Download Geology - Alagappa University

ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY, KARAIKUDI
NEW SYLLABUS UNDER CBCS PATTERN ( w.e.f. 2017-18)
Sem
Course
Code
7MGE1C1
7MGE1C2
7MGE1C3
I
7MGE1C4
7MGE1E1
7MGE2C1
7MGE2C2
7MGE2C3
II
7MGE2C4
7MGE2E1
7MGE3C1
7MGE3C2
7MGE3C3
III
7MGE3C4
7MGE3E1
M.Sc., GEOLOGY – PROGRAMME STRUCTURE
Course
Cr. Hrs/ Exam
Marks
Week Hrs.
Name of the course
Int.
Ext.
Core I – Geomorphology
and Marine Geology
Core II – Geotectonics
and Structural Geology
Core III – Stratigraphy
and Palaeontology
Core IV – Practical I –
Palaeontology and
Structural Geology
Elective I –
Environmental Geology
and Disaster Management
Total
Core V – Advanced
Crystallography and
Mineralogy
Core VI – Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology
Core VII –
Sedimentology and
Sedimentary Petrology
Core VIII – Practical II –
Crystallography and
Mineralogy
Elective II – Petroleum
and Coal Geology
Total
Core IX – Economic
Geology
Core X – Engineering
Geology, Mining Geology
and Ore Dressing
Core XI – Practical III
Petrology and Geological
Mapping
Core XII – Practical IV –
Economic Geology and
Ore Microscopy
Elective III – Remote
sensing, GIS and
Computational Geology
Total
579
Total
5
6
3
25
75
100
5
6
3
25
75
100
5
6
3
25
75
100
5
7
4
40
60
100
4
5
3
25
75
100
24
5
30
6
3
-25
-75
500
100
5
6
3
25
75
100
5
6
3
25
75
100
5
7
4
40
60
100
4
5
3
25
75
100
24
5
30
6
3
-25
-75
500
100
5
6
3
25
75
100
5
6
4
40
60
100
5
7
4
40
60
100
4
5
3
25
75
100
24
30
--
--
500
M.Sc., Geology
7MGE4C1
IV
7MGE4C2
7MGE4E1
7MGE4E2
Core XIII – Practical V –
Geophysics,
Hydrogeology, Remote
sensing, GIS and
Computational Geology
Core XIV – Dissertation
and Viva voce & Field
Work / Geological
Instructional Tour
Elective IV – Geological,
Geophysical and
Geochemical Exploration
Elective V –
Hydrogeology and Ground
Water Management
Total
Grand Total
580
5
7
4
13
5
40
60
25
75
25
75
100
200
4
5
3
25
75
100
4
5
3
25
75
100
18
90
30
120
---
---
500
2000
M.Sc., Geology
M.Sc., GEOLOGY
I YEAR – I SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7MGE1C1
CORE COURSE - I – GEOMORPHOLOGY AND MARINE GEOLOGY
Geomorphology
Unit I
Fundamental concepts – significance of structure, process and time – A brief account on
concepts of Davis and Penck on the evolution of landforms – Characteristic features of
landforms – Characteristics and types of fluvial landforms – Fluvial cycle – concept of
peneplains – stream rejuvenation, causes and effects.
Unit II
Aeolian landforms – Arid cycle of erosion – Glacial landforms, periodicity of glaciation
and its causes – Geomorphology of the coasts, classification of shorelines and their evolution.
Evidences of eustatic sea level changes and their causes. Volcanic landforms.
Unit III
Influence of lithology on relief. Karst topography – Relationship of geologic structures
to topography. Development of landforms of flat lying, tilted, folded, dome and faulted
structures – Development of drainage systems, Drainage Patterns, Drainage analysis in
Geological interpretation. Application of Geomorphology in groundwater, mineral and oil
exploration and Engineering projects.
Marine Geology
Unit IV
Characteristics and origin of ocean basin. Topography and origin of continental shelf
and continental slope. Characteristics and origin of submarine canyons, oceanic trenches, mid
oceanic ridges and Seamounts and Guyots. Probing the sea floor : Echo sounding, Seismic
shooting and Seismic refraction and reflection. General oceanic circulation of water - waves
and currents : Anatomy of waves, wave breaker and its types and wave refraction. Long shore,
rip and turbidity currents. An outline on surface currents in Pacific, Atlantic, Polar and Indian
regions.
Unit V
Physical and chemical properties of ocean water. Oceanographic instruments pertaining
to geological operations. Sediment and water samplers. Classification of coral reefs and their
characteristics. Theories of atoll formation. Marine mineral resources. Ocean pollution. Law of
the sea and its implications.
581
M.Sc., Geology
Text Books:
1. Richard J. Huggett – 2007 – Fundamentals of Geomorphology, Routledge
2. Keith A. Sverdrup, Alison Duxbury, Alyn C. Duxbury, 2006 – Fundamentals of
Oceanography, McGraw-Hill Higher Education
3. Tom Garrison, 2008 – Essentials of Oceanography, Cengage Learning
4. Keith S. Stowe, 1996 – Exploring ocean science, John Wiley,
5. Harold V. Thurman, Alan P. Trujillo, 2004 – Introductory oceanography, Prentice Hall,
6. Thornbury, W.D., 1969 – Principles of Geomorphology, Wiley.
7. Worcester, P.G., 1948 – A text book of Geomorphology
8. Kuenen, Ph. H., 1950 – Marine Geology, Wiley.
9. Shepard, F.P., 1973 – Submarine Geology, Harper and Row.
10. Shepard, F.P., 1960 – Earth, beneath the sea, OUP.
11. Petti John, F.S., 1965 – Sedimentary Rocks.
12. B.W.Sparles, 1981 – Geomorphology, Longman Group Ltd.
13. George Allen & Coates, 1980 – Coastal Geomorphology
Books for Reference:
1. J. David Allan, María M. Castillo, 2007 – Stream ecology: structure and function of
running waters, Springer
2. Lobeck, A.K., 1932 – Geomorphology, McGraw Hill.
3. Ordway, R.J., 1971 – Earth Sciences, Affiliated East – West.
4. Pitty, A.F., 1972 – Introduction to Geomorphology, Methuen.
5. King, L.C., 1962 – Morphology of the Earth, Oliver and boyd.
6. Woolridge S.W. & Margan R.S., 1952 – An outline of Geomorphology, Longmans
7. Sparks, b.W., 1961 – Geomorphology, Longmans.
8. Bloom, A.L. 1979 – Geomorphology, Prentice Hall.
9. Turekian 1968 – Oceans, Prentice Hall.
10. Menard, H.W., 1977 – Ocean Sciences, Readings from Scientifica American, Freeman.
11. Kind, A.H., 1979 – Introduction to Marine Geology and Geomorphology, Edward Arnold.
12. Howard H. Chang, 1998 – Fluvial processes in river engineering, Krieger Pub. Co.,
13. Arthur L. Bloom, 2004 – Geomorphology: a systematic analysis of late Cenozoic
landforms, Waveland Pr Inc,
14. Issa S. Oweis, Raj P. Khera, 1990 – Geotechnology of waste management, PWS
Publishing,
15. Matthew R. Bennett, Neil F. Glasser 1996 – Glacial geology: ice sheets and landforms,
Wiley
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582
M.Sc., Geology
I YEAR – I SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7MGE1C2
CORE COURSE - II – GEOTECTONICS AND STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
Geotectonics
Unit I
Study of seismic waves – structure and composition of the earth – Radioactivity –
Major tectonic features of the earth-shield areas, mobile zones, rift valleys, mid oceanic ridges,
continental shelves and slopes, submarine canyons.
