Download Zoology Notes April 13, 2010

Zoology Notes April 13, 2010
Catadromous fish (continued)
-The Pacific Sea Perch is a Catadromous fish that lives in fresh water but goes to
salt water to spon.
*Important vocabulary to know:
-Herptalogy- The study of Herps. (Amphibians and Reptiles)
*Biogeography:
-Q:Where and how did animals and plants get to where we find them today?
A:South American and Africa were connected until continental drift occurred.
*Phylum Chordata
Class Amphibia
Order Apoda- (Caecillians)
-Occur mostly in South America but they also occur in Africa, India, and
Southeast Asia.
Order Anura [No tail]- (Frogs and Toads)
-There are roughly 3,500 species in this order.
-There has been a global amphibian decline caused by an invasive fungus. One
fungus causing this decline is Chytriodiomycosis (Chytrid Fungus).
-There is only one frog that does have a tail, that is the Ascaphos trei and only
the males of this specie have a tail. This tail in an extension of the cloaca.These
species live in North America and live in highly motile streams.
*Amphibians have to be in water in order to reproduce.
-There are two species that we will talk about, they are:
1)Rana catesbiana (American Bullfrog)
-They are an invasive specie.
-They will eat anything they can get, even toxic newts.
2)Bufo marinus (Cane Toad)
-They are a toxic animal- nothing will eat them.
-They will eat everything they can find.
-They are an invasive specie.
*Tetrapoda:
-Characteristics:
•Bony Skeleton
•Four limbs
•Smooth skin- some of these can produce venom(Toads)
•Large mouth to eat- then the specie opens it’s mouth, it is called a
gape)
•They Respire via lungs or gills
•These are endotherms- they can’t generate their body heat.
•They have paired metanephric kidneys.
•They produce urea from their kidneys.
•Live both in water and on land.
•They must all return to water to reproduce.
Class Reptilia
-Characteristics:
•Internal fertilization
•Amniotic egg (shelled portable pond for the young)
•Well developed strong jaws.
•Scaly skin- karitinized to decrease the loss of water.
•Endothermic animals.
•Scales overlap each other.
•Parahyletic
•Crocodiles and Birds are closely related.
-There are three Orders that we will talk about, they are:
1)Order Crocidilia- Crocodiles, Alligators, and Caiman
2)Order Chelonia- Turtles and Tortoises
3)Oder Squamata- Lizards and Snakes
Zoology Notes April 15, 2010
Class Reptilia (Continued)
*Know the Parts of the Amniotic Egg.
Order Squamata (Lizards and Snakes)
-These species have red blood cells with nuclei.
-Pit vipers have to ability to see in frared.
-The bothrops is one of the most venomous snakes.
-We will talk about two species, both from the Family Viperidae, they are:
1)Crotalus atrox (Diamondback Rattle Snake)
2)Viridis crotalus atrox (Western Diamondback Rattle Snake)
Order Crocidillia (Crocodiles, Alligators, and Caiman)
-Global in warm areas of the earth.
Order Chelonia or Testudines (Turtles and Tortoises)
-Galapagos tortises are under distress due to cats, rats, dogs, and people.
*Know the parts of the turtle shell for exam.
Zoology Notes April 20, 2010
Class Aves
-Synapomorphies:
•Feathers
•Nucleated Red Blood Cells
•Air Sacs for high efficiency respiration.
•Hollow neumatic bones which attach to air sacs and lungs.
•External incubation of eggs (nesting)
•Urea (semi solid-nitrogenous waste [uric acid])
•Endothermic (their general body temperature is 101 degrees)
•Flight (this is lost in some birds such as the emu).
•Hard shelled eggs.
-Evolution Flight in Birds Hypothesis:
1)Ground Up- Ground dwellers that were on the ground learned how to fly from
gliding.
2)Tree Down- Gliding from high up to lower and subsequent development of
flight.
**Some frogs and lizards can also glide.
-There are Nine Orders you need to know, they are:
1)Order Passeriformes (Perching Birds)-They can be on branches without holding on until they sit.
-These are House Sparrows and Sternus vulgaris
2)Order Apodiformes (Hummingbirds)-Their hearts beat 1000 times a minute.
3)Order Charadriiformes (Puffers & Sandpippers)4)Order Galliformes (Turkeys & Chickens)5)Order Anseriformes (Geese & Ducks)6)Order Pelicaniformes (Pelicans)7)Order Falconiformes (Raptors- Hawks & Falcons)8)Order Procellariaformes (Albatross & Petrels [Tube Nosed])-These excrete salt from their Nose salt glands.
9)Order Struthioniformes (Ostrich, Rhea, & Emus)
-Feathers:
-There are three types of feathers, they are:
1)Contour Feathers- these give an aerodynamic shape to the birds.
2)Downy Feathers- these provide major insulation for the bird, they are located
under the contour feathers. These feathers do not have barbules.
3)Flight Feathers- these provide lift for the birds.
-The Aspect Ratio of the Feathers:
•High-long, narrow wings, high speed, long distant flights.
•Low-short stubby wings, high maneuverability (Chickadees)
-Migration in Aves:
-Birds migrate due to seasons of the year, They move to areas of high food ability,
successful nesting, and a place with better weather.
-Migration is learned and imprinted.
-Birds migrate based on geomagnetic, sun, stars, landforms, and history (from
parents and other birds).
Zoology Notes April 22, 2010
*People to know:
-Conrad Lorenz: A German who studied imprinting in birds.
-Steven Emlen: The first person to work on migration. He invented to Emlen
cone, which is a cone that shows that birds can use geomagnetic system.
*Vocabulary to know:
-Fitness: The number of offspring left to the next generation that is able to
reproduce.
Emlen Cone
Class Aves (continued)
Order Struthioniformes- (Rhea, Ostrich, Emu)
-Rhea occurs in South America.
-These birds are flightless large birds.
-The Ostrich occurs in Africa.
-This order is also called Ratites, meaning reduced wings.
-These species have well developed muscles for high speed running.
-These birds do Not have a keel.
Order Gruiiformes- (Cranes)
-There are two kinds of cranes that we will talk about, they are:
1)Sandhill Cranes
-In the fall these cranes migrate to the Gulf coast of North America and
then
migrate back north for summer and spring.
2)Whooping Cranes
-These species were all captured so that they could nest.
-Once these birds were captured by people, they started to follow the
humans and think that they were humans also. (They were imprinted)
Order Columbiformes- (Pigeons & Doves)
Order Procellariaformes- (Albatross & Petrels)
-The Laysan Albatross nests on Coral Atoll Islands.
-Characteristics:
•These species mate for life.
•They nest in isolated areas.
•These birds can lock their to fly and only have to move their feather for direction.
(They have poor flapping wings, they need wind in order to stay aloft.)
•They can fly 900 km -9000 km to get food for their offspring.
•People have captured the Albatross and put satellite transmitters on them so
that we can track their flights.
•These species live to 50 years or longer and have one baby every other year.