme to combat water pollution is needed.
Types of pollution and methods to control them are discussed and a
management decision making process is suggested. A case study showed
changing social values in favor of better water quality in an urban creek. A
second case study attempted to quantify heavy metal inputs into a Brisbane
River estuary and found pollutants which could accumulate in shellfish to
levels which may adversely affect consumers' health.
Lewis, J. W. (1987). The Red Dome project. Environmental Workshop Papers,
Australian Minin~Indusav Council. Dickson. pp. 24-36.
Abstract
Environmental studies and the underlying philosophy used in the approach to
environmental controls are discussed in relation to the Red Dome gold mining
project Queensland . Major areas of study include surface water quality
monitoring and aquatic fauna surveys, as well as groundwater investigations
to determine mine water supplies and a mine dewatering scheme.
Liesch, P. W. and G. L. Jocumsen (1982). A survey of the use and management of
water resources from the Condamine-Balonne Rivers systems. School of
Business Studies, Darling Downs Institute of Advanced Education,
Toowoomba.
Abstract
The survey of water users from the Condamine-Balonne Rivers system is a
submission to the Department of National Development and Energy for
inclusion of information in the study of National Water Resources
Perspectives to the year 2000. The Condamine-Balonne Water Committee
surveyed Local Authority Councils and water user associations. The survey is
in four sections which solicited responses in domesticlurban water use, river
management, total valley development and legislation.
Macdonald Wagner Pty Ltd (1986). Tweed River dredging: environmental impact
statement. Macdonald Wagner Pty Ltd, Tweed Heads, New South Wales.
Abstract
This environmental impact statement has been prepared to support a
development application to Tweed Shire Council and other authorities for the
dredging of river sand from the Tweed River NSW between Barneys Point
Bridge and Banora Point and for the stockpiling of the dredged sand on an
adjacent privately owned property. It is proposed that sand be dredged from
the river utilizing a modern suction dredge with a diesel driven sand pump and
the excavated material be pumped via a floating submerged pumpline to the
stockpile area. Return water from the stockpile would be contained by use of
bund walls and, after a suitable settlement period, would be returned to the
Tweed River via Womin Lake. Dredging will be carried out to meet Public
Works Department Dredge Management Plan conditions, and more than 30m
away from the mangrove stand. Dredging of this section of the Tweed River
will enhance water circulation and improve navigation.
McIvor, C. C. (1976). The effect of organic and nument enrichment on the benthic
macroinvertebrate community of Mogill Creek, Queensland. Water 3: 16-21.
Abstract
This paper describes the physical environment, water quality, algae and
benthic invertebrate communities of Mogill Creek, Brisbane, and the causal
factors of biological change due to inputs of nutrients and sewage wastes.
Biological monitoring methods are discussed.
McMahon, B. J. (1984). Alimentary Structure and its Adaptive Diversity in a
Community of Australian Freshwater Teleosts. M. Sc. Thesis, University of
Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland.
Abstract
Members of the Teleostei exhibit remarkable variability in dental apparatus,
mouth form and gut morphology, permitting successful utilization of aquatic
and terrestrial food resources. This thesis describes alimentary structure and
its adaptive diversity in the fish community of the Brisbane River. It
interprets the adaptive significance of the dental apparatus and alimentary
morpho-histology of each species by reference to the general nature of its
food. The Brisbane River fish community exhibits a number of features
generally possessed by freshwater fish communities. These include the
presence of several stenophages and divergent euryphages, considerable
sharing of food resources, high reliance on insect material and an appreciable
piscivorous component.
Mackey, A. P. (1991). Aspects of the limnology of Yeppen Yeppen Lagoon, central
Queensland. Australian Journal of Marine and Fresh water Research 42: 309325.
Abstract
Aspects of the morphometry and physical and chemical limnology of Yeppen
Yeppen Lagoon, in tropical Australia, have been investigated. The lagoon is a
channel billabong lying in the old bed of the Fitzroy River. It has a relatively
small, shallow and elongated basin. Seasonal variations in water temperature,
light regime, oxygen concentration, pH and conductivity suggests that the
lagoon exhibits a warm monomictic pattern of thermal stratification rather than
a continuous warm polymictic one. The annual heat budget was 3294
calories
Maximum work of the wind was 238.8 g-cm ~ m -and
~ ,
maximum stability was 34.5 g-cm ~ m -Despite
~ .
the apparently low stability
of stratification, the lagoon remained thermally stratified for much of the year.
analysis of wind-distributed heat suggested that slow mixing was taking place
even during periods of relatively high stability, although this mixing was
insufficient to reoxygenate the hypolimnion, which remained anoxic for much
of the year. Yeppen Yeppen Lagoon is likely to prove eutrophic, and it is
suggested that primary productivity will be high because a large volume of the
lagoon's water is well lit and a large sediment surface area is in contact with
the epilimnion. Notes on the biota of Yeppen Yeppen Lagoon are also given.
Mallett, C. W. (1963). The Upper Permian flora from Burngrove Creek and
Adjacent Areas. B. Sc. (Hons) Thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane,
Queensland.
Absmct
The flora from localities in the Upper Permian of Central Queensland is
described. The flora is dominated by Glossopteris, with Phyllotheca and
Cladophlebis playing minor parts. Gangamopteris is notable for its absence.
Various floral environments are recognized by the plant characteristics and
mode of preservation, the distinction between forest and swamp flora being
clearly marked. The classification of Glossopteridae is such that stratigraphic
correlation is difficult, but there do seem to be several endemic Australian
species of Glossopteris. One new species is described and a new
fructification of Glossopteris is described but not named.
Midgley, S. H. (1983). The Meandu Creek catchment and a number of small water
storages in the immediate vicinity of the Tarong Power Station in the Nanango
area, Queensland. An unpublished report to the Queensland Electricity
Generating Board, Brisbane, Queensland.
Abstract
This report provides information on the freshwater fish fauna of the Meandu
Creek catchment and a number of small storages near the Tarong Power
Station, Nanango, Queensland. A list of fish species and of large Crustacea
is provided with indications of relative abundance and some limited water
quality data.
Milligan, C. J. (1986). An Evaluation of some Stream Characteristics and their
Application to Water Quality Assessment in South-eastern Queensland. M.
Phil. Thesis, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland.
Abstract
Nine sites within five catchments were chosen for a sampling programme
covering a 19 month period. The catchments chosen supported a variety of
land use categories. Physico-chemical and biological attributes were sampled
concurrently over a range of seasonal conditions. Water flow strongly
influenced water chemistry, as several significant correlations were
established between rainfall and the physico-chemical parameters of
temperature, conductivity, BOD and total phosphorus. The biological data set
contained information on the type of fauna, the number of individuals of each
type and the number of taxa in each sample. Several methods of analysis
were reviewed in order to evaluate the potential relationships between the
physicochernical and biological content of samples. The wide variability in
the data collected from all catchments indicated that water characteristics were
in dynamic equilibria that appeared little affected by land use.
Milton, D. A. and A. H. Arthington (1983a). Reproduction and growth of
Craterocephalur marjoriae and C . stercusmuscarum (Pisces: Atherinidae) in
south-east Queensland, Australia. Freshwater Biology 13: 589-597.
Abstract
The reproductive cycle and growth of Craterocephalus marjoriae and
Craterocephalus stercurmurcarum (Atherinidae) were studied in Brisbane,
south-eastem Queensland, over a 17-month period (1981-82). Both species
had a 5-month breeding season in spring and summer, with a breeding peak
in spring (September-October). Multiple spawning occurred but life time
fecundity was not determined. Gonosomatic index values and mean fecundity
per female were higher in Craterocephalus marjoriae than in C .
stercusmuscarum. Fecundity increased with body length in both species
according to the relationship, ~ = a ~ Growth
b.
rates were similar and growth
was adequately described by the von Bertalanffy equation. Both species grew
rapidly during the first year and reached maturity the following season.
Reproductive strategies are considered in relation to seasonal flooding in the
streams inhabited.
Milton, D. A. and A. H. Arthington (1983b). Reproductive biology of Gambusia
affinis Baird and Girard, Xiphophorus helleri (Gunther) and X . maculatus
(Heckel) (Pisces: Poeciliidae) in south-eastern Queensland. Journal of Fish
23: 23-41.
Abstract
The reproductive biology of three introduced Poeciliidae, Gambusia affinis
holbrooki Baird and Girard. Xiphophorus helleri (Gunther) and X . maculatus
(Heckel) was studied over a 14 month period in Brisbane. Queensland.
Photoperiod and water temperature determined the length of the breeding
season in G . affinis which produced up to nine broods between August and
March with the peak of reproductive activity in October. Fecundity was
linearly related to body weight in G. affinis (mean fecundity = 22.78 f
2 range = 3-108 offspring per brood). X . helleri bred from August to May
producing eight to nine broods with peak reproductive activity from October
to December. Fecundity was curvilinearly related to body weight (mean
fecundity = 60.15 f 3.8, range = 7-183 offspring per broods during the study
period. Fecundity was linearly related to standard length (S.L.) (mean
fecundity = 27.27 k 2.4 range = 3-92 offspring per brood). Although the
reproductive strategy of the three species differs all have the capacity to build
up large populations in south-eastern Queensland. Their present distributions
and relative abundance are discussed.
Milton, D. A. and A. H. Arthington (1984). Reproductive strategy and growth of
the Crimson-spotted Rainbow Fish, Melanotaenia splendida fluviatilis
(Castelnau) (Pisces: Melanotaeniidae), in south-eastern Queensland.
Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 35: 75-83.
Abstract
M . s.fluviatilis has a well-defined annual reproductive cycle in south-eastem
Queensland. Spawning is confined to October, November and December,
with the peak in October, before the onset of summer floods and
unpredictable water levels in coastal streams. Juvenile fish grow rapidly and
reach maturity in the year following hatching. Growth in both sexes
conforms to the von Bertalanffy model, but males grow faster and to larger
sizes than females. Differences in the reproductive strategy of M. s.fluviatilis
in southern Queensland and that of the more northern subspecies, M. s.
splendida, may be related to the relative predictability of flooding, and hence
to the probability of egg and juvenile survival, in the two areas. M. s.
fluviatilis has low fecundity but the species is, nevertheless, abundant in
suitable environments.
Milton, D. A. and A. H. Arthington (1985). Reproductive strategy and growth of the
Australian Smelt, Retropinna semoni (Weber) (Pisces: Retropinnidae), and
the Olive Perchlet, Ambassis nigrippinus (De Vis) (Pisces: Ambassidae), in
Brisbane, south-east Queensland. Australian Journal of Marine and
Freshwater Research 36: 329-341.
Abstract
The reproductive biology and growth of R. semoni and A. nigripinnis were
studied in Brisbane, south-eastem Queensland, over a 20-month period
(1981-1982). R. semoni began to breed in winter at water temperatures
exceeding 15OC, reflecting its salmoniform affinities and temperate
distribution. A. nigripinnis, a subtropical species of Indo-Pacific origin,
required a period of rising temperature before breeding began in spring at
22OC. Both species concentrated their breeding activity into the months that
precede summer storms and high, variable stream discharges, which can
generate fluctuating water levels, destruction of weedbeds and instability of
the stream substrate. Pre-flood spawning also occurs in three other smallbodied native species in the region, and appears to have adaptive value in the
seasonally unstable environments and coastal streams. Dispersal of juvenile
fish may be facilitated by rising water levels during summer months
following spawning. R. semoni grew faster and to larger sizes than A .
nigripinnis and growth of both species was adequately described by the von
Bertalanffy equation. Male and female R. semoni and male a. nigripinnis,
which tends to forage amongst littoral vegetation and in mid-water.
Differences in the sizes of eggs and larvae of the two species are also
consistent with the probability that they experience different relative exposure
to predation. These and other attributes, coupled with pre-flood spawning,
enable both species to achieve large populations in suitable habitats within
coastal streams, in spite of their relatively low fecundities.