Unit II
Geosynclines, Isostacy, Island arcs, deep sea trenches, continental drift, plate tectonics
and sea floor spreading. Orogeny and orogenic cycles – Epeirogeny and evolution of plateaus.
Structural and tectonic features of India. Quaternary tectonics
Structural Geology
Unit III
Mechanical principles – three stages of rock deformation – elastic, plastic and rupture.
Concept of stress, strain and the resulting ellipsoids. Mechanics of plastic and ruptural
deformation. Factors controlling behavior of rock material. Folds – Brief resume of
terminology, classification and description – Recognition, mechanics and causes of folding –
Recognition of top and bottom of beds.
Unit IV
Faults – Description, classification, recognition criteria and mechanics of faulting. Joints
Quantitative and qualitative classification of joints. Modes of representation of joints –
Histograms, rose diagrams and preparation of stereogram. Unconformities – types, recognition,
significant, distinction from faults and their use in dating structural events.
Unit V
Cleavage, Schistosity and Lineation – their description origin and relation to major
structures. Petrofabric analysis – Field and laboratory techniques – petrofabric diagrams land their
interpretation. Classification and characteristics of Tectonites, Diapirs and related structural
features. Writing of field Geological report.
Text Books:
1. N.W.Gokhale, 2008 – Themes of Structural Geology, CBS publishers and distributers
2. J.Goguel, 1952 – Techtonics, W.H Freeman and Company
3. L.V.Desittar, 1956 – Structural Geology, McGraw Hill
4. R. G. Park,2004 – Foundation of Structural Geology, Routledge
5. Stephen Mark Rowland, Ernest M. Duebendorfer, Ilsa M. Schiefelbein, 2007 –
Structural analysis and synthesis: a laboratory course in structural geology, WileyBlackwell,
6. R. G. Park, 2004 – Foundation of Structural Geology, Routledge
7. Billing, M.P. (1974) – Structural Geology, prentice Hall
8. Hobbs, R.F.et.al.1976 – An outline of structural geology, Woiley
9. Hills, E.L.1965 – Elements of Structural Geology, Asia Publication House.
10. Beloussov, v.V. 1954 – Basic problems in Geotectonics, McGraw Hill.
583
M.Sc., Geology
11. De Sotter. :/U. 1956 – Structural geology, McGraw Hill
12. Navin, C.M. 1953 – Principles of Structural Geology, wiley.
13. Lahee, H. 1959 – Field Geology, McGraw Hill.
Books for Reference:
1. Ragan, D.M. – 1973 – Structural Geology, Wiley
2. Ramsay, J.G. 1967 – Folding and fracturing of Rocks. McGraw Hill
3. Philips, F.C.1954 – The use of Stereographic projection in Structural Geology, Arnold
Publishers
4. Compton, R.R. – 1962 Manual of field geology, Wiley
5. Allan Cox 1973 Plate tectonics, Freeman &co.
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584
M.Sc., Geology
I YEAR – I SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7MGE1C3
CORE COURSE - III – STRATIGRAPHY AND PALAEONTOLOGY
Stratigraphy
Unit I
Stratigraphic Principles – Study of standard European stratigraphic scale – methods
of correlation – Homotaxis and Contemporaneity – Stratigraphic terminology, nomenclature
and classification – Lithostratigraphy, Biostratigraphy, Chronostratigraphy and Stratotypes –
causes of imperfections in geological records. Sequence Stratigraphy: Para-sequence sets
and stacking Patterns – Progradational stacking, Aggradational stacking, Retrogradational
stacking. Depositional Sequence: Low-stand System Tract (LST), Transgressive System
Tract (TST), High-stand system Tract (HST), Sequence Boundary, Transgressive surface,
Maximum Flooding surface. A note on applications of Chemo stratigraphy.
Indian Geology
Unit II
Pre Cambrian formations in India – Cuddapah and Vindhyan super groups – Cambrian
of Salt Range – Permo–Carboniferous of Salt Range – Gondwana formations – selected studies
pertaining to Triassic of Spiti, Jurassic of Kutch, Cretaceous of Tiruchirapalli, Narmada and Bagh
beds.
Unit III
Deccan traps – inter and infra traps – Siwaliks – Tertiary and Quaternary formations –
Age problems pertaining to Indian stratigraphy:- a) Saline series b) Deccan trap. Study of the
following boundary problems with reference to India:- a)Precambrian – Cambrian, b) Permian–
Triassic c) Cretaceous – Tertiary.
Palaeontology
Unit IV
Organic Evolution – History of the concept of evolution – Darwin’s principles –
Orthogenesis;. Detailed morphology, evolution and stratigraphic importance of the following
groups. Graptolites, Trilobites, Brachiopods and Ammonites. Evolution of plants through ages
– Gondwana and Tertiary flora and their stratigraphic significance.
Unit V
Brief accounts on the principal groups of vertebrates through geologic time –
Devonian fishes and Mesozoic reptiles. Evolutionary histories of Horse, Elephant and Man.
Micropalaeontological techniques – Sampling methods, separation of microfossils from matrix,
thin sectioning. Types of microfossils – General morphology, stratigraphic importance and
ecological and palaeoecological significance of Foraminifera, Ostracoda and Spores and Pollens.
Applications of micropalaeontoligcal studies in environmental interpretation, petroleum
exploration, and marine geological studies.
585
M.Sc., Geology
Text Books:
1. R.C.Moore, 1933 – Principles of Palaeontology, McGraw Hill
2. N.M.Strakhov, 1962 – Historical Geology, Israel Programme for scientific translations
3. M.J.Miller, 1952 – Historical Geology, Van nostrand company.inc
4. Charles sehuchert & C.O.Dunbar, 1960 – Historical Geology, John willey and Sons
5. Gary Nichols, 2009 – Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, John Wiley and Sons
6. Sam Boggs, 2006 – Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy, Pearson Prentice Hall
7. Michael E. Brookfield, 2004 – Principles of stratigraphy, Wiley-Blackwell
8. E. N. K. Clarkson, Euan Neilson Kerr Clarkson, 1998 – Invertebrate palaeontology and
evolution, Wiley-Blackwell
9. A. Morley Davies, 2008 – An Introduction to Palaeontology, Read Books
10. Krishnan, M.S. 1956 – Geology of India and Burma, Higgin bothams.
11. Wadia, D.N. 1953 – Geology of India , Mc Millan
12. Woods, H. 1959 – Invertebrate Palaeontology, Cambridge.
13. Romer, A.S. 1960 – Vertebrate Palaeontology, Chicago press.
14. Amold, C.A. – 1947 – An introduction to palaeobotany.
15. Pascoe, E.S. – 1968 – A manual of the geology of India and Burma, Government of India,
Pub.
16. Gregory, J.N and Barrot, B.H – General stratigraphy, Methuen.
17. Shrock. R.R. and Twenhofel, W.H – 1953 – Principles of invertebrate Palaeontology,
Amold publication
18. Moore, R.C. Lalieker, C.D. and Fischer, A.G – 1952 – Invertebrate Fossils Mc Graw Hill.
19. Jones. D.J – 1958 – An introduction to Microfossils, Harper brothers
20. G.Bignot (1985) – Elements of Micro palaeontology Graham Trotman, 1985.
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586
M.Sc., Geology
I YEAR – I SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7MGE1C4
CORE COURSE - IV – PRACTICAL I – PALAEONTOLOGY AND
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
Palaeontology
Magascopic study of corals, Graptolites, Trilobites, Brachiopods, Lamellibranches,
Gasteropods, Ammonites and Echinoderms with special reference to their evolutionary characters.