I
Nolan, G . A. (1985). Levees in the North Queensland flood plain environment.
Proceedings of Planning and Management of Water for Agriculture in the
Tro~ics: Afro-Asian Regional Conference. International Commission on
Irrigation and Drainage, Townsville. pp. 4 17-431.
Calamitous floods in the lower reaches of a number of North Queensland
rivers have caused considerable damage to riparian lands and, in some cases,
loss of life. In recent years to mitigate the effects of these floods, which have
frequently ruptured and outflowed the natural levee banks causing gross
deposition of sediments, both structural and nonstructural solutions have been
adopted in regard to the management of the floodplain. This paper
summarizes and reviews the various types of structural levees that have been
built in the agricultural, urban, tidal and nontidal environment and draws a
number of conclusions regarding the need for greater attention to the
implementation of nonstructural controls by way of legislation and town
planning.
Nolen, J. A. (1988). Aspects of the Life History and Trophic Ecology of
A nisocentropus kirramus (Trichoptera: Cal amoceratidae) in a Tropical
Rainforest Stream. B. Sc. (Hans)-Thesis, James Cook University,
Townsville, Queensland. pp.95.
Abstract
An ecological study was conducted on the trichopteran Anisocentropus
kirromus occuring in a small (third order) upland rainforest stream north
Queensland. A. kirromur larvae are common in Birthday Creek where they
are involved in the initial breakdown of leaf litter within the stream. Through
their feeding activities, nutrients and fine organic matter are made available to
the rest of the stream community. From an analysis of larval head widths, A.
k i r r m was found to have five instars. Egg masses were located in the field
and reared in the laboratory to the first instar stage. General observations
were made of pupating larvae both in the laboratory and in the field. The life
cycle of A. kirramus from egg to adult is described. The distinctive timing
and nature of litter fall together with annual wet seasons are important factors
of this tropical environment. The influences of these factors on the life
history and tropic ecology of A. kirramus are discussed.
Nolen, J. A. and R. G . Pearson (1992a). Life history studies of Anisocentropus
kirramus Neboiss (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae) in a tropical Australian
rainforest stream. Aquatic Insects (in press).
Abstract
Eggs and larvae of Anisocentropus kirramus were collected from leaf packs in
riffles and pools in a small upland rainforest stream in tropical Queensland.
Adults were collected in floating emergence traps. Egg masses contained 80100 eggs. There were five larval instars and complete development appeared
to take several months. Instars 11-V were present in all nine months sampled;
instar I was present in all but one month. Adults emerged in all ten months
sampled, but there was clear seasonality with peak emergence in the summer.
The sex ratio of adults was 1:1.
Nolen, J. A. and R. G. Pearson (1992b). Factors affecting litter processing by
Anisocentropus kirramus Neboiss (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae) from an
Australian tropical rainforest stream. Aauatic Insects (in press).
Abstract
Larvae of the caddisfly Anisocentropus kirramus are common leaf shredders
in rainforest streams in tropical Queensland. Laboratory experiments were
undertaken to examine the effects of: (a) different leaf species and conditions,
(b) leaf preferences, (c) temperature and (d) larval stage on litter processing.
Leaf species, age and condition each had a significant effect on the amount of
leaf material processed. For most species, conditioned leaves were processed
fastest but for one species unconditioned leaves were more rapidly processed.
Senescent leaves were processed more rapidly than green leaves in three
species but not in the other two. Processing occurred at all temperatures (10,
18 and 25 OC),with processing rate increasing with temperature.
Outridge, P. M., G. J. Miller, R. J. Neller, J. H. Powell and E. C. Stock (1984).
Water quality and benthic biota of Blackwater Creek, Central Queensland.
23rd Australian Societv for Limnology Congress. Australian Society for
Lirnnology, Caulfield East, Victoria.
Abstract
A 12 month survey of Blackwater Creek Queensland indicated that the flow
regime and town sewage discharge caused extreme temporal and spatial
variations in water quality, affecting, in particular, dissolved oxygen,
macronutrients, faecal coliforms, and algal biomass. Thirty-eight taxa of
benthic invertebrates were identified, mainly chironomids and the oligochaete,
Branchiura sowerbyi. Benthic community characteristics were affected by
conductivity, dissolved oxygen, Mg, Fe, and total P in water, and by Cu, Ni,
B, Mn, Mo, and total P in sediments. Wet season flooding reduced
community parameters, but recovery occurred in less than four months.
Orr, T. M. and R. G . Millward (1984). Reproduction and development of
Neosilurus ater (Perugia) and Neosilurus hyrlii Steindachner (Teleostei:
Plotosidae) in a tropical Queensland stream Australian Journal of Marine and
Freshwater Research 35: 187-95.
Abstract
The reproduction and development of two plotosid catfishes, N. ater and N .
hyrtlii, were investigated in a seasonal tributary of the Ross River, northern
Queensland. The fishes were observed to move upstream to spawn during
monsoonal flooding. Their mating behaviour, embryology and larval
development are described. The adaptive significance of a flood-spawning
strategy is discussed in relation to food availability, predation, and aeration in
seasonal tropical streams.
Pearce, B. (1990). Upper Condamine River area and Dalrymple Creek: progress
report on assessment of vegetation changes utilizing remote sensing
techniques. Water Resources Commission, Brisbane, Queensland.
Abstract
A review of the current water quality monitoring network in the upper
Condarnine River Queensland catchment revealed that significant changes in
water quality have occurred in the southeastern headwaters, and
simultaneously significant rises in water levels in the major alluvial
groundwater aquifers have occurred which correspond with simultaneous
deterioration in groundwater quality. It was suspected that major changes in
the vegetation cover over the past decade or so may have caused these
changes in water quality and groundwater levels. This report outlines the
progress being made in assessing these changes utilizing remote sensing
techniques.
Pearson, R.G. (1991). Ecology of fresh waters in the Queensland wet tropics:
Current knowledge and research needs for monitoring and management. In:
Tropical Rainforest Research in Australia. (Eds M. Goudberg, M. Bone11 and
D. Benzaken). Institute for Topical Rainforest Studies. James Cook
University, Townsville, Queensland, pp. 87-94.
Abstract
The study of freshwater ecology in the tropics is still in its infancy, although
work has been occurring for some time in both rainforest freshwater streams
and standing water bodies. Streams in the northern tropics show a seasonal
hydrograph but nevertheless contain a more diverse invertebrate fauna than
found elsewhere. Much of the invertebrate fauna depend on the detritus food
web; current studies focus on the differential rates of detritus input and
decomposition and use by different organisms. While most research to date
has centred on studies of invertebrates, research into the fish and frog fauna
of rainforest streams has shed new light on the behaviour, diversity and
population dynamics of freshwater vertebrates.
Pearson, R.G. (1991). Ecology of the Burdekin River. Report to the Land and
Water Resources Research and Development Corporation, Canberra, ACI:
Abstract
A two year study of the habitats and biota of the middle Burdekin River
Queensland is described. The river is a large, seasonal, tropical river
draining a catchment with varied vegetation, severe land degradation and a
new dam along its course. Aquatic macrophytes were virtually absent and no
plankton, apart from shrimp larvae was recorded. Multivariate analyses of
invertebrate samples produced site groups characterized by sediment size,
current velocity, depth and the amount of particulate in organic matter. Results
were supported by Anovas performed on groups derived from cluster analysis
and by multiple regression analysis of species against environmental
variables. Differences between sites up and downstream of the Burdekin
Falls reflected disturbances due to minor flooding. Most of the common taxa
demonstrated definite seasonal trends in abundance while some taxa were of
very patchy distribution both spatially and temporally. The project is
considered to have provided a necessary baseline for future studies.
Pearson, R. G., L. J. Benson and R. E. W. Smith (1986). Diversity and abundance
of the fauna in Yuccabine Creek, a tropical rain forest stream. In: Lirnnolopy
in Australia. (Eds P. De Deckker and W. D. Williams). CSIRO, Melbourne
and Dr W. Junk, Dordrecht. pp. 329-342.
Abstract
This paper introduces a long term study of Yuccabine Creek, an upland
rainforest stream situated in tropical Queensland. The stream is rocky and
comprises alternating riffles and pools. It is acidic with low conductivity and
seasonally variable temperature and discharge reflecting the regional climate
of hot wet summers and warm drier winters. In comparison with streams
elsewhere, the invertebrate fauna is diverse, currently 267 species have been
recognized from one 50m stretch of riffle. From a year's regular sampling,
21 1 invertebrate species were collected, although 56 of these occurred only
once. Only two species of fish occur. Data on diversity, abundance and
variability of samples are summarized for a full year, but patterns of change
are not considered here. The mean number of taxa collected per month was
105 and the mean monthly abundance per square metre was 2768 animals.
Variability of samples was usually high, indicating patchy distributions of all
but the commonest species. Preliminary analysis shows that the fauna is
dominated numerically and in number of species by detritivorous collectors,
with smaller numbers of predators, grazers-scrapers, filterers and shredders.
Yuccabine Creek does not have the constancy of conditions associated with
the wet equatorial tropics, however, it probably does represent a common
type of system to be found in the geographically widespread wet but seasonal
vopics and it reflects the highly seasonal pattern generally reported for
Australian streams. The diversity and organization of the community in
Yuccabine Creek are discussed in the light of current ecological ideas.
Seasonality of the stream is a major factor in determining the composition of
its fauna.
Pearson, R. G. and L. K. Penridge (1987). The effects of pollution by organic
sugar mill effluent on the macroinvertebrates of a stream in tropical
Queensland, Australia. Journal of Environmental Management 24: 205-215.
Abstract
Effects of discharge of organic effluent from a sugar mill were examined for
the lower reaches of Babinda Creek and Russell River Queensland .
Increased pollution led to decreased diversity of macroinvertebrate fauna.
With heavy pollution, Oligochaeta and one species of Chironomidae
dominated the fauna. Results were produced using techniques that could be
readily used by non-specialist mill staff to monitor stream quality.
Pearson, R. G. and L. K. Penridge (1979). An Ecological Survey of Selected
Rivers in Queensland. James Cook University of North Queensland,
Townsville. 234 pp.
,
Abstract
The Northern Rivers Survey (NRS) was instituted in order to provide
information to the sugar industry regarding the effects of sugar mill effluents
on streams. The Introduction (Section 1) discusses the background to the
work, the rationale of the approach taken, and the main aims of the NRS.
The approach was to use biological parameters as indicators of water quality,
and to correlate these with the physico-chemical effects of effluents. In
Section 2, the general surveys of the selected streams and rivers are
described. Several different sampling methods were used which were simple
but effective. The results clearly showed the relationship that types of
treatment and dilution of effluents bear to stream quality. Further results
demonstrated the capability of the fauna to recolonize previously disturbed
areas. It was shown that the changes that take place with introduction of the
mill effluent were very similar to those reported from elsewhere in the world
(see Hynes, 1960). Moreover the composition of the animal communities
changed with varying levels of pollution. In general a level of about 6.0 - 6.5
ppm DO was found to be the minimum required to support a healthy biota.
Pearson, R. G. and R. K. Tobin (1989). Litter consumption by invertebrates from
an Australian tropical rainforest stream. Archive Hvdrobiology 116: 71-80.
Abstract
Larvae of the caddisflies Anisocentropus sp. (Calamoceratidae) and
Triplectides sp. (Leptoceridae), and the mayfly A t a l o nella sp.
(Leptophlebiidae), collected from Yuccabine Creek, an upland tropical
rainforest stream, were fed soaked green leaves of Ardisia brevipedata
(Myrsinaceae) and Rhodomyrtus trineura (Mytraceae) in the laboratory. The
larvae of both caddis species caused considerable breakdown of leaf discs and
production of FPOM. The proportions of total processing due to the caddis
larvae ranged from 34.8% ( Anisocentropus sp. fed Ardisia brevipedata
leaves) to 82.5% (Anisocentropus sp. fed Rhodomyrtus trineura leaves).
Atalonella sp. did not feed on the fresh leaf material. Field and laboratory
decomposition rates reflected differences in initial nutrient content of the
leaves as well as changes in nutrient levels associated with the decomposition
process. In the laboratory R hodomyrtus trineura leaves (2.95%N) were
prefened to Ardisia brevipedata leaves (1.45%N) which, in this field, were
preferred to Rhodumnia sessilij7ora (Myrtaceae) leaves (1.08%).
Pearson, R. G., R. K. Tobin, R. E. W. Smith and L. J. Benson (1989). Standing
crop and processing of rainforest litter in a tropical Australian stream
Archives Hvdrobiolo~v115: 48 1-498.
Abstract
Standing crop of litter in Yuccabine Creek, an Australian upland rainforest
stream, varied from 2.4 2 0.5 to 11.5 f 2.7g dry weight per 1/16m2, was
greatest in the late dry season (October, early summer), and differed
substantially between years, because of variations in retention rate rather than
in litterfall. Predominant macroinvertebrates in natural litter packs (82%by
numbers) were caddis larvae (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae and Calamoceratidae)
which appeared to be the main shredders of leaf litter. Rates of litter
processing in the stream were estimated using artificial litter packs of single or
mixed species and of fresh or aged leaves. Macroinvertebrates accounted for
up to 77% of processing after 64 days (aged leaves), but there was great
variation between experiments according to differences in leaf species, pool or
riffle environments, and time of year. The most rapid processing resulted in a
processing coefficient (-k) value of 0.017, and 50% decay value (T50) of 32
d. The slowest processing (estimated (TSO> 400 d) was for fresh Rhodamnia
sessiliflora leaves. There was no apparent relationship between temperature
and processing rate in the field, but this result may have been due to a great
abundance of litter in summer. The observed variation in the results was
caused largely by local factors, such as leaf species; presence, abundance and
distribution of shredders; and the temporal changes in standing crop of litter
and abundance of shredders.
Pettigrove, V. (1989). Larval mouthpart deformities in Procladie paludicola Skuse
(Diptera: Chironomidae) from the Murray and Darling Rivers, Australia.
Hydrobioloeia 179: 111-117.
Abstract
In consequence of studies indicating a link between structural deformities in
chironomid larvae and high levels of particular pollutants, the incidence of
deformities in Procladius paludicola was examined in the MurrayDarling
system. As part of a long term biological monitoring programme, artificial
substrate samples from seven riverine sites were collected in 1985-86, five on
the Mumy River and one each on the Darling and Mummbidgee Rivers. A
high incidence of ligula (mouthpart) deformities was found: of 522 larvae
examined, 19 deformities were detected, one in the second instar, three in the
third instar and 15 in the final instar. This is the first report of deformities in
Australian Freshwater insects, and is discussed in relation to known toxic
pollutants within the catchment.
Pfund, D. P. (1987). A Population Study in the Life Cycle of M. macleayi in the
Noosa River System. B. App. Sc. Thesis, Queensland Institute of
Technology, Brisbane, Queensland.
Abstract
This report studies a four month period part of the life cycle of juvenile
Metapenaeus macleayi within the Noosa River Queensland system. This
species was the dominant species at Lake Cootharaba when using a daylight
trawling method. During the sampling months from July to early October it
was found post-larva occurred over this period, though decreased with time.
This indicated a trend of overwintering, as there was only a relatively small
growth rate of the juvenile population in this time. The density of the
juveniles increased with time. This was found to be the result of the prawns
altering the phase of their life cycle from post-larva to juveniles. The fishing
season for these prawns began a month early at Lake Cootharaba suggesting
there was sufficient number of the larger sized juveniles for fishing to be
commercially viable.
Poplawski, W. A. and M. R. Gourlay (1987). Wash load estimation for rivers in
North Queensland. 3rd Conference on Hvdraulics in Civil En gineerin g.
Melbourne. pp. 169-170.
Abstract
A method based on the Upper Mississippi River Basin Commission formula
is proposed for estimating the wash loads in three north Queensland
catchment areas: the Burdekin River, Flinders River, Mulgrave and Russell
Rivers. This method lumps in one regional factor the influence of rainfall,
catchment characteristics and land use. As wash load is a significant
component of total sediment transport, it is proposed that a study be
undertaken to map values of the regional factor and the influence of climate,
geology and land use be further investigated. It is recommended that regional
factor values k = 95 to 140 be adopted for catchments between latitudes 17
deg S and 21 deg S until more reliable data becomes available.
Poplawski, W. A. (1989). Report on Basin 1362: Barker-Barambah catchment
statistical analysis of water quality data collected by the Water Resources
Commission. Volume 1: Main Report. Water Resources Commission,
Brisbane. 9 pp.
Abstract
This report examines trends in 20 years of water quality records for several
gauging stations in the Barker-Barambah catchment, including conductivity,
dissolved ions, sodium, chloride and sodium absorption ratio (SAR).
Recommendations on further monitoring and statistical analyses of water
quality data are presented.
Poplawski, W. A., J. Piorewicz and M. R. Gourlay (1989). Sediment transport in
an inland river in North Queensland. Hvdrobiologia 1761177: 77-92.
Abstract
A sediment transport study was undertaken at Glendower QLD, a possible
damsite on the Flinders River, to assess potential sediment in filling of a
future storage basin. Suspended sediment samples were collected from three
sites on the river during a flood in January 1982. Particulate concentrations
and grain size distributions were determined and the latter were compared
with bed material size distibutions. Of methods assessed for predicting bed
material transport, those treating bed load and suspended load independently
were selected and field data were used to determine the wash load and the
suspended bed material load. The bed load was then computed in order to
determine the total sediment load.
Pringle, A. W. (1991). Fluvial sediment supply to the north-east Queensland coast,
Australia. Australian Geographic Studies 29: 114-138.
Abstract
River discharge and sediment yield are examined in the catchments of the
Barron, Mulgrave-Russell and Burdekin Rivers Queensland. Their initial
erosive impact and constructional effect are examined along the Burdekin and
Barron delta coasts. The effects of human interference are noted.
Pusey, B. J., and A. H. Arthington (1991). Limitations to the valid applicability of
the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM) for determining in-stream
flow requirements in highly variable Australian lotic environments.
Internationale VereinieunP fur Theoretische und An gewandte Limnoloeie 24:
2559,
Abstract
The Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM) was used to assess
changes to fish habitat availability in Barambah Creek, Murgon, Queensland
following construction of the Bjelke-Petersen Dam. The generated
relationships between discharge and habitat availability were used to assess
the potential changes to fish species diversity and the abundance of rare
species, species included in the amateur angling industry and of
macroinvertebrates. Two major responses of habitat availability to discharge
were revealed by the simulation process. The first was a linear or curvilinear
response of increasing habitat with increasing discharge, demonstrated for the
majority of small-bodied fishes. The second response, or more properly,
lack of response was shown by larger bodied fish including rare species and
important angling species. The m6ority of these species could bk properly
considered pool dwellers. The Bjelke-Petersen Dam is expected to reduce
discharge in Barambah Creek by 50 %. This should result in a decrease in
habitat availability of approximately 50 % for the species considered. The
discharge of rivers of South-east Queensland shows marked seasonal and
annual variability and therefore so should habitat availability. In determining
the impact of the Bjelke-Petersen Dam it is necessary to know the importance
of habitat to the regulation of the fish communities of such rivers. We believe
that the variability of the flow regime and the incidence of flooding are more
important structuring agents and that fish communities rarely reach densities
high enough to generate conditions where habitat is a limiting resource.
Operating conditions of the dam have a greater potential for impact on the fish
fauna than a simple reduction in discharge. Release of water for downstream
imgation is scheduled to occur in periods of predictably low flows at a time
when many species reproduce.
Quinn, N. J. (1978). Numerical Analyses of the Fish Assemblages of Serpentine
Creek. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland.
Abstract
Ten sites were sampled for fish assemblages in a small mangrove-lined creek
34 times between Nov 1975-Apr 1977. Data on salinity and water
temperature were obtained on each occasion. Representative sediment
samples for wet and dry seasons were collected and rainfall data obtained
from the Bureau of Meteorology. These abiotic data showed marked
temporal variation. Fourier analysis was performed on rainfall, salinity,
.
water temperature.and on the differences between hydrological data taken in
Moreton Bay and Serpentine Creek. Significant annual cycles were revealed.
Forty-five taxa were recorded, with some statistically significant differences
between day and night catches. Recordings of species in groups were
subjected to several methods of statistical analysis. Three site groups were
identified. A coefficient of dispersion was used to determine the aggregation
of 22 abundant species. Although significant levels of aggregation were
found, the coefficient of dispersion was ineffective in determining species that
would characterize a given single time group.
Rarnrn, R. A. (1981). Vibrio cholerae in Queensland river systems 1977-1980.
Australian Water and Wastewater Association. Federal Convention. Sydney.
Abstract
.
The presence of Vibrio cholerae in some southern Queensland streams places
obligations on those involved with water supply and public health. The
opportunity exists to monitor the natural history of V. cholerae in an
environmental surface water system and to assess the obligations placed on
public health authorities, which include the protection of the public, and
surveillance of rivers, sewage treatment plants and drinking water plants for
the presence of the organism. Mentions the 'over-wintering' phenomenon,
where cholera tends to disappear, from streams in the 'dry' and reappear in
the 'wet' (summer) in Queensland.
Reeve, R. and I. F. Fergus (1983). Black and white waters and their ~ossible
relationships to fie podzolization process. Australian ~ournal'of Soil
Research 21: 59-66.
Highly coloured, organic-stained water (black water) occurs as springs, seeps
and perched lakes in the Cooloola area Queensland. Springs of clear,
colourless water (white water) sometimes occur in close proximity to the
black water. Field evidence suggests that black waters move laterally along
semipermeable B horizons of humus podzols, whereas white waters are part
of a much larger storage system in which the water has been decolorized by
contact with the C horizons. Thus it appears that black waters are the active
eluviating agent and white waters are the residual liquid phase of the
podzolization process. Chemical analyses of black and white waters, and the
results of a laboratory leaching experiment, support this view. Possible
mechanisms and some implications for the genesis of podzol B horizons are
discussed.
Rosser, Z. C. (1991). The Role of Physical Disturbance as a Structuring Force of
Invertebrate Communities in two Rainforest Streams. B. Sc. (Hons) Thesis,
James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland.
Abstract
The role of physical disturbance in the structuring of macroinvertebrate
communities of two tropical forest streams was examined. Two
geographically isolated sites were chosen. The upland site at Birthday Creek
was known to possess a biogeographically distinct taxa fiom the lowland site
at Gorge Creek. At both sites, natural, flood-induced substrate movement
was simulated through the physical manipulation of artificial (brick)
substrates. A range of treatments were incorporated to simulate natural
disturbances of differing intensities. Four treatment levels were used, ranging
from an undisturbed control at one extreme, to substrates which were both
tumbled and scrubbed, with two intermediate treatments. Fauna from natural
stones was monitored throughout the study, revealing a community which
undergoes temporal and spatial changes following the summer wet season.
The ecological implications of the results and their applicability to pertaining
ecological theory are also discussed.
Rudd, P. J. and V. G. Curnrnins (1988). Mackeys Creek catchment project: final
report. Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, Queensland.
Abstract
Investigations by officers from the Queensland Soil Conservation Services
Branch showed that the erosion and erosive flooding problems in the
Mackeys Creek Queensland area were aggravated by a lack of coordinated
drainage. Detailed topographic information was required to develop a
coordinated plan, and orthographic maps were considered to be the most
efficient means of obtaining the topographic information. Orthophotos were
provided in late 1986 and used to develop technical solutions to the runoff
coordination problems and prepare conservation plans for individual
properties and the catchment. Since the plans were prepared, landholder
meetings have solved some runoff coordination problems, backhoe drains on
the road reserves were widened and trash retention and green cane harvesting
are practised in 60%of the catchment.