Study of plant fossils. Microscopic study of some Foraminifera and Ostracods.
Structural Geology
Interpretation or complex geological maps, study of actual field geological maps;
problems relating to depth and thickness; use of stereographic projection for solution of
problems in structural geology. Borehole problems involving determination of attitude of tabular
bodies- interpretation of lithological data from inclined boreholes, preparation of latitudinal
vertical sections, measurement of bore hole deviations.
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587
M.Sc., Geology
I YEAR – I SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7MGE1E1
ELECTIVE COURSE - I - ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY AND
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Unit I
ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY: Definition, scope, basic concepts – Earth in space and
time – Energy sources of disasters: internal and external sources – Mass extinction through
geologic time – Major climatic changes through Geologic time – Human fatalities from natural
disasters.
Unit II
RIVER FLOODING: Factors governing flood severity, flood characteristics, hazards of
flooding and role of Geology in mitigation and management. MASS MOVEMENTS: Factors
influencing slope stability, type of mass movement, hazards of mass movement and role of
Geology in mitigation and management. SOIL EROSION: soil formation, soil classification,
factors influencing soil erosion, hazards of soil erosion and role of Geology in mitigation and
management.
Unit III
EARTHQUAKES: Earth quake distribution, its relation to plate tectonics, hazards of
earthquakes and role of Geology in mitigation and management. VOLCANIC ACTIVITY:
Distribution of volcanoes and its relation to plate tectonics, hazards of volcanic activity and role of
Geology in mitigation and management. COASTAL HAZARDS: Coastal erosion, coastal
flooding, tsunami - origin and prediction, seawater intrusion and its hazards and role of Geology in
mitigation and management.
Unit IV
HYDROLOGY AND HUMAN USE: Human activities and other factors affecting run off
and sedimentary transport, sediment pollution and role of Geology in mitigation and management.
WASTE DISPOSAL: Soil and liquid waste and their sources, radioactive wastes, their disposal
strategies, role of geology in waste disposal planning – GEOLOGIC ASPECTS OF
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH: Disease patterns and environment, geologic factors of
environmental health, geologic occurrence and effects of trace elements on health, chronic diseases
and geologic environment.
Unit V
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MINING ACTIVITIES: Open cast and underground
mining, impacts of mineral processing. Role of Geology in LAND USE PLANNING.
DESERTIFICATION : Causes, impacts and measures of control. An outline of Environmental
laws.
588
M.Sc., Geology
Text and Reference Books:
1. Abott, P. L. (2000). Natural disasters, McGraw Hill Publications, New York.
2. Coates, D.R (1985). Geology and Society. Cahpman and Hall Publishers, New York
3. Davis et.a1. - 1976 - Environmental Geoscience, Wiley Eastern
4. Howard, A.D &Irwin Remson (1978). Geology in Environmental Planning. McGrawHill Publications, New York
5. Janet Watson (1983). Geology and Man – An Introduction to Applied Earth
Sceinces, George Allen and Unwin Publichers, London
6. Keller, E.A (1976).Environmental Geology. Charles E. Merril Publishers, New York
7. Lundgren, L (1986). Environmental Geology. Prentice-Hall Publishers, New Jersey
8. Montgomery, C. W. (2000). Environmental Geology, McGraw Hill Publications, New
Delhi.
9. Strahlfer, N, and Strahler, A.H. - 1973 - Environmental Geosciences Wiley Eastern
10. Thomas D. Schneid, Larry Collins, 2001 - Disaster management and preparedness,
Lewis Publishers Valdiya, K. S. (1987). Environmental Geology – Indian context,
Tata McGraw Hill publications, New Delhi.
11. Valdiya, K.S (1987) Environmental Geology – Indian Context. Tata McGraw-Hill.
New Delhi
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589
M.Sc., Geology
I YEAR – II SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7MGE2C1
CORE COURSE - V – ADVANCED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND MINERALOGY
Advanced Crystallography
Unit I
Shoenflion notation and Hermann Mauguin symbols. Derivation of 32 Crystal classes
and their symmetry projections – Spherical, Stereographic and Gnomonic projections of crystals
belonging to normal classes. Calculation of crystal elements using anharmonic ratio-tangent
relation, Napier’s theorem and equation to normal. Twinning in crystals. Irregularities in crystals.
X-rays – Derivation of Bragg’s law and its application. Powder diffraction method. 14 Bravais
space lattices.
Optical Mineralogy
Unit II
Polarisation – Optical properties of crystals – optical ellipsoids – polarizing
Microscopes and accessories – Quartz wedge – Mica plate – Gypsum plate – Berek
compensator – Micrometer ocular. Determination of Refractive indices of minerals by immersion
method. Uniaxial minerals– double refraction in calcite – Nicol prism – optic axis – Primary and
secondary optic axes; Ray velocity surface – Uniaxial indicatrix – optic sign; interference colour
– interference figure – crystal orientation – extinction – Extinction angle – – Sign of elongation –
Pleochroism – Birefringence.
Unit III
Biaxial minerals – Biaxial indicatrix – optical directions – Primary and secondary optic
axes – optic axial angle – Mallard’s formula – optic sign – crystallographic orientation –
interference figures – Sign of elongation – Extinction – Extinction angle – Pleochroic scheme –
Birefringence optical anomalies – Dispersion - Optic orientation.
Descriptive Mineralogy
Unit IV
Structural classification of silicate minerals – Isomorphism – Exsolution – Order,
disorder relations – Polymorphism - Pseudomorphism – Fluorescence in minerals – Metamict
state – Staining techniques and micro chemical tests. Description of chemistry, optical and
physical properties, and paragenesis of the following: ortho and ring silicates; Olivine group,
Garnet Group, Aluminosilicates, Epidote group, Zircon, Sphene, Topaz, Staurolite, Beryl,
Cordierite and Tourmaline. Chain silicates – Pyroxene group, Amphibole group and Wollastonite.
Unit V
Sheet silicates – Mica group, Chlorite group and Clay minerals. Tecto silicates –
Quartz group, Feldspar group, Feldspathoids and Zeolites. Description of chemistry, optical and
physical properties and paragenesis of the following: Apatite, Fluorite, Corundum, Spinel and
Calcite.
590
M.Sc., Geology
Text Books:
1. Dexter Perkins, 2003 – Mineralogy, Pearson education private ltd.
2. Carmelo Giacovazzo, 2002 – Fundamentals of crystallography, Oxford University Press
3. Boris Konstantinovich Vaĭnshteĭn, 1994 – Modern Crystallography: Fundamentals of
crystals, symmetry and methods of structural crystallography, Springer
4. William D. Nesse, 2009 – Introduction to Mineralogy, Oxford University Press
5. Dana, E.S. – 1955 – Text Book of mineralogy, wiley
6. Wade, F.a. and mattox, R.E – 1960 – Elements of crystallography and Mineralogy, Harmer
and brods.
7. Philips, P.C. – 1956 – An introduction to Crystallography, Longmans Green & co.
8. Winchell, A.N. – 1968 – Elements of optical Mineralogy, parts, I & II Eiley Eastern
9. Wahiatrom, E.E – 1960 – Optical Crystallography, Wiley.
10. Berry, L.G. and Mason Brain, W.HY. – 1961 – Mineralogy, Freern
11. Deer, W.A. Howie, R.A. and Zussman, J – 1966 – An introduction to the Rock forming
minerals, Longmans.