Russell, D. J. (1992). Fish movements through a fishway on a tidal barrage in subtropical Queensland. Proceeding of the Roval Societv of Oueensland 101.
Abstract
A 32 month study was undertaken of fish movements through a "pool-andweir" fishway on the Burnett River barrage in south-eastem Queensland. A
bi-directional fish trap was used to catch in excess of 4100 fish from 25
species. Of these, 19 species were moving upstream and 20 were moving
downstream. Arius graeffei, Notesthes robusta, Anguilla reinhardtii and
Mugil cephalus comprised the majority of the fish moving downstream while
graeffei,A. reinhardtii and M . cephalus were the dominant species moving
upstream. Mature M . cephalus in near spawning condition moved
downstream in May/June and coincidentally immature. M. cephalus moved
upstream. Rates of fish movement through the fishway are considered poor
and measures to enhance its effectiveness are discussed.
Russell, D. J. and R. N. Garrett (1983). Use by juvenile Barramundi, Lates
calcarifer (Bloch), and other fishes of temporary supralittoral habitats in a
tropical estuary in Northern Australia. Australian Journal of Marine and
Freshwater Research 34: 805-811.
Abstract
Use by fishes of temporary pools created by high seasonal tides, which occur
each year from October until April, on the saltpans and littorals adjacent to the
Norman River estuary in northern Queensland was investigated. Fish
entering the pools were sampled with on-way tidal traps placed in inlet
gutters, and fish in the pools were poisoned using rotenone. Recruitment to
the pools by fish occurred soon after the initial tidal inundation. Juvenile fish
of 37 species, including the commercially important food fish L. calcarifer,
used the pools. The first barramundi were found 8 weeks after initial
inundation and for the remainder of the study they continually migrated into
these habitats. The total length of the smallest L. calcarifer sampled was 9.5
mm. Salinities in pools containing fish ranged from 94x10-3 to less than
2 1x 10-3 temperatures reached 36OC.
Russell, D. J. and R. N. Garrett (1985). Early life history of Barramundi Lates
calcarifer (Bloch), in North-eastem Quee-nsland. ~ u s k a lan
i Journal of Marine
and Freshwater Research 36: 191-201.
Abstract
Larval barramundi in the size range 2.8-5.2mm were collected from plankton
in two estuaries in north-eastem Queensland from 31 October 1979 until 13
February 1980. After leaving the plankton, barramundi moved into nearby
brackish and freshwater swamps. These areas acted as nursery grounds,
offering both protection from predators, and abundant prey in the form of
insect larvae, other Ash and crustaceans. These habitats exhibit a wide range
of salinities (fresh water -44 x 103 mb 1-1) and surface water temperatures
(23-36OC). Juvenile barramundi commenced migration from these swamps
-into permanent tidal creeks around April where they remained for up to 9
months before dispersal into the estuary, up rivers or along coastal
foreshores. The diet of the barramundi in these tidal creeks was exclusively
fish and crustaceans. Juvenile barramundi were resident in tidal creeks that
had been subjected to substantial human interference through habitat
alteration. Destruction of nursery swamps may pose a serious threat to local barramundi stocks near centres of human population on the eastern
Queensland coast.
Russell, D. J. and R. N. Garrett (1988). Movements of juvenile barramundi, Lates
calcarifer (Bloch), in North-eastem Queensland. Australian Journal of Marine
and Freshwater Research 39: 1 17-23.
Abstract
Movements of juvenile barramundi resident in tidal creeks of two northeastern Queensland coastal bays were determined using tag and recapture
techniques. In a three year period from 1978, 1268 mainly young-of-the-year
barramundi were tagged and 213 (17%) recaptured. Most fish were
recaptured at the original tagging location, with only 32 (2.5% of all fish
tagged) caught away from the tidal creeks where they were released. Marked
fish continued to be recaptured within the tidal creeks until they were about
one year old. Barramundi of this age moved out into the main estuary and
I
dispersed into adjacent streams and coastal habitats. After leaving the tidal
creeks, barramundi tagged in Trinity Bay moved an average distance of
7.6km, whereas those tagged in Rockingham Bay moved an average of 23
km. Factors which may limit the movements of these juvenile fish are
discussed.
Saenger, P. (1982). Macrobenthos of the cooling water discharge canal of the
Gladstone Power Station, Queensland. Australian Journal of Marine and
Freshwater Research 33: 1083-1095.
Abstract
Quantitative sampling of the macrobenthos of the cooling water discharge
canal of the Gladstone Power Station has been conducted monthly from Sept
1976 to July 1980 (sampling times 1-47), to provide information on (i) the
effects of an initially small but increasing thermal discharge on this biota, and
(ii) the likely effects that could be expected to occur in the Calliope River,
when the power station is fully commissioned. Considerable fluctuation was
found in the biotic data. It is concluded that the changes in the benthos of the
canal can be attributed primarily to changes in flow rates, which, in turn, have
altered the sediment composition. This is supported by a change in the
benthic fauna, with a gradual replacement of species of known sandy mud
affinities by species living on or in stiff clays. With a design maximum
temperature differential of 8.2 deg C and with lower water velocities outside
the canal, the present data suggest that it is unlikely that the benthic fauna of
the Calliope River, adjacent to the power station, will be markedly altered as a
result of the thermal discharge. However, because of abiotic and biotic
differences between the canal and the river, the testing of this extrapolation
must await the analysis of the 'post-thermal' data presently being collected.
Sargent, D. M. (1991). The western Queensland floods: April 1990. Challenges for
t : International Hydrologv and Water Resources
Sustainable Develo~men
Svm~osium.Institution of Engineers, Barton. pp. 35-40.
Abstract
Record or near record flooding occurred over a wide area of western
Queensland during April 1990 with river levels in some towns exceeding the
previous record flood height, since European settlement, by more than a
metre. This paper outlines a recently completed study into the flooding of the
six towns most severely affected, or most at risk from flooding during this
event, namely Charleville, Augathella, Cunnamulla, Blackall, Alpha and
Jericho. The paper describes the hydrology of the river systems concentrating
on estimation of event probability of the April 1990 flood, the extent and
nature in each town and studies and recommendations in regard to future
flood management for the six towns. Emphasis is given to the flooding in
Charleville, the largest of the towns studied.
Smith, R. E. W. (1982). The Ecology of the Pool Fauna in an Intennittent Stream.
B. Sc. (Hons) Thesis, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland.
Abstract
The ecology of the benthic macroinvertebrate communities in ten pools of an
intermittent stream (the Campus Creek) was studied. An examination of the
diurnal and seasonal environmental changes within the pools showed that the
pools had large ranges of temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH
and algal density and that the actual ranges for each variable differed between
the pools. The benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the pools were
shown to be diverse, with a mean number of 42.6 species per pool and a total
of 103 species represented, 80 of which were insects. Cluster analysis of
community change in all the pools showed that major changes in the
communities were caused by stream flow, and the drying of the pools
(provided the pools persisted for more than four months after the cessation of
stream flow). Specialised faunas were associated with both these stages
during the existence of the pools. The introduction of a fish species,
Leiopotherapon unicolor, caused major changes in the macroinvertebrate
community of one pool, and these changes were more important than the
effect of drylng of the pool. The natural colonisation of another pool by three
other fish species had similar effects. In both pools fish acted as keystone
species.
Smith, R. E. W. (1987). The Ecology of Australatya striolata (McCulloch and
McNeill) (Decapoda: Atyidae). Ph.D. Thesis, James Cook University,
Townsville, Queensland. 177 pp.
Abstract
The ecology of the protandrous freshwater shrimp, Australatya striolata
(McCulloch and McNeill), was studied in two stream systems in north
Queensland, in the context of its distribution in eastern Australia. The size
frequency distributions of the populations studied were found to be bimodal,
with the left mode consisting primarily of males, and the right mode of
females. The modal size classes did not vary through time, although
recruitment was found to be seasonal. The most likely mechanism for the
maintenance of this bimodal distribution was a two-stage curve of an initial
phase of relatively rapid growth of juveniles followed by very slow growth of
mature males, then a relatively rapid transition from male to female size
followed by very slow growth of mature females. This explanation was well
supported by a sigmoidal growth curve for individuals between the modal size
classes, low levels of recruitment and negligible growth of tagged and caged
males and females. Analysis of length frequency distributions through time
also indicated very slow growth for mature males and females (lmm in 870
days), and rapid growth of juveniles (2-3mm in 61 days). This growth
pattern is possibly unique in the recorded literature.
Smith, R. E. W. and R. G. Pearson (1984). Survival of Sclerocyphon bicolor
Carter (Coleoptera: Psephenidae) in an intermittent stream in north
Queensland. Journal of the Australian Entomological Societv 24: 101- 102.
Abstract
Larvae of a water penny, Sclerocyphon bicolor, of a range of instars were
abundant in an intermitten stream in north Queensland 2 to 3 h after the
commencement of stream flow. In the laboratory these larvae could s w i v e
out of water for up to 4 months, and withstand the loss of up to 79.2% of
their initial body water. Field collections found larvae in substrate which had
been dry for up to 6 months. The ability of these larvae to survive out of
water is attributable to (i) quiescence when out of water; (ii) considerable
tolerance to water loss; and (iii) seeking of cooler, more humid regions
within the substrate.
Smith, R. E. W. and R. G . Pearson (1987). The macroinvertebrate communities of
temporary pools in an intermittent stream in tropical Queensland.
Hvdrobiolorria 150: 45-61.
Abstract
Nine pools were studied in an intermittent stream. They were close to each
other but differed in size, substratum, amount of shade and duration of water
presence. Initial conditions were set by wet season flooding, following which
each pool developed its own character. Cluster analysis showed that
communities changed substantially with time in both species composition and
abundance, and that some initially similar communities diverged while some
initially dissimilar ones converged. Principal Components Analysis showed
that these community changes were due largely to the drying of the pools, and
to seasonal effects. Specialised drying communities developed in the pools of
longer duration (up to 8 months), but not in the short-lived pools (3-4
months). Apparently similar numerical responses in different pools were often
caused by different suites of predominant species. The diversity of the fauna
(total of 78 species) was high in comparison with similar habitats in nontropical regions. The pattern of development of the pools' communities was
much as expected from island biogeography theory, except that there was no
relationship between species richness and duration and size of pools. The
species complements were largely opportunistic, being governed by extreme
environmental disturbance,
St Clair, R. M. and J. A. Nolen. (1989). Life histories of Trichoptera from the wet
tropics of Queensland. 28th Australian Society for ~ i m n o l Congress:
o~~
Programme and Abstracts. Australian Society for Limnology, Caulfield East,
Victoria.
Abstract
Life histories of two species of Leptoceridae are being studies at Birthday
Creek, Queensland. Preliminary results show that in the summer wet season
an undescribed species of Notalina is univoltine at the site and Triplectides
gonetalus is either univoltine or has more than one generation per year. A
population of the Calamoceratidae, Anisocentropus kirramus, is also being
studied at a site further upstream. Results are compared with results of life
history studies of Trichoptera from around Australia.
Sonnenburg, R. (1987). Brisbane's diminishing wetlands. Habitat 15: 36-37.
Abstract
Land south of the Pine River, 25km north of Brisbane, is presently subject to
an application for rezoning. The 500ha contains mangroves, casuarinas,
eucalypts and melaleucas, interspersed between freshwater swamps, salt
marshes and tidal mudflats. It provides a major nesting area for egrets and
ibis, and provides a habitat for Jabiru and brolgas. The value of the land lies
in its easy accessibility and close proximity to the city of Brisbane. It is a
popular recreational fishing area and the tidal mudflats are essential to
commercial fisheries in the Moreton Bay region. Development of the area has
been opposed both by environmental groups and commercial fishermen.
Sonnenburg, R. (1988). Birds of the threatened wetlands. Wildlife Australia 25: 2325.
Abstract
This report lists birdlife observed on a small freshwater swamp in an area
near the Pine River Queensland. It describes the habitats and species and
notes that a Ministerial rezoning application to develop a canal estate is being
considered for the area, which is also a popular weekend fishing spot.
Staples, D.J. (1984). Habitat requirements of juvenile prawns. Proceedings of the
Conference on the Potential of Aauaculture in Oueensland. Department of
Primary Industries, Brisbane, Queensland. pp. 87-102.
Abstract
This report introduces the species of prawns which form the basis of the
Queensland prawn catch. Gives the life history of the prawns, during which
the larvae are transported from the offshore spawning grounds to the shallow
inshore coastal regions and estuaries which function as nursery areas for the
young prawns. Discusses the habitat requirements of juvenile prawns,
commenting on their spatial and temporal distibution. Particular studies
based on sampling in the Gulf of Carpentaria and in Moreton Bay are
mentioned. Taxonomy, ecology and behaviour of the genera Penaeus and
Metapenaeus are examined from an Indo-West Pacific perspective. The
relationship between prawn nursery areas and fishing ground catches is
examined. It is concluded that each species of prawn requires a well defined
set of environmental conditions for its survival, and that any removal of
mangroves or sea-grass meadows must have some impact on existing
fisheries.
Steele, I. G. (1989). High-resolution profiles of temperature and dissolved oxygen
in a river. Hvdrobiolo~ia179: 17-24.
Abstract
High resolution profiles of the Bremer River Queensland were made using
five stations placed 3 km apart, employing velocity meters equipped to
measure water quality simultaneously every 10 minutes. Depth, temperature,
conductivity and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured and the data were
extrapolated upstream and downstream of the station using the velocity data.
When the average cross sectional speed was 0.25m/s (typical of tidal
conditions), the extrapolated data points were 150m apart, giving a resolution
of 7/km compared to 0.3/km for the stations alone. Details of the
extrapolation process are given. The computer programmes used have been
generalized for other rivers. The high resolution obtained enabled the
structure and variability of the DO sag in the Bremer River to be studied.
Tickle, K. S. and J. Law (1987). Tully Millstream project: derivation of stream
flow. Queensland Water Resources Commission, Brisbane, Queensland.
Abstract
This report presents details of the derivation of stream flows at a number of
sites within the Tully Millstream project. The Sacramento Model, which is an
explicit soil moisture accounting type model, was used to extend the record of
daily stream flow at Queensland Water Resources Commission gauging
stations to cover the period 1914 to 1985. These flows were then
proportioned to provide estimates at the required locations. Details of the
Sacramento Model parameters and calibration and verification statistics
comparing recorded and calculated flows, are presented in the appendices.
Thomson, J. M. (1955). The movements and migrations of mullet (Mugil cephalus
L.). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 6: 328-347.
Summary
-
The mullet school (Mugil cephalus L.) has a real entity. The same fish remain
associated in a group for a considerable period. Some emigration from and
inferentially immigration to) the school takes place. Some schools remain in
one locality (within a river system) for some months. Others appear to move
more or less continually. A sojourn in fresh water does not appear to be
essential though many fish are found there. It is impossible to generalise
about age preferences for salinity. Fish of all age groups can be found at all
times of year from fresh water to the lower saline estuaries. Some seasonal
difference in the direction of movement is evident in Moreton Bay,
Queensland but this movement lacks the persistence of the seaward spawning
migration of adult fish in late summer and autumn. There is some evidence to
support the hypothesis that the majority of mature fish do not migrate every
spawning season, but at greater intervals.
Thomson, J. M. (1957). The penetration of estuarine fish into freshwater in the
Albert River. Proceedings of the Royal Societv of Oueensland 6: 17-20.
Abstract not available.
Tobin, R. K. (1981). Leaf Litter Degradation by Macroinvertebrates in a Tropical
Rainforest Stream. B. Sc. (Hons) Thesis, James Cook University,
Townsville, Queensland.
Abstract
The effects of flood availability and palatability on the colonization and
community processing of leaf litter were examined in an upland tropical
rainforest stream (Yuccabine Ck, Queensland) and under controlled
laboratory conditions.Pattems of litterfall and stream discharge associated
with wet and dry seasonal regimes control the amount of allochthonous
material accumulating on the stream bed. Surface and bottom litter
accumulations were found to differ fundamentally in the microclimatic
conditions and state of the leaf material that were offered to the detritivore
community. A succession of invertebrate colonization of leaf packs was
controlled by the rate and degree of processing and the behaviour of the
colonizers. Variation in breakdown of individual leaves in field and laboratory
investigations was attributed to differences in the chemical composition of the
leaves themselves. Food quality rather than quantity may be expected to limit
growth and production of detritivore communities within the stream.
Treneny, M. (1988). The Ecology of Tadpoles in a Tropical Rainforest Stream. B.
Sc. (Hons) Thesis, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland. 65 pp.
Abstract
This study investigated the ecology of four co-occurring tadpoles
(Nyctimystes dayi, Litoria nannotis, Litoria serrata and Muophyles schevilli)
in a rainforest stream. Temporal and spatial patterns of abundance,
development and resource use were determined for each species. An
experiment was used to investigate the effects of habitat and competition on
the growth of L. serrata and N . dayi. Abundances of three species declined
after the wet season. One species (M.schevilli) maintained reasonably stable
abundances throughout the study. One species (L. serrata) which declined in
winter showed a marked increase in abundances before the wet season in
spring, with the entry of recruits into the population. Development was
arrested in Winter in all species: each species was confined to a small range
of body sizes and development stages. Growth continued at a slow rate at
this time. All species showed evidence of very lengthy tadpole life-spans.
Alga and detritus were the major food materials of three of the species. One .
species (M.
schevilli) was less general in food type consumed, feeding mainly
on detritus. Little change was observed in dietary composition between the
wet season and dry season tadpoles with arrested development. Significant
dietary overlap was found between all species pairs. From experiments it was
found that a riffle species (N.dayi) and a pool species (L. serrata) performed
poorly in opposite habitats. It was deduced that both habitat and competitive
effects influence the distribution of these species.
Turner, P.A. (1991). The Impact of Short-term Fish Predator Introduction on
Stream Pool Invertebrate Communities. B. Sc. Hons. Thesis, Griffith
University Brisbane, Queensland. 9 1 pp.
Abstract
A contemporary theme in stream ecology is that of the interaction between
abiotic phenomena and biotic interactions. It was hypothesised that pool
environments, during periods of reduced flow, may provide a physically
benign habitat for a fish predator, Mogurnda adspersa, to significantly affect
stream invertebrate communities. Fish were added to several pools along a
small first order stream that drains into Stony Creek, Conondale Ranges,
south-east Queensland. Several fishless pools acted as controls. Two
experiments are detailed in this dissertation; one carried out during a period of
low, continuous flow, and the other during a severe drought. No significant
impact by Mogzu-nd~on the density of any taxon or community attribute (e.g.
diversity) was detected in the second experiment, although some replicates
were lost due to evaporation. In contrast, results from the first experiment
suggested that fish detrimentally affected conspicuous taxa such a Paratya
australienesis and Synlestes sp.; the size distribution of Tasrnanocoensis sp.;
and overall Community Dominance. Laboratory studies suggested that
Paratya sp. reduce their degree of movement and increase their use of refuges
when in the presence of Mogurnda. Thus, some of the apparent reduction in
density of Paratya sp. in the field may have been due to shrimps shifting their
spatial distribution to more inaccessible regions in the pools. Dewatering of
the pools in the second experiments emphasised the ovemding influence that
disturbance can have on stream invertebrate communities. The potential for
fish predators to have an impact on invertebrate populations and community
structure is likely to be mediated by the intensity and frequency of discharge
fluctuations, refuge availability, prey turnover rates, prey morphology and
behaviour.
Watson, J. A .L., A. H. Arthington and D. L. Conrick (1982). The effect of sewage
effluent on the dragonflies (Odonata) of Bulimba Creek, Brisbane. Australian
Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 33: 517-528.
Abstract
The adult dragonfly fauna and the larval fauna and abundance decrease
markedly immediately downstream of the outfall from the Mimosa Sewage
Treatment Plant into Bulimba Creek. The adult fauna is substantially restored
farther downstream, but the larval fauna and abundance are not. Of the 36
species of Odonata observed at Bulimba Creek, the 10 abundant, essentially
s t r e d w e l l i n g species were most affected by the sewage effluent. Adults of
only one of these stream species were found at the most contaminated site,
and then only in very low numbers; those of two others were not observed
downstream of the outfall. The diversities of both adult and larval dragonfly
faunas give a qualitative indication of water quality. Parallels between the
distribution or abundance of Odonata and the concentrations of contaminants
indicate that chlorine may be the most important toxicant immediately
downstream of the sewage outfall in Bulimba Creek.
Watter, R. (1980). The Effects of Organic Pollution on Aquatic Macrophyte
Distribution, Abundance and Diversity in the Pools of an Urban Creek.
M. Sc. Thesis, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland.
Abstract
Physicochernical analysis of a 9km stretch of Bulimba Creek, Queensland
revealed that the creek was heavily organically polluted immediately below the
discharge from the Mimosa Creek sewage treatment plant. Recovery from the
pollution load began approximately 2km below the discharge although the
I
creek had not fully recovered within the study area. The creek upstream of
the discharge was not polluted, but was moderately enriched with nitrogen
and phosphorus. The study shows that aquatic macrophytes are potentially
useful tools in biological surveillance if patterns of abundance, diversity and
distribution are carefully interpreted with respect to the prevailing ecological
conditions, and if account is taken of the number of species expected in a
comparable 'clean' area. Knowledge of the tolerance or sensitivity of the
species to organic pollution is necessary. When the water quality of Bulimba
Creek was assessed using aquatic macrophytes, the relative pollutional status
of the sites as determined by biological criteria did not differ from the status
revealed by phy siochemical analysis.
Whelan, B. R. (1977). Nutrient levels in the Walsh and Barron Rivers draining
agricultural catchments in north Queensland. The Hvdrolo~vof Northern
Australia: Hvdroloev Svm~osium.Brisbane, Queensland. pp. 192-193.
Abstract
This preliminary study was initiated to determine the influence of fertilizer
leaching and runoff from agricultural and pastoral land on the Walsh and
Barron Rivers in north Queensland. The survey indicates that agricultural
production increases nutrient loads but are offset by the large volumes of
flow. One of the critical areas identified is fertilizer and water management.
Currently there is a large loss of plant nutrients and sediments out of the
catchment which can only be to the detriment of continued agricultural
production.
Whitehead, M. (1985). Ecology of the Purple-Spotted Gudgeon Mogurnda adspersa
(Castelnau) (Pisces: Eleotridae) in a Tropical Upland Rainforest Stream. B.
Sc. (Hons) Thesis, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland. 93 pp.
Abstract
A study in a tropical upland rainforest stream examined the ecology of the
small eleotrid Mogurnda adspersa. Relative abundance, patterns of habitatuse, and movement patterns appeared to be related to the seasonal fluctuations
in water levels. Fish moved to deep pools and aggregated around refuge sites
during the dry season. Growth was described by the Von Bertalanffy
equation. Gut contents analysis indicated that microcrustaceans and
chironomids were of particular importance in the diet of small fish, while
large fish, ephemeropteran nymphs (especially Atalophlebioides and
Atalonella) were of greatest importance. Both diet and seasonal variation of
composition of the diet were observed for small fish but not for large fish.