12. Paul F. Kerr (1957) Optical Mineralogy, McGraw Hills.
Books for Reference:
1. Burerger, M.J. – 1956 – Elementary Crystallography, Wiley
2. Naidu, P.R.J. – 1958 – 4-Axes universal stage, commercial printing and publishing house
3. Heinrich, E.W. – 1965 – Microscopic identification of Minerals McGraw Hill
4. Naidu, P.R.J. C.S. – 1971 – Johansen’s optical mineralogy, Allied
5. Haribury, C.S. – 1971 – Dana’s Manual of Mineralogy, Wiley.
6. Deer, W.A. Howie, R.A. & Zussman, J – 1962 – Rock forming Mineralogy Vols. 1 to 5,
Longmans.
7. Grim,R.N. – 1953 – Glay Mineralogy , McGraw Hill
8. Goger, R.G and kerr, P.F. – 1942 – optical Mineralogy, McGraw Hill.
9. Brain Mason – 1952 – Principles of Geo-Chemistry, Wiley.
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591
M.Sc., Geology
I YEAR – II SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7MGE2C2
CORE COURSE - VI – IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY
Igneous Petrology
Unit I
Magma types and their evolution at the Ocean Floor, Island Arcs, Orogenic Continental
Margins, Intracontinental Orogenic Belts and other Continental provinces. Nature and Physical
properties of Magmas. Forms and structures of intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks. Textures
of igneous rocks and their petrogenetic significance.
Unit II
Classification of Igneous Rocks: CIPW Norm, Niggli Values and Basis, IUGS –
Streckeisen’s Plutonic and Volcanic rock classifications. Peacock’s Alkali Lime Index and
Classification based on Irvine and Baragar. Petrography and Petrogenesis of Granite – Rhyolite
Clan, Syenite– Trachyte Clan, Gabbro – Basalt Clan, Alkaline rocks, Anorthosites,
Lamprophyres, Kimberlites, Komatiites, Carbonatites and Charnockite. Petrographic provinces
of magmatic rocks. Diversity of magmatic rocks, their abundance and distribution on the earth’s
Crust.
Unit III
Introduction to principles and laws of thermodynamics. Gibb’s Phase rule and its
application to igneous petrogenesis. Derivation and application of Lever Rule. Crystallization of
Unicomponent magma. Simple Eutectic (Albite-Silica), Solid Solution (Forsterite-Fayalite) and
incongruent melting (Forsterite-Silica) behavior of Bicomponent melts. Ternary melt-systems of
Diopside – Forsterite – Silica, Diopside – Albite – Anorthite and Anorthite – Forsterite – Silica.
Effects of pressure, fluids and vapors (H2O and CO2) on melting and cooling behavior of silicate
systems. Crystallisation of Basaltic magma. Magmatic Differentiation – Liquid immiscibility,
Soret effect, Role of volatile components, Fractional Crystallization, Assimilation and Magma
mixing – and their roles in magmatic differentiation. Field and laboratory evidences in favour
and against the ‘Reaction Principles’ of Bowen.
Metamorphic Petrology
Unit IV
Agents of metamorphism – Types of metamorphism – Metamorphic textures and
structures – Study of Cataclastic metamorphism – Grades, Zones and facies of metmorphism –
A critical review of facies concept – Facies of Contact Metamorphism – Facies of Regional
metamorphism – Facies of Burial metamorphism – Graphical representation of facies, ACF,
AKF, AFM diagrams. Classification of metamorphic rocks based on texture and mineralogy;
chemical composition.
Unit V
Goldschmidth’s mineralogical phase rule and its application – stress and antistress
minerals – Retrograde metamorphism – Metamorphic diffusion and differentiation –
Metasomatism – Granitisation and Migmatites – Metamorphism in relation to magma and
orogeny – Paired metamorphic belts. Application of trace element, rare earth element and stable
isotope geochemistry in metamorphism.
592
M.Sc., Geology
Text Books:
1. Gunter Faure, 2001 – Origin of igneous rocks: the isotopic evidence, Springer
2. Davis A. Young, 2003 – Mind over magma: the story of igneous petrology, Princeton
University Press
3. Joseph Paxson Iddings, 2010 – Igneous Rocks : Volume 2, READ BOOKS
4. Holly Cefrey, 2003 – Igneous Rocks, The Rosen Publishing Group
5. Myron G. Best, 2003 – Igneous and metamorphic petrology, Wiley-Blackwell
6. Gunter Faure, 2001 – Origin of igneous rocks: the isotopic evidence, Springer
7. Kurt Bucher, Martin Frey, 2002 – Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks, Springer
8. Holly Cefrey, 2003 – Metamorphic Rocks, The Rosen Publishing Group
9. Tyrrell. G.W. (1963) – Principles of Petrology – Asia Publishing House.
10. Turner. F.J and Verhoogen. J –1960 – Igneous and Metamorphic petrology – McGraw Hill.
11. MacKenzie. W.S. et.al., – (1982); Atlas of Igneous rocks and their textures – Longman.
12. Bowen. N.L. (1928) – The evolution of the Igneous Rocks. Dover Publications.
13. Middlemost. A.K. (1985) – Magmas and Magmatic Rocks – LONGMAN.
14. McBirney.A.R. (1994) – Igneous Petrology – CBS Publishers and Distributors.
15. Raymond.L.A. – 2002 – Petrology – McGraw Hill.
16. Hall-A (1992) – Igneous Petrology – ELBS.
17. Barth, F.W. – 1962 – Theoretical Petrology, Wiley.
18. Huang, W.T. – 1962 – Petrology, McGraw Hill.
19. Williams, H. Turner, F.J. & Billbert, C.M. – 1954 – Petrography, Freeman.
20. Bayly, B. – 1968 – Introduction to Petrology, Prentice Hall.
Books for Reference:
1. Shand – S.H. (1949) – Eruptive Rocks.
2. Morse.S.A – (1980) – Basalts and Phase diagrams – Springer – Verlag.
3. Winter. J.D. – (2001) – Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology – Prentice Hall.
4. Barth, F.W. – 1962 – Theoretical Petrology, Wiley.
5. Wahlistrom, e.e. – 1962 – Theoretical Igneous Petrology, Wiley.
6. Hatch, F.H. Wells, A.K. & Wells, M.K. – 1949 – Petrology of Igneous Rocks, Thomas
Murby.
7. Johannsen, A. – 1962 – Descriptive Petrography of Igneous Rocks, Vols. I to IV Allied
Pacific.
8. Shand, S.H. – 1949 – Eruptive Rocks.
9. Harker, A – 1950 – Metamorphism, Methuen.
10. Winkler, H.G.F. – 1967 – Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks, Springer and Werlog.
11. Hyndman, D.W. – 1972 – Petrology of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks, McGraw Hill.
12. Miyashiro, A – 1973 – Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks, George Allen & Unwin.
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593
M.Sc., Geology
I YEAR – II SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7MGE2C3
CORE COURSE - VII – SEDIMENTOLOGY AND SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY
Unit I
Sedimentation. Textures and structures of sedimentary rocks. Classification and
composition of sedimentary rocks. Study of residual deposits : Terra rosa, Clay with flints,
Laterite, Bauxite, Residual clays. Study of Clastic rocks : Rudaceous – Conglomerate, Breccia.
Arenaceous – Sandstone and its classification. Argillaceous - Siltstones and Mudstones.
Volcaniclastic deposits.
Unit II
Study of Nonclastic rocks: Limestones and Dolomites, Siliceous deposits , Ferruginous
deposits, Carbonaceous deposits, Phosphatic deposits and Evaporites. Field Sedimentology - Field
equipment, mapping and logging of rock units. Graphic sedimentary logs - Presentation by
drawing, sketches and photographs.
Description of core. Palaeocurrents-indicators,
measurement, calculation of mean, rose diagram.
Unit III
Sedimentology: Laboratory Techniques : Mechanical analysis of sediments. Graphical
representation of size analysis data. Statistical parameters and their geological significance.
Provenance studies using heavy minerals and clay minerals. Microscopic Techniques :
Cathodoluminesence, X – ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope. Geochemical
techniques : Application of trace element, rare earth element and stable isotope geochemistry to
sedimentological problems. Sedimentary differentiation, Lithification and Diagenesis.
Unit IV
Sedimentary
Environments : Non-marine (continental), marine and mixed
(transitional). Non marine environments: Glacial, eolian, lacustrine and fluvial. Transitional
environments : Barrier island and beach facies, tidal inlet facies, tidal delta facies, lagoonal
facies and tidal flat facies. Delta-types, recognition of ancient delta. Marine environments:
Continental shelf, slope, rise, deep sea fans and abyssal.
Unit V
Tectonics and Sedimentation : Sedimentary basins, classification by tectonic setting.
Basin related to lithospheric extension- rift basin, intra cratonic basins, proto-oceanic trough,
passive margins, ocean basins, obducted slabs. Basins related to subduction-trenches,
accretionary complexes, forearc basins and backarc basins. Basins related to crustal loadingperipheral foreland basins, retroarc foreland basins. Basins related to strike-slip tectonicsstrike-slip basins. Complex and hybrid basins.
Text Books:
1. H.Blatt, Gerard Middle ton & R.Murray, 1972 – Origin of sedimentary rocks, Prentice
Hall Publishers
2. J.J.Greensmith, 1971 – Petrology of sedimentary rocks, George Allan and Unwin ltd
3. Holly Cefrey, 2003 – Sedimentary Rocks, The Rosen Publishing Group
4. Rebecca Faulkner, 2008 – Sedimentary Rock, Raintree
5. Tyrrell, G.W. 1963 – Principles of Petrology, Asia Publishing House
6. Huang, W.T. – 1962 – Petrology, McGraw Hill.
7. Williams, H. Turner, F.J. & Billbert, C.M. – 1954 – Petrography, Freeman.
594
M.Sc., Geology
8.
9.
10.
11.
Pettijohn, F.J. – 1967 – Sedimentary Rocks, Harpers and Bros
Bayly, B. – 1968 – Introduction to Petrology, Prentice Hall.
Gary Nichols (2009) Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell.
Sengupta, S.M. (2007) Introduction to Sedimentology, 2nd ed. CBS Publishers.
Books for Reference:
1. Krumbein, W.C. & Pettijohn, F.J. – 1938 – Manual of Sedimentary Petrography, Appleton
century co.
2. Krumbein, W.C. & Sloss, L.L. – 1951 – Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, Freeman.
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595
M.Sc., Geology
I YEAR – II SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7MGE2C4
CORE COURSE - VIII – PRACTICAL II – CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND
MINERALOGY
Crystallography
Sterographic and Gnomonic projections of natural crystals of normal classes – symmetry
projections of 32 classes – calculation of crystal elements to test the knowledge of application of
tangent relation. Anharmonic ratio, Napier’s theorem and equation of the normal. Use of contact
goniometer in measuring interfacial angles.
Mineralogy
Megascopic and microscopic study of important rock forming silicates –
determination of dichroic and pleochroic schemes, optic sign of uniaxial and blaxial minerals,
sign of elongation – optic axial angle by Mallard’s method and anorthite content of oriented
sections of plagioclase. Identification of pinacoidal sections of pyroxenes and amphiboles.
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596
M.Sc., Geology
I YEAR – II SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7MGE2E1
ELECTIVE COURSE - II – PETROLEUM AND COAL GEOLOGY
Petroleum Geology
Unit I
Introduction
Fundamental concepts of organic and inorganic theories of hydrocarbon.
Sedimentary processes and accumulation of organic matter- diagenesis, catagenesis and
metagenesis of organic matter, fossils and their significance in hydrocarbon formation.
Reservoir rocks – Reservoir Traps - Migration of oil. Occurrence and distribution of
hydrocarbons in sedimentary basins of India.
Basin Analysis and Tectonics
Integrated interpretation of surface and subsurface litho, bio and chrono stratigraphic
units. Charactersisation of sediments to its petrophysical nature, diagenesis signatures,
porosity, frabric constituents etc. Accommodation, rate of sedimentation, thickness, maturity,
basin structure, sequence stratigraphy, tectonic history of the sedimentary basins.
Unit II
Depositional Systems and Seismic Stratigraphy
Kinds of depositional systems and its significance in petroleum exploration. Seismic
method of hydrocarbon reservoir exploration. Seismic profiles interpretation techniques,
stratigraphic cycles, seismic reflection patterns and deciphering the depositional and structural
evidences of the potential basins of hydrocarbon deposits.
Geophysics, Geochemistry and Biostratigraphy in Petroleum Exploration
Seismic prospecting method, magnetostratigraphy, well logging techniques, types of
logs, interpretation of logging charts, evaluation of oil well potentiality for exploration,
Geochemical parameters, determination of TOM, TOC, VRO,TTI,TAMR. Studies of
geochemical characteristics of oil bearing sediments. Biostratigraphy, study of planktonic and
benthic foraminifera, paleobathymetry analysis. Bio-steering techniques, correlation.
Unit III
Oil Field Development
Well site geological investigations, field techniques of seismic data acquisition,
drilling methods, drilling fluids, formation test, casing and cementation, well completion,
crude oil types, oil product separation methods, oil reservoir evaluation, principles of
management of hydrocarbon resources.
Resources and Environments
Resources - Production and consumption pattern - Energy policy, conservation environment pollutant - reduce environmental hazards - mining hazard in India. A Brief
outline of Gas Hydrates, Oil shales, Shale gas, Tar sand and Coal Bed Methane.
597
M.Sc., Geology
Coal Geology
Unit IV
Coal as rock - types of coal - mode of occurrence - structure in coal seams - coals
through ages - physical and chemical characteristics of coal - macropetrographics microlithotypes. Origin - classification of coal - Indian coal grading - exploration of coal –
Modern techniques - drilling and logging - assessment of coal reserves – calculation of coal
reserves.
Unit V
Preparation and Utilisation
Coal Preparation - cleaning - sizing - washing - supporting operations Beneficiation of Indian coals - Coal utilization - combustion - carbonization - gasification hydrogenation.
Indian Coalfields
Occurrences - geological and geographical distribution - Gondwana coalfields Tertiary coalfields - lignite deposits in India. World coal resources - principal coal fields of
the world.
Text and Reference Books:
1. Jon G. Gluyas, Richard Edward Swarbrick, 2004 - Petroleum geosciences, WileyBlackwell
2. Larry Thomas, 2002 - Coal geology, John Wiley and Sons
3. A.T. Levorsen Geology of Petroleum CBS publishers and distributors, Delhi 1985, II
Edition 1999.
4. Tissor and D. H. Welte Petroleum formation and occurrence Springer Velag, Tokyo,
1984.
5. D. W. Lewis and Mc Conchie Analytical Sedimentology Chapman & Hall, New york,
1994.
6. JH Doveton Geological log interpretation Society of sedimentary geology, Tulsa 1994.
7. G. Henery Geophysics of sedimentary basins, Technip, Rue Ginoux, pan's 1994.
8. Chandra, D., Singh, R. M. and Singh, M. P. Text book of coal (Indian context). Tara
book agency, Varanasi. 2000.