Microcrustaceans were only important in the diet of small fish during March
and April. In following months, chironomids assumed dominance. Field
experiments designed to investigate the influence of differing densities of M.
adspersa on invertebrates suggested that the fish was not important in
structuring the invertebrate community; further investigation in this area is
required. Summarising these results, it was concluded that the seasonal
nature of Yuccabine Creek is of paramount importance in determining the
distribution and abundance of M. adrpersa.
Woodall, P. F. (1985). Waterbird populations in the Brisbane regions, 1972-83,
and correlates with rainfall and water heights. Australian Wildlife Research
12: 495-506.
Abstract
Mean numbers and annual variation of 25 species of waterbirds from the
Queensland Ornithological Society's records of the Brisbane region during
1972-83 are presented. Changes in the numbers of many species show
significant negative correlations with changes in the Moreton winter rainfall
and with changes of inland rainfall. Correlations with Moreton dam levels
were also examined. Numbers of some species decreased and others
increased during the survey period. Coastal and inland distribution of some
species is also presented.
Wright, A. D. (1987). A Basis for Integrating Biological and Chemical Controls of
Water Hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. M . Phil. Thesis, Griffith
University, Brisbane, Queensland. 269 pp.
Abstract
The water hyacinth is a major weed of freshwaters in the tropics and
subtropics of Australia and several other counties. As part of a biological
control program against the weed in Australia, stocks of two insect biological
control agents, Neochetina eichhorniae Warner (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
and Sameodes albiguttalis (Worren) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), were obtained
from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The insect
species were later widely liberated and became established. Research by
USDA personnel led to suggestions that the insects would enjoy a synergistic
relationship and that the moth would be the more effective agent. Neither of
these expectations was fulfilled. Early field observations in Australia
suggested that the insects may be sensitive to changes in plant quality, in
particular to one component of leaf quality, hardness. The research program
described in this thesis developed from this hypothesis.
Yezdani, G . H. (1986). An ecological study of the Albert and Logan River systems,
southeastern Queensland. Queensland Institute of Technology, Brisbane,
Queensland. 111 pp. plus Appendix.
Abstract
This document reports on a study of the Albert and Logan River systems
within the Shires of Albert and Beaudesert, southeastern Queensland. The
study programme was designed to establish baseline data on the distribution
and ecology of the aquatic fauna and flora of the region, and to monitor major
changes in the physical, chemical, and biological water characteristics for a
period of 12 months. It identifies factors which may contribute towards
increased production of aquatic organisms, and survival and reproduction of
the heterotrophic bacteria, Vibrio cholerae. The sites involved are described.
Physicochemical features considered are water temperature, dissolved
oxygen, pH, ionic composition, salinity, etc. The river flora considered
include phytoplankton, aquatic macrophytes and epiphytic and toxic algae.
River fauna considered include Protozoa, zooplankton, microcrustacea, the
benthic macroinvertebrate fauna and fish.
3.0
STREAM AND RIVER RESEARCH IN PROGRESS
This section of the bibliography presents summaries of research projects in
progress at the Centre for Catchment and In-stream Research, Griffith University
and the Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research, James Cook University.
It provides, where possible, an abstract of each publication in press and in
preparation, and descriptions of studies in progress. All studies listed have relevance
to the themes of stream fauna, stream ecology, stream condition and biological
approaches to assessing condition and disturbance in streams.
3.1
3.1.1
CENTRE FOR CATCHMENT AND IN-STREAM RESEARCH
Stream Invertebrate Studies
Several CCISR research projects include aspects of benthic macroinvertebrate
community structure in streams, and the effects of various microhabitat and water
quality factors on community organisation, life history and dispersal strategies,
responses to the flow regime and to flooding and dam construction. Experimental
studies have been conducted in an artificial stream system located at Atkinsons Dam,
and in the field using various manipulative techniques. Field investigations have been
conducted in the Brisbane, Stanley,Mary and Burnett River catchments, South-east
Queensland, and in the Tully-Millstream system of north Queensland. One objective
of these studies has been to assess various methods for biological monitoring of
stream condition using the macroinvertebrate community.
Arthington, A. H., D. L. Conrick, and J. Zalucki (in prep.). The macroinvertebrate
fauna of Barker-Barambah Creek, Murgon, in relation to water quality, the
flow regime and downstream effects of dam construction.
Abstract
A two year has been undertaken of the aquatic invertebrate fauna at nine sites
in Barker-Barambah Creek, S E Queensland. The macroinvertebrate fauna of
this system is described and compared with the fauna recorded in streams of
the Brisbane Region. Spatial and temporal variation in invertebrate
communities is related to physico-chemical parameters of water quality and
microhabitat in the streams. The study compares patterns in invertebrate
communities generated by analyses of data derived by three sampling methods
(Surber, kick and dip net sampling) and by Surber sampling alone. It also
examines the sensitivity of various invertebrate taxa and levels of taxonomic
resolution to water quality differences among sites and to flooding and flow
regulation (See Environmental Study of Barker-Barambah Creek, Volume 2.
Scientific Report: Water Quality, kquatic Ecology and Water Allocation
Strategy, Chapter 15).
Arthington, A. H. and B. J. Pusey (in prep.). The aquatic macroinvertebrate
communities of tributaries of the Brisbane and Stanley Rivers, South-east
Queensland.
Abstract
This paper describes the aquatic macroinvertebrate communities of three
tributary streams (East Brisbane River, West Brisbane River and Stony
Creek), excluding larval chironomid midges. Spatial and temporal variation
(over 2 years) in assemblage structure is examined in relation to physicochemical parameters of water quality, stream microhabitats and catchment land
use. The report compares patterns in macroinvertebrate communities
generated by analysis at various levels of taxonomic organisation (e.g.
species, genus, sub-family, family) and discusses the utility of these
approaches in assessing water quality and other site differences by biological
means.
Arthington, A. H. and B. J. Pusey (in prep.). Leaf litter decomposition in artificial
streams systems receiving pulsed and chronic applications of Chlorpyrifos.
Journal of Environmental Cbntarnination and ~ o & o l oey,
a.
Abstract
This paper describes the results of experiments conducted in the artificial
stream system in which the rates of decomposition of leaf litter packs were
monitored prior to and after pesticide treatments. Little change in
decomposition rates was observed when the pesticide was applied as a 6-hour
) high dose (5.0
pulse, and no differences between low dose (0.1 u g . ~ - l and
u g . ~ - l )were observed. Decomposition was retarded at both concentrations
when pesticide application extended over 20 days. Data on the effect of
chlorpyrifos on microbial fauna associated with decomposing leaves are also
presented. The findings of this study have implications for interpreting and
predicting the effects of pesticides on leaf litter processing and hence energy
flow in streams.
Arthington, A. H., B. J. Pusey and P. Cranston (in prep.). Chironomid midge larvae
of tributaries of the Brisbane and Stanley Rivers, South-east Queensland.
Abstract
A twelve month study has been undertaken of the larval chironomid midge
fauna at eleven sites in three tributaries streams (East Brisbane River, West
Brisbane River and Stony Creek). The fauna was sampled by kick sampling
and Surber sampling. Spatial and temporal variation in assemblage structure
was related to physico-chemical parameters of water quality and microhabitat
in the streams. The study compares patterns in midge communities generated
by application of the two sampling methods and discusses the utility of these
approaches in assessing water quality and other site differences biologically.
Bunn, S. E. (in progress). Life history and behavioural responses of stream
invertebrates to disturbance.
Abstract
Stream communities are greatly influenced by disturbance resulting from
extreme discharge events. Although the frequency and intensity of these
events is important, the predictability of disturbance will influence the
evolution of behavioural and life history strategies. The behavioural and life
history response of stream invertebrates to discharge related disturbance are
being examined in this study. This information will lead to a better
understanding of how stream communities respond to disturbance and make a
substantial contribution to our knowledge of the ecology of subtropical
streams, as well as contributing to the management of flow-regulated rivers.
Conrick, D. L., A. H. Arthington and J. Zalucki (in prep.). The mayfly
(Ephemeroptera) fauna of Barker-Barambah Creek, Murgon, and the utility of
this group in biological monitoring.
Abstract
This paper describes the spatial and temporal variation in mayfly communities
in Barker-Barambah Creek, South-east Queensland. The fauna was sampled
by kick and Surber sampling and by dip-netting and related to physicochemical parameters of water quality and microhabitat in the streams. The
study compares patterns in mayfly communities generated by application of all
three sampling methods and by Surber sampling alone. It discusses the utility
of these biological approaches in assessing water quality differences among
sites and the effects of flooding and flow regulation. A new species of
mayfly was recorded in Barambah Creek. See Environmental Study of
Barker-Barambah Creek, Volume 2. Scientific Report: Water Quality, Aquatic
Ecology and Water Allocation Strategy (Chapter 15).
Hughes, J. M. and S. E. Bunn (in progress). Estimating dispersal among
populations of stream invertebrates using allozyme data.
Abstract
Knowledge of the extent of gene flow enables determination of the degree of
exchange of breeding individuals among populations. Limited movement of
-these individuals may reduce the resilience of populations to natural and
anthropogenic disturbances and ultimately lead to their extinction. Gene flow
among populations of stream invertebrates is likely to be limited because of
their generally poor dispersal ability and the presence of real barriers between
drainage systems. This project aims to establish the extent of gene flow
among conspecific populations within and between drainage basins. This
infomation will contribute to the management of streams for the maintenance
of natural values.
Hughes, J. Me, S . E. Bunn, D. A. Hurwood and M. Kingston (in prep.). Gene flow
and dispersal in stream invertebrates.
Abstract
Many stream insects have both an aerial and aquatic phase in their life history.
The relative importance of aerial to aquatic dispersal has seldom been
questioned, even though some species have extremely short adult lives. Other
species are more likely to disperse only via the stream as they have no
terrestrial stage in the life history. This project explores the idea that the
degree of differentiation among populations can indicate the degree of
dispersal between them. The shrimp, Parazya aurtraliensis, was chosen as the
first species to investigate because dispersal by the stream was assumed and
.
the results could be used for comparison with other species with unknown
dispersal mechanisms. Sampling was carried out in 1990 and 1992 in two
adjacent catchments, one on either side of the Connondale Ranges, South-east
Queensland, each of which consists of two subcatchments. Almost no
temporal variation in gene frequencies was observed. The amount of spatial
variation within and between subcatchments was extremely large, with Fst
values greater than 0.5 in some cases. The use of this species as a model for
later comparisons is discussed.
Hughes, J. M. and D. A. Harrison (in prep.). Effects of long-term exposure to
chlorpyrifos on genetic variation in the freshwater shrimp Paratya
alcstraliensis.
Abstract
Limited information exists on the effects of pesticide pollution on genetic
variation within populations. It is expected that low levels of pollution may
act as selective agents to remove or decrease the frequency of certain
genotypes in a population. This may affect the ability of that population to
adapt to future changes in the environment. Such effects may be more
pronounced in long-term experiments than in laboratory bioassays because
both mortality and differential reproduction between genotypes may affect
genotype frequencies. This study used artificial ponds to examine the longterm effects of pollution on genetic variation at four enzyme loci in the
freshwater shrimp. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis was used to identify
variation at four variable enzyme loci, Pgi, Pgm, Mpi and Pep C and to
compare genetic variation among ponds before and after application of
pesticide.
Hughes9J. M. and D. A. Harrison (in prep.). The effects of long-term exposure to
sub-lethal levels of chlorpyrifos on growth and reproduction in the decapod
crustacean Macrobrachium sp.
Abstract
Little is known of the sublethal effects of pesticides on stream fauna,
especially invertebrates. This study has examined the effects of long-term
exposure to sub-lethal levels of chlorpyrifos on growth and reproduction in
the decapod crustacean Macrobrachium sp. A series of 12 artificial ponds
was set up, stocked and monitored for 12 months. Four remained as
controls, four were given a low dose treatment and four a higher dose of
chlorpyrifos. They were monitored for a further nine months. Every month,
a sample was taken from each pond and each animal was scored for size class
and reproductive condition. This paper will describe differences in age
structure and reproductive condition among the three treatments.