9. Stach, E. Mackowsky, M. Th., Teichmuller, M., Taylor, G.H., Chandra, D. and
Teichmuller, R. Stach's Text book of coal petrology, Gebnudar Borntraeger, Stuttgart,
1982.
10. Wilfrid Francis. Coal its formation and composition. Edward Arnold (Publishers)Ltd.
London 1961.
11. Van Kreuelen. Coal - Typology - Chemistry - Physics Constitution. Elsievier
publishing company, London 1961.
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598
M.Sc., Geology
II YEAR – III SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7MGE3C1
CORE COURSE - IX – ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
Unit I
Economic Geology : Processes of formation of mineral deposits – Magmatic,
sublimation, contact metasomatic, Hydrothermal (Cavity filling and replacement)
Sedimentation, evaporation, residual and mechanical concentration, Oxidation and supergene
enrichment and metamorphism. Classification of Mineral deposits, controls of Ore localisation –
structural, stratigraphic, physical and chemical; Metallogenetic epochs and provinces – Plate
tectonics and Ore genesis -Geologic thermometry-Geobarometry, stable and radiogenic isotopes of
ores and the host rocks – Geological and Geochemical modeling of ore deposits
Unit II
Study of the following ore deposits with regard to their mode of occurrence, distribution
in India, origin and uses: Asbestos, Barite, Bauxite, Chromite, Copper, Gold, Iron, Lead and
Zinc, Magnesium, Manganese.
Unit III
Physical and chemical properties, mode of occurrence and distribution in India of the
minerals required for the following industries, Refractory, Abrasive, Fertilizer, Cement, Paints,
Glass and Pigments. Radioactive Minerals; Precious and semiprecious Minerals. Mineral
wealth of Tamil Nadu.
Unit IV
Mineral Economics : Definition and scope – Significance of minerals in National
economy, peculiarities inherent in mineral industry, Tenor, grade and specifications for
minerals. Mines and Minerals legislation of India. India’s national mineral policy. Strategic,
Critical and essential minerals with reference to India. Mineral conservation and substitution.
Ore reserve estimation techniques.
Unit V
Ore Microscopy and Ore Petrography : Construction of ore Microscope. Polishing
and mounting of ores, Physical properties of Ore minerals, Determination of micro hardness;
Factors affecting microhardness. Study of optical properties – Colour, reflectivity, bi-reflectance,
Isotropism, Anisotropism, Polarisation Colours, Rotation properties, Internal reflections and
relation sense. Instrumentation and methods of determination of reflectivity, Polarisation
figures of Isotropic and anisotropic Ore mineral, Micro – chemical techniques, ore textures and
paragenesis, application of Ore Microscopy.
Text Books:
1. S.Krishnaswamy, 1972 – Indian mineral resources, Oxford and IBH publishing
company
2. Smirnov, 1976 – Geology of mineral deposits, Mir publishers, Moscow
3. David Page, 2010 - Economic Geology: Or, Geology in Its Relations to the Arts and
Manufactures, BiblioBazaar
4. Kula C. Misra, 2000 - Understanding mineral deposits, Springer
5. L. J. Robb, 2005 - Introduction to ore-forming processes, Wiley-Blackwell
6. Bateman, A.M. – 1995 – Economic Mineral Deposits, Willey.
7. Lindgren, W – 1993 – Mineral Deposits, McGraw Hill.
599
M.Sc., Geology
8. Cameron, E.N. – 1961 – Ore Microscopy, Wiley.
9. Sinha, R.K. & Sharma, N.L. – 1976 – Mineral Economics Oxford and IBH.
10. Graig, J.R. – Ore Microscopy and Ore Petrography.
11. Anthony M. Evans - An Introduction to Economic Geology and Its Environmental Impact
Books for Reference:
Coggin, B & Dey, A.K. – 1995 – India’s Mineral Wealth, OUP.
Park, C.F. & Macdiarmid, R.A. 1970 – Ore deposits, Freeman.
Deb, S, 1980 – Industrial Minerals and rocks of India, Allied.
Gokhale; K.V.G.K. & Rao, T.C. – 1978 – Ore deposits of India, their distribution and
Processing,
5. Thomson Press.
6. Stanton, R.L. 1972 – Ore Petrology, McGraw Hill.
1.
2.
3.
4.
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600
M.Sc., Geology
II YEAR – III SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7MGE3C2
CORE COURSE - X - ENGINEERING GEOLOGY, MINING GEOLOGY
AND ORE DRESSING
Engineering Geology
Unit I
The role of Geology in Civil Engineering . engineering properties of rocks – Strength
and elastic properties. Properties of building stones, concrete aggregates and rail road ballast.
Geological investigations pertaining to the foundation of bridges, buildings, highways and
airfields.
Unit II
Types of Dams – Geological investigations of Dam sites. Dam construction problems – remedial measures. Spillways, reservoir problems. Tunnels: problems relating to
tunneling in hard and soft grounds. Geological investigations pertaining to tunneling. Geological
investigations pertaining to harbours, docks, coastal erosion and protection.
Mining Geology
Unit III
Mining terms and their descriptions. Sampling - Principles –– Types Collection &
preparation of samples; Drilling: Types of drills – methods of drilling – geological logging.
Explosives- Blasting – Rock excavations. Methods of stoping. Ventilation. Haulage. Shafts and
shaft sinking. Alluvial mining: panning, sluicing, hydraulicking, drift mining and dredging.
Opencast mining: Mine machinery-power shovel, bucket wheel excavator, conveyor and
spreader. Types of mining- Glory hole, Clay mining, Granite mining, sand mining and stripping.
Unit IV
Subsurface mining - Stoping : Open stopes – supported stopes, shrinkage stopes.
Caving;-Top slicing-sub level caving –block caving. Ground water control – Mine ventilation
Coal Mining: Prospecting and planning – underground mining –Room and pillar method –
long wall (advancing & retreating) method –Pillar robbing- Hydraulicking – Power source
roofing – transportation; strip mining of coal – Augering-cleaning –Grading – Shipping – Future
trends in India. Factors controlling the choice of various mining methods.
Ore Dressing
Unit V
Principles and scope of mineral dressing; Physical and chemical properties of minerals as
applied to mineral dressing. Size reduction Fundamentals – Preliminary breaking – Jaw crushers
– Gyratory crushers and Stamping; -Fine grinding – Wet and dry – Ball Mills;- Size separation –
Screening –Sieve scale, Grizzlies , Vibrating screens;- Settling- Principles and types ;- Jigs;Rakes Classifiers; - shaking tables – Wilfley tables – principles of magnetic electrostatic
separation; - Floatation – Definition, principle and application, –Frothing agents – collecting
agents – Dispersing agents –floatation Machines – Floatation practice and Filtration.
601
M.Sc., Geology
Text Books:
1. F. G. Bell, Frederic Gladstone Bell, 2007 - Engineering geology, ButterworthHeinemann
2. Frederic Gladstone Bell, 2004 - Engineering geology and construction,Taylor &
Francis
3. Krynine, D.P. and Judd, W.R. 1957 principles of Engineering Geology and Geotochniques,
Mcgraw Hill.
4. Legget, R.F. 1962 Geology and Engineering , McGraw Hill
5. Gokhale K.V.G.K and Rao, D.M .1981 Experiments in Engineering Geology, Mcgraw
Hill.
6. Arogyaswamy, R.N.P. 1973 Courses in Mining Geeology, Oxford &IBH, New Delhi.
7. Higham, S 1951 An introduction to Metalliferous mining, Lord
8. Gokhale, K.V.G.K and Rao, T.C. 1978 Ore deposites of India distribution and processing,
Thomson.
9. Mc Kinstry, H.E 1960 Mining Geology, New york.
Books for Reference:
1. Fox, C.S 1949 Engineering Geology, New York
2. Blyth, F.C. 1979 A Geology for Engineers, ELBS
3. Gauding, A.M. 1939 Principles of Mineral Dressing , McGraw Hill.
4. Thamus, P.J. 19790 An introduction to mining, Methun.
5. Taggart, A.E. Elements of ore dressing.
6. Stanton, R.L. 1972 Ore Petrology, Mcraw Hill.
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602
M.Sc., Geology
II YEAR – III SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7MGE3C3
CORE COURSE - XI – PRACTICAL III
PETROLOGY AND GEOLOGICAL MAPPING
Petrology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Megascopic and Microscopic study of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
Modal analysis of rocks.
Mechanical analysis of sediments and statistical studies of data.
Petrochemical calculations – C.I.P.W. Norm.
Niggli values.
Von wolff plots and variation diagrams,
Harker’s diagram and Niggli variation diagram, ACF diagram.
Geological Mapping
A Geological field training for not less than 7 working days should be conducted in
selected and popular igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic terrains of India to impart field
knowledge to students on lithological and structural mapping during first or second year of
the course. Participation in Geological Mapping programme by students under the guidance
of teachers is mandatory. At the end of the programme, every student has to submit his/her
individual report duly signed by the teachers accompanied him/her to the field to the Head of
the Department. Reports thus submitted will be evaluated by Examiners and marks will be
awarded.
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603
M.Sc., Geology
II YEAR – III SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7MGE3C4
CORE COURSE - XII – PRACTICAL-IV
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND ORE MICROSCOPY
Economic Geology
Megascopic identification of important ore minerals. Calculation of ore reserves.
Ore Microscopy
Study of optical properties and identification of selected ores by reflected light- Description
and interpretation of ore textures. Etching and micro chemical techniques.
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604
M.Sc., Geology
II YEAR – III SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7MGE3E1
ELECTIVE COURSE- III - REMOTE SENSING, GIS AND COMPUTATIONAL
GEOLOGY
Remote Sensing
Unit I
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing: Definition, types - Energy sources and radiation
principles -Electromagnetic spectrum – Divisions - Stefan Boltzman’s law – Blackbody - Active
and passive remote sensing system – various platforms of remote sensing. Energy interaction in
the atmosphere. Energy interaction with the earth’s surface features. Spectral reflectance curve,
Data Acquisition, Receiving and recording. Pixel, Path and Row, Swath. Ideal and real remote
sensing system. Thermal and Microwave remote sensing.
Unit II
Types of satellites, Scanning systems and detectors: Across-track and along track
scanning systems, FOV & IFOV, charge couple devices. Sensors and their resolutions: spatial,
spectral, radiometric and temporal. Data products : photographic and digital. Sensor characteristics
of LANDSAT, SPOT, IRS series of satellites and other high resolution satellites. Indian space
programme: past, present and future
Unit III
Satellite Data Interpretation:Visual interpretation: Elements of image interpretation,
interpretation strategies and keys. Digital interpretation - Digital image processing- Image
restoration and rectification. Geometric and radiometric corrections and noise removal. Image
enhancement: contrast manipulation, grey level thresholding, level slicing, contrast stretching,
spatial feature manipulation, spatial filtering, edge enhancement. Multispectral band ratioing and
differencing, colour space transformation. Image classification: supervised, unsupervised and
hybrid classifications. Description of data merging and GIS integration
Geographic Information System
Unit IV
Geographic Information System: Definition of GIS – Basic principles & uses of GIS –
components of GIS - Hardware, Software modules – Vector & Raster Data – Spatial data
Structure projection and Registration. Attribute data management. Data analysis and
manipulation in GIS.
Remote Sensing and GIS Applications in Geology: Interpretation for lithological and
structural mapping, geomorphological studies, mineral exploration, groundwater exploration,
land use / land cover mapping, hazard zonation mapping: earthquakes, volcanoes and landslides.
605
M.Sc., Geology
Computational Geology
Unit V
Computer
Fundamentals of Computer-Hardware and Software-Operation Software-Application
Software. Software for Productivity Work - Open source software for GIS and Image Processing
: QGIS, SAGA, Arc GIS and ERDOS. System configuration/specification related to Geological,
Remote Sensing and GIS tasks. Fundamentals and applications of MS Office.
Geostatistics
Statistics in Geology – Measurement System – Probability, Discrete random variable,
Binomial distribution, Negative binomial distribution, Poisson distribution, Geometric
distribution, Multinomial distribution, Joint Probability, conditional probability, Baye’s
theorem – Continuous random variable, Normal distribution – Statistics, Histogram,
frequency histogram, relative frequency histogram, percentile, quartile, deciles, mean,
median, mode, variance, standard deviation, mean deviation, Coefficient of variance – Joint
variation of two variable, covariance, correlation coefficient – Central limit theorem, standard
error – Testing the mean, Null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, level of significance, critical
region –P-Value – Confidence limits, confidence interval.
Text Books:
1. Tor Bernhardsen, 2002 – Geographic Information System, John Willey and sons
2. C.P.Lox Albert K.W Yehng, 2002 - Concepts and techniques of GIS, Prentice
Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
3. Kaith.C. Clarke et.al – Geographical system and environmental modeling, PHI
learning pvt. Ltd.
4. Andrew K. Skidmore, 2002 - Environmental modelling with GIS and remote
sensing, Taylor & Francis
5. John Alan Richards, Xiuping Jia, 2006 - Remote sensing digital image analysis: an
introduction, Birkhäuser
6. Michel-Claude Girard, Colette Marie Girard, 2003 - Processing of remote sensing
data, Taylor & Francis
7. Robert A. Schowengerdt, 2007 - Remote sensing: models and methods for image
processing, Academic Press
8. Stephen Wise, 2002 - GIS basics,Taylor & Francis
9. Tor Bernhardsen, 2002 - Geographic information systems: an introduction, John
Wiley and Sons
10. John E. Harmon, Steven J. Anderson, 2003 - The design and implementation of
geographic information systems, John Wiley and Sons
11. George B. Korte, George Korte, 2001- The GIS book, Cengage Learning
12. Bruce Ellsworth Davis, 2001- GIS: a visual approach, Cengage Learning Lillesand,
T.M and R.W. Kiefer (2000). Remote sensing and image interpretation. John Wiley &
Sons, New York
13. Sabins, F.F (1987). Remote sensing principles and interpretation. Freeman Publishers,
New York
14. Miller, V. C. (1961). Photogeology. McGraw-Hill
Publishers, New York
15. Siegal, B.S and R. Gillespie (1980). Remote sensing in Geology, John Wiley & Sons,
New York
16. Curran, P (1988). Principles of remote sensing. Corgman Publishers, London
17. Pandey, S.N (1987). Principles and applications of photogeology. Wiley Eastern Ltd.,
New Delhi
606
M.Sc., Geology
18. Burrough, P.A. – 1986 – Principles of Geographical information system for land
resource assessment
19. John C. Davis – 2002 - Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology, 3rd Edition, John
Wiley & Sons.