Kerby, B. M. and S. E. Bunn (in prep.). Factors influencing invertebrate drift in
small forest streams, South-East Queensland. Australian Journal of Marine
and Freshwater Research.
Abstract
Aspects of invertebrate drift were investigated in four small rainforest streams
in south-east Queensland. Hourly drift sampling in two streams revealed low
drift rates and no distinct die1 patterns throughout the dry season. The drift
during this period was dominated by Simuliidae, Chironomidae and to a
(Caenidae: Ephemeroptera) and Chewnatopsyche
lesser extent Tasma1~3coenis
(Hydropsychidae: Trichoptera). Additional studies were undertaken to
examine why some individuals of particular taxa drift while others (of the
same taxa) remain in or on the substratum. Analysis of the relative gut
fullness of Simuliidae and Chironomidae showed that a higher proportion of
non-drifting individuals had full or near full guts than those in the drift.
Hungrier individuals of these two taxa may enter the drift as a food searching
mechanism. An analysis of limb loss of hexapod nymphs indicated a
disproportionate number of individuals in the drift had one or more limbs
missing compared with those that remained in the benthos. Such injured
individuals may not be able to resist dislodgement from the substratum during
periods of activity.
Pusey, B. J., A. H. Arthington and T. J. Flanders (in review). An outdoor
replicated artificial stream system: design, operating conditions and initial
invertebrate colonization. Journal of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicoloey,
Abstract
This paper describes the design and operating conditions of a replicated
artificial stream system for experimental investigation of the effects of
pesticides on stream invertebrate communities and important processes in
stream ecosystems. The artificial stream system consists of six channels
equipped with notch weirs for the control of depth and flow velocity. The
water quality characteristics and initial colonisation of the streams by
invertebrates is described and the utility of the stream system for experimental
analysis of stream processes is discussed.
Pusey, B. J., A. H. Arthington and J. McLean (in review). The effects of an
insecticide, Chlorpyrifos, on macroinvertebrate communities in an outdoor
artificial stream system. Journal of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicoloey,
Abstract
The results of a 250 day experiment examining the effects of a pulsed
application of two levels (0.1 ugL-l and 5.0 U ~ L - ' )of chlorpyrifos on
macroinvertebrate communities are presented. No effects of the low dose
treatment were observed. The high dose treatment resulted in an initial
depression of invertebrate densities, particularly for some species of
Chironomid midge larvae. These effects were relatively transitory and
invertebrate communities in treatment streams were indistinguishable from
those in control streams 38 days after application of the pesticide pulse. The
implications for setting water quality criteria for chlorpyrifos in particular and
pesticides in general are discussed, as well as the implications for the design
of biological monitoring programs using stream invertebrates.
Pusey, B. J., A. H. Arthington and S. Ward (in prep.). The effects of chronic
application of Chlorpyrifos on invertebrate communities in an outdoor
artificial stream system. Journal of Environmental Contamination and
Toxic010 rrv.
Abstract
This paper describes the results of an experiment in which chlorpyrifos was
applied to the artificial streams at concentrations of 0.1 ugL- and 5.0 u g ~ - l
for 20 days. Major changes to the invertebrate fauna were observed in all
treatment streams, even for low rates of pesticide application. The
implications for setting water quality criteria for chlorpyrifos are discussed, as
well as the implications for the design of biological monitoring programs
using stream invertebrates.
3.11.2
Fish Community Studies
CCISR research projects on fish community structure in Queensland streams
and rivers can be grouped into three categories: (1) Fish assemblage smcture and the
influence of water quality, habitat, the flow regime, competition and predation in
regulating species composition and age structure; (2) Distribution, ecology and
conservation of rare and endangered species; and (3) Distribution, ecology and
management of exotic species. One objective of these studies has been to assess the
significance of stream habitat in regulating fish community structure and thereby to
develop an ecological basis for stream habitat assessment and stream habitat
management.
Arthington, A. H. and C. J. Marshall (in prep.). Distribution and habitat
requirements of the vulnerable Honey Blue-eye (Pseudomugil mellis), the
endangered Oxleyan Pygmy Perch (Nannoperca oxleyana) and the Ornate
Rainbowfish (Rhadinocentrus ornatur) in South-east Queensland.
Abstract
This paper reports on the distribution, relative abundance and broad habitat
preferences of the Honey Blue-eye, the Oxleyan Pygmy Perch and the Ornate
Rainbowfish in South-east Queensland. It maps the distribution of each
species on the mainland and dune islands of this region and examines patterns
in fish assemblage structure among Fraser Island lakes in relation to physicochemical features of the waterbodies and their spatial relationships. The
conservation status of each species is assessed in terms of its distribution,
rarity, relative population abundance, habitat niche and the degree of
protection afforded to significant sites by different categories of conservation
reserve in South-east Queensland. Options for conservation of the three
species are presented.
Arthington, A. H. and C. J. Marshall (in prep.). Distribution, diet and habitat
preferences of the vulnerable Honey Blue-eye (Pseudomugil mellis), the
endangered Oxleyan Pygmy Perch (Nannoperca oxleyana) and other endemic
species in the Noosa River, South-east Queensland.
Abstract
This paper demonstrates that the Honey Blue-eye and Oxleyan Pygmy Perch
share habitat in the main channel of the Noosa River, whereas the Ornate
Rainbow fish is confined to tributaries, possibly as a response to piscivores.
The Honey Blue-eye and Oxleyan Pygmy Perch partition food resources
within their preferred habitat, shallow beds of Eleocharis sedges. In the case
of P. mellis, low dietary overlap with Oxleyan Pygmy Perch and other
endemic species is largely due to the Blue-eye's distinctive diet, in particular
the significant consumption of algae, especially desmids and diatoms (5070% of mean population diet). Other species do not utilise this food resource.
The potential for interspecific competition as an agent regulating the success
of the Honey Blue-eye and Oxleyan Pygmy Perch in the Noosa River is
discussed.
Bluhdorn, D. R. and A. H. Arthington (in review). Distribution and population
characteristics of the introduced cichlid, Oreochromis mossambicus (Pisces:
Cichlidae), in the Gascoyne-Lyons river system, Western Australia.
Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
Abstract
The introduced cichlid, Oreochromis mossambicus has become established in
the Gascoyne-Lyons River System, Western Australia. In less than 10 years,
0.mossambicus has colonised almost the entire length of the system,
extending 350 km inland. The range expansion achieved in this arid
environment demonstrates the invasive abilities of 0. mossambiclcr and the
potential threat to other Australia waterways in tropical and sub-tropical
regions.
Bluhdorn, D. R., A. H. Arthington, S. Hamlet and S. Dunlop (in progress). The
effects of flow regulation in Barker-Bararnbah Creek.
Abstract
Stage 2 of the Environmental Study of Barker-Barambah Creek includes a
range of water quality and ecological studies designed to assess the effects of
flow regulation and to develop management options for the system and its
catchment, with particular reference to management of releases from the
Bjelke-Petersen Dam. Results and final reports are due in June 1993.
Kennard, M. J. and B. J. Pusey (in prep.). Fish assemblage structure and resource
use in tropical floodplain lagoons of the Normanby River, Cape York,
Australia.
Abstract
Fish assemblages were sampled in eight floodplain lagoons of the Normanby
River shortly after they had been inundated by floodwaters and again just
prior to the resumption of the wet period. Fish communities were sampled by
electrofishing and gill netting; habitat structure and complexity, physicochemical characteristics and the food resource base of each lagoon were
quantified. Assemblage structure changed markedly between the two
sampling periods due to recruitment processes and variable levels of
predation, apparently related to changes in habitat complexity. Habitat
complexity was not an important predictor of assemblage structure at the
beginning of the study and it appeared that assemblage structure was more a
matter of random processes when vast areas of floodplain not just lagoons
were inundated. The role of habitat complexity in determining assemblage
structure increased as the size of lagoons decreased with progression of the
dry season.
Kennard, M. J. (in progress). The effects of predation and habitat complexity on fish
assemblage structure and resource use in experimentally manipulated
floodplain lagoons of the Nomanby River, Cape York, Australia.
Abstract
In order to test some of the hypotheses formulated by the results of the
research described in Kennard and Pusey (in prep., above), the density of
predators and habitat complexity (refuge from predation) were manipulated in
eight lagoons of the Normanby River. Assemblage structure, changes in
growth rates, habitat preferences and resource use of the various species are
being monitored over the period of the experiment (nine months).
Pusey, B. J. and A. H. Arthington (in progress). Regional patterns of discharge
regime within rivers of Queensland with particular reference to discharge
events of relevence to the aquatic biota.
Abstract
The discharge patterns of major easterly flowing Queensland rivers were
examined and several important parameters quantified to enable a regional
classification of discharge regimes. Colwell's predictability analysis was used
to quantify the predictability of mean monthly flow, instantaneous monthly
maximum and minimum flow and the monthly ratio of maximum to minimum
daily flows. In addition, several parametric measures of variability were also
used. In general predictability analysis was superior in its ability to detect
regional patterns although the two approaches can be said to be examining
different process and can therefore have their own value. Major differences
were found between rivers of Cape York, those of the Atherton Tablelands,
those of the Burdekin and Fitzroy drainage systems and those of southeastern Queensland. Rivers of the north of the state were more predictable
although this predictability was not necessarily derived from the same
sources. For example Cape York rivers were predictable because of the
strong seasonal signal whereas the Mulgrave and Johnstone Rivers had more
constant flows and thus were also highly predictable. Large drainage systems
had their own regional differences in predictability depending on latitude and
distance from the coast. Rivers of south-eastem Queensland tended to be the
least predictable as they frequently received both a summer and a winter
rainfall but not necessarily in the same year.
i
Pusey, B. J., A. H. Arthington and M. G. Read (in prep.). Spatial variation in fish
assemblage structure of two rivers of the Wet Tropics area of North
Queensland: the Mulgrave and South Johnstone Rivers.
Abstract
The fish assemblage structure, diet and dietary overlap and habitat preferences
of individual species were examined at 22 sites in the Mulgrave and South
Johnstone Rivers. Diversity was highest in the Mulgrave River and appeared
to be due to an absence of physical baniers to fish movement and a lessened
impact of agriculture in this system. Dietary overlap was high for most
species indicating that competition for food resources could be important in
structuring communities. Habitat preference data, however, indicated that this
resource was more strongly partitioned than food, and this partitioning may
ameliorate the effects of high dietary overlap. Strong spatial differences in
assemblage structure were evident in both rivers with several zones of species
replacement. Range extensions for several species are reported, particularly
for rare species.
Pusey, B. J., A. H. Arthington and M. G. Read (in prep.). Spatial and temporal
variation in fish community structure in the Albert River, South-east
Queensland.
Abstract
The results of a three year study of fish assemblage structure in which fish
assemblages were sampled once a year at nine sites are presented. Major
spatial differences in assemblage structure and only minor temporal variation
were observed. Temporal variation was most pronounced at downstream sites
which appeared to most heavily affected by agriculture. Assemblages
characteristic of headwater streams were closely correlated with substrate and
flow related differences. Habitat preference data were also examined and an
attempt made to use these data in conjuction with habitat structure data to
predict relative species densities. The results are discussed with reference to
the Mary River study (see below)
Pusey, B. J., A. H. Arthington and M. G. Read (in prep.). Fish assemblage
structure in the Burdekin River: the influence of habitat, floods and variable
recruitment.
Abstract
Seasonal and between-year variation variation in discharge was found to be an
extremely important determinant of changes in fish assemblage structure in the
Burdekin River. Although habitat was a factor in determining the
composition of the fish assemblage, variable recruitment, which was
dependent on the intensity of the summer wet season, was found to most
strongly affect composition. The absence of a strong habitat effect was due to
r
a low diversity of habitats within the river with very little change over the
entire river length in either habitat structure or fish assemblage composition.
Habitat appeared important however in determining the strength of recruitment
after the primary effect of flood strength had been taken into account. High
discharge events did not greatly influence assemblage composition through
the physical removal of individuals.
Pusey, B. J., A. H. Arthington and M. G. Read (in prep.). Habitat preferences of
freshwater fish of Queensland.
Abstract
Habitat preferences for over 40 species of fish are detailed. Where sample
sizes are large enough temporal and spatial variation in preference is also
examined. Many species have very plastic habitat requirements and showed
little preference for particular habitats. These species, in general, have wide
geographical distributions and are rarely limited to particular parts of drainage
basins, i.e. headwaters or lower reaches. A few species have very defined
habitat preferences and these were generally of limited distribution both
geographically and within drainage systems. The importance of cover is high
for a large number of species particularly those of small body size. Some data
on physico-chemical tolerances are also presented.
Pusey, B. J., M. G . Read and A. H. Arthington (in prep.). Spatial and temporal
variation in fish assemblage structure in the Mary River, South-east
Queensland: the influence of community structure.
Abstract
The results of a 15 month study of fish assemblages at 11 sites throughout the
Mary River drainage system are presented. Major spatial differences were
apparent and considerable temporal change in assemblage structure also
occurred. Differences in assemblage structure were correlated with habitat
parameters such as substrate type, stream width and the presence of cover.
Discriminant functions analysis was used to test for habitat differences
between assemblage groups defined by ordination and classification. A
model was developed in which various aspects of habitat were used to
identify assemblages using depth, flow, substrate, cover and physicochemical parameters. Using all of these variables allowed a 100%successful
descrimination between groups. Cover tended to be the most powerful
variable for descrimination and at most sites, temporal variation in assemblage
structure could be correlated with the abundance of aquatic macrophytes.
Pusey, B. J., M. G. Read and A. H. Arthington (in prep.). Fish assemblage
structure in three rivers of Cape York Peninsula, Australia.
Abstract
The results of surveys on the Pascoe (three sites), Stewart (five sites) and
Noxmanby Rivers (eight sites) are presented. Spatial variation, both within
and between rivers, was pronounced and to a large degree related to
differences in habitat structure. Dietary analyses were undertaken for all the
species collected in the study. Comparisons of dietary overlap be tween
species at different sites revealed that the potential for competition to be
important as a structuring agent varied between rivers. Predation was also
found to be potentially important in structuring fish assemblages.
Pusey, B. J., M. G. Read and A. H. Arthington (in prep.). Diet, dietary overlap and
species interactions of fish assemblages of the Burdekin River, Queensland.
Abstract
Fish assemblages at fourteen locations within the Burdekin and Bowen River
drainage systems were sampled in both the wet and dry periods for three
years to investigate spatial and temporal variation in dietary preference and the
strength of interspecific interactions. The hypotheses tested were that
partitioning of resources should be evident given the pronounced
predictability of the flow regime in this river and that specifically dietary
overlap should decrease in the late winter dry period. Some dietary
partitioning was evident particularly for closely related species but in general
partitioning was not strong. Contrary to the prediction, overlap was lowest
during the wet period when food resources were most abundant. A large
proportion of species showed a seasonal shift from large aquatic invertebrates
and terrestrial invertebrates during the summer months to small aquatic insect
larvae during the summer. Macrophytes and filamentous algae were
surprisingly, an important component in the diets of many species,
particularly during the dry period.
Pusey, B. J., M. G. Read and A. H. Arthington (in prep.). The diets of Queensland
freshwater fish.
Abstract
This presents the results of dietary gut analysis of over forty species of
freshwater fish from rivers extending along the coast from South-east
Queensland to Cape York. Spatial, temporal and onto genetic shifts in dietary
preference are examined for most species. The results are compared with data
from other studies on Queensland fishes.
3.2
AUSTRALIAN CENTRE FOR TROPICAL FRESHWATER
RESEARCH
The Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research (ACTFR) has
established a range of research programs and projects in fields concerned with
catchment processes, riparian vegetation, landscape and stream ecology, stream
condition, impacts of pollution, imgation discharge and disturbance, and related
topics. There is a particular emphasis on the ecology of rainforest streams. Project
descriptions are provided together with abstracts of publications under review and in
progress.
Project Outlines
3.2.1
Alford, R. A. and S. Richards. Experiments and observations on the ecology of
tropical frogs, dragonflies and their larvae.
Outline
The project is investigating two questions: 1. To what extent can the
performance of species in complex assemblages be predicted from their
interactions in simpler systems? 2. How are competition and predation
influenced by the size distributions of interacting species? The answers to
these questions are of importance in predicting the behaviour of managed
populations of commercially harvested, game, and endangered species.
Congdon, R. A., J. Herbohn and C. Maycock. Ecosystem Dynamics of Humid
Tropical Rainforest.
Outline
This study aims to document hydraulic and nutrient budgets in a humid
tropical rainforest catchment, by measuring fluxes in bulk precipitation,
throughfall, streamflow and litterfall. Nutrient stocks in vegetation and losses
in streamflow are also being determined.
Congdon, R. A. and G. Lukacs. Effects of irrigation drainage on the Barrattas
Wetlands (Burdekin Imgation Scheme).
Outline
This study aims to determine the present levels of nutrient inputs in the
surface water draining into the wetlands which receive imgation discharge
from the Burdekin Imgation Scheme, and to monitor changes such as
increased algal looms, resulting from this run-off. It will have general
applicability to the understanding of effects on water quality, and wetlands, of
waters draining agricultural lands (cane fields, rice fields, feed lots, etc) in the
seasonal tropics.
Pearson, R.G. Burdekin River Ecology Project.
Outline
Following previous descriptive studies of the river an its biota, a pilot project
was initiated to examine the feasibility of using stable isotope methodology to
study organic inputs and processing in the river. Preliminary results indicate
that the methods have some potential success.
Pearson, R. G. and P. Clayton. The Effects of Dunder Disposal on Stream Water
Quality.
Outline
The Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research is undertaking a twoyear intensive study and a long-term monitoring program to assess the effects,
if any, of dunder disposal on stream water quality and animal community
composition. In previous studies it was found that the aquatic fauna provided
an ideal monitoring mechanism for water quality, and it is intended to utilise a
similar system in the present study. The initial approach has been to examine a
large number of stream sites (>70)both within and outside the cane growing
area many of these have been used for water quality and faunal sampling and
the results of this work are currently being analysed using various statistical
procedures. During the course of these analyses the exceptional rainfall of the
1990-91 wet season caused severe flooding in all the study streams. This has
been fortuitous as it has provided as complete a flushing of the systems as
possible, re-setting stream conditions, and facilitating the monitoring of
developments through the full seasonal cycle. The number of sampling sites
will be reduced subsequent to a second post-wet season survey, for more
intensive studies and for subsequent long-term monitoring. Preliminary
results indicate that it is possible to discriminate between streams affected by
different agricultural regimes, including irrigation, but it is too early to
determining whether or not there are measurable effects due to dunder alone.
The study will continue in its intensive phase through 1992, following which
a less intensive long-term monitoring program of key sites will be
implemented.
Pearson, R. G., R. M. St. Clair, L. J. Benson, P. Clayton and J. Nolen. Rainforest
Stream Ecology.
Outline
This study consists of several inter-linked projects which together form a
program of research into the community ecology of pristine forests streams.
Current work includes a long-term study on the dynamics of the invertebrate
community and of organic material in the stream, on litter processing by major
shredders, on the population dynamics of important species, and on the
ecology of waterfalls. Publications in press and in review are listed below.
Pearson, R. G., R. M. St. Clair and D. Kwan. Classification of Rainforest Streams.
Outline
A classification of streams in the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage
Areas is being undertaken on the basis of their invertebrate communities, and
in relation to instream and landscapes variables. The intention is to provide
the basis for future stream monito6ng, in particular to enhance manigement
capabilities in the region.
3.2.2
Publications in Progress
Benson, L. J. and R. G.Pearson (in review). Litter inputs to a tropical Australian
rainforest stream. Aust. J. Ecol.
Abstract
Vertical litterfall and lateral litter movement were monitored in the riparian
zone of Birthday Creek, a small upland rainforest stream in north Queensland,
from June 1987 to May 1990. Total litterfall (mean = 484 gm me* yrl) was
low in comparison with other tropical sites, both within Australia and
elsewhere. Litterfall was distinctly seasonal, with maxima occurring in the
late dry season (Oct. - Nov.) and minima in winter (June - July). Tropical
storms caused short-term increases in litterfall, especially the small wood
fraction. Overall, laterally transported litter contributed 6-8% of the total litter
input. Lateral movement varied according to the bank slope and
microtopographic features and was not related to wind. Nitrogen and
phosphorus content of leaves were low (mean N = 1.26%, P = 0.029% by
weight). Nitrogen content of laterally transported leaves was overall about
19% higher than that of leaves falling directly into the stream.
Pearson, R. G., K. R. Hortle and R. E. W. Smith (in review). The fauna of the
Annan River, North Queensland with reference to the impact of tin mining. 11.
Macroinvertebrates. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
Absmct
The riffle fauna of the Annan River system, in northern Queensland, was
sampled in May and October 1982. The river had a strong sesonality of
discharge and was subjected to sedimentation due to small scale alluvial tin
mining on some tributaries. Maximum density of animals was 4220 m-2 in
October. The number of species recorded from five kick samples (total of 0.5
m -2) varied from 27-47 in May and 33-60 in October. The total number of
species recorded from all sites was 148 from 110 kick samples. At the
undisturbed sites more than 48% of the fauna and up to 78% of the
abundance was accounted for by four species, Atalophelbia sp., Baetis sp.,
Chimarra sp. and Cheumatopsyche sp. Sedimentation caused severe depletion
of the fauna.
Population biology of Australa~astriolara (Decapoda: Atyidae) in a rainforest stream
(with R.E.W. Smith).
Litter processing by crayfish in a tropical Australian stream (with J. Coughlan).
Ecology of dragonflies in a tropical Australian stream (with L. Charlton).
Population biology of Mogurnda adspersa in a tropical Australian stream (with M.
Whitehead).
Community dynamics of the invertebrate fauna of Yuccabine Creek, a tropical
rainforest stream
The fauna of small streams in the Birthday Creek catchment, tropical north
Queensland (with L. Benson).
Ecology of the Burdekin, a large seasonal tropical river. I. Major habitats and the
biota.
Ecology of the Burdekin, a large seasonal tropical river. 11. Community dynamics
of the invertebrate fauna.
Effects of the hydrologic disturbances on community processes in a small tropical
rainforest stream.
Experimental assessment of the role of disturbance in the riffle fauna of tropical
rainforest streams (with 2. Rosser).
A preliminary classification of landscapes, streams and steam biota in the southern
Wet Tropics World Heritage Area (with R. St. Clair).
A classification of tropical wetlands in the Burdekin floodplain, north Queensland
(with R. Congdon, G. Lukacs and J. Nolen).
Stream metabolism in Birthday Creek, a small tropical rainforest stream (with R.W.
Davies).
Leaf litter decomposition in soil and water at Birthday Creek, a small tropical
rainforest stream (with R.W. Davies).
Rock texture as a determinant of species diversity in a tropical rainforest stream.
4.0
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank Dr Richard Pearson, Dr Brad Pusey, Dr Stuart Bunn and Dr
Jane Hughes for providing information on research in progress, Ms Wendy Abbot
for conducting STREAMLINE searches and Ms Liz Collins and Mrs Maria Barrett
for editing and typing.
4.0
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank Dr Richard Pearson, Dr Brad Pusey, Dr Stuart Bunn and Dr
Jane Hughes for providing information on research in progress, Ms Wendy Abbot
for conducting STREAMLINE searches and Ms Liz Collins and Mrs Maria Barrett
for editing and typing.