20. D. A. T. Harper, Sarah L. Long, Claus Nielsen, 2008 – Multivariate Geostatistics:
an introduction with applications, Wiley-Blackwell Hans Wackernagel, Springer,
2003
21. Peter K. Kitanidis, 1997 – Introduction to Geostatistics: Applications to
hydrogeology, Cambridge University Press
22. Krumbein and Graybill 1965 – An introduction to Statistical methods in Geology,
McGraw Hill.
Books for Reference:
1. Allum, J.A.E (1978). Photogeology and regional mapping, Pergamon Press Ltd.,
Oxford
2. Barrett, E.C and C.F. Curtis (1982). Introduction to environmental remote sensing.
Chapman & Hall publishers, New York.
3. Anji Reddy, M (2001). Textbook of remote sensing and GIS, BSP PS Publications,
New Delhi
4. Bruno Marcolongo and Franco Mantovam (1997). Photogeology – Remote sensing
applications in earth sciences, Oxford & IBH Publishers Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
5. Rampal, K.K (1999). Handbook of aerial photography and interpretation. Concept
Publishers Company, New Delhi
6. Jean Yves Scanvic (1997). Aerospatial remote sensing in geology. Oxford & IBH
Publishers Co. Pvt. Ltd.
7. Agarwal, C.S and Garg, P.K (2000). Textbook on remote sensing in natural resources
monitoring and management, Wheeler Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi
8. Narayan, L.R.A (1999). Remote sensing and its application. Universities Press
Ltd., Hyderabad.
9. Rober L. Miller and James Stevenkahn – 1962, Statistical analysis in the Geological
Sciences, John Wiley & sons, Inc.
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607
M.Sc., Geology
II YEAR – IV SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7MGE4C1
CORE COURSE - XIII – PRACTICAL- V
GEOPHYSICS , HYDROGEOLOGY, REMOTE SENSING, GIS AND
COMPUTATIONAL GEOLOGY
Geophysics
Interpretation and study of geological and geophysical data and field maps.
Hydrogeology
Study of hydrological data and their interpretations. Interpretation of pumping test data.
Representation of water analysis data on different types of diagrams.
Remote Sensing and GIS
Elementary exercises relating to photogrammetry, use of pocket and mirror
stereoscopes, photo scale, overlap, side lap, height measurements, annotation of aerial
photographs; Interpretation- lithology, geological structures, landforms, drainage
network, landuse/land cover features. Interpretation of satellite imagery and GIS
applications
Computational Geology
Computation of basic statistical parameter. Computation of Probability, Correlation and
Regression.
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608
M.Sc., Geology
II YEAR – IV SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7MGE4C2
CORE COURSE- XIV - DISSERTATION AND VIVA VOCE
&
FIELD WORK / GEOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONAL TOUR
Dissertation
During final semester, every student in consultation with the Research Supervisor
allotted has to identify a geological problem and work on it adopting standard methodology to
arrive at a solution/conclusion. The entire work is to be submitted in the form a scientific
report in not more than 100 pages excluding Contents, Acknowledgements, List of Figures,
Tables and Plates, Annexures, etc. within a stipulated time to be announced by the Head of
the Department. To carry out the research, student can go to any of the Scientific
Laboratories/Institutions/Universities where research facilities pertaining to the problem
selected are available. In such case, student and/or Internal Research Supervisor has/have to
fix up an External Supervisor from the institution in which the student wish to carry out
his/her research and a consent letter from the External Research Supervisor has to be obtained
before taking up research work and submitted to the Head of the Department.
Field work / Geological Instructional Tour
Field work cum Geological Instructional tour should be conducted for a minimum of
14 and a maximum of 21 working days under the guidance of teachers during first or final
year of the course. Fieldwork includes study of Geology in natural set up and collection of
samples/specimens. Students can also be taken to open cast and underground mines, various
sites of Geological interest in any parts of India and National Laboratories like National
Institute of Oceanography, Goa; National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad;
National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad; Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany,
Lucknow; Physical Research laboratory, Ahmedabad; Central Institute of Mining and Fuel
Research, Dhanbad; Indian Space Research Organisation, Bangalore; Space Application
Centre, Bangalore, etc. Each student at the end of the tour has to submit separately a report
and the collected samples/specimens for an assessment and award of marks by Examiners
(including External Examiner).
Total marks : 200
Distribution of marks :
Evaluation of Dissertation by Research Supervisor and Examiners : 60 marks
Dissertation
Viva Voce by Examiners : 40 marks
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M.Sc., Geology
20 marks for the display of collected samples/specimens
Internal
20 marks for Geological Report.
Field work
External
For 30 marks, questions pertaining to the Geological area visited
/nature of fieldwork carried out etc. testing the field knowledge of a
student will be set. Student has to write an examination and the
answer script will be evaluated by Examiners (including External
Examiner).
For 30 marks, Viva Voce testing the field knowledge of a student will
be
conducted by Examiners (including External Examiner).
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M.Sc., Geology
II YEAR – IV SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7MGE4E1
ELECTIVE COURSE – IV - GEOLOGICAL, GEOPHYSICAL AND
GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION
Geological Exploration
Unit I
Criteria controlling the choice of sites for geological prospecting- Marginal information
of topo sheets and study of field equipment. Field documentation and basic field procedures.
Pitting, trenching, drilling and exploratory mining. Mineralogical, structural, stratigraphical
and geomophological guides to ore search.
Geophysical Exploration
Unit II
A concise account of limitations and applications of various geophysical exploration
methods; The problem of ambiguity in geophysical interpretations; Principle, types, origin,
instruments, field procedure and interpretations of Self Potential, Resistivity and Induced
Polarization methods. A brief account on application of electrical methods in mineral and
petroleum exploration. Electrical well logging techniques.
Unit III
Geodesy of the earth. Newton’s law and its application. The earth’s gravitational field.
Density of rocks and the methods of density measurements. The gravity measuring
instruments. Gravity corrections. Gravitational effects over subsurface bodies of different
shapes. Gravity survey at land and sea. Interpretation of gravity data and depth problems. Brief
account of density logging. Elastic properties of the earth materials. Types of seismic waves, their
propagation and characteristics. Geophones, types of shooting methods, seismic energy source.
Principle of refraction – interpretation of - horizontal two layer, multilayer and dipping layers.
Principle of reflection seismic survey. Problems in seismic survey. Brief outline of sonic
logging.
Unit IV
Basic concepts and principles of magnetic prospecting. Magnetism of the earth and
palaeomagnetism. Magnetic susceptibility of rocks. Magnetic effects from buried magnetic
bodies. Instruments employed in magnetic prospecting. Magnetic survey on land and sea.
Corrections and interpretation of magnetic data. Air-borne magnetic survey. Principles of
radioactive prospecting. Radioactive decay, radioactivity of rocks and minerals. Instruments, field
procedure and interpretations employed in radioactive survey. Application of radiometric
methods, brief account of radiometric logging methods and their applications.
Geochemical Exploration
Unit V
Origin and abundance of elements in the earth’s crust. Mobility of elements, factors
controlling mobility, mobility in surficial and deep seated environment, geochemical dispersion,
recognition of surficial and deep seated dispersion pattern, background and threshold values;
geochemical anomaly, significant and non significant anomalies, bedrock and soil geochemical
surveys. Geochemical explorations for gold, copper and base metals. Application of
611
M.Sc., Geology
geochemistry in Mineral exploration, Oil prospecting and Ground water targeting. An outline on
biogeochemical exploration.
Text Books:
1. McKinstry H.E. (1960) - Mining Geology: Asia Publishing House
2. Mathur S.M. (2001) – Guide to Field Geology: Prentice Hall of India.
3. Ramachandra Rao M.B.(1975) – Outlines of Geophysical Prospecting - A manual for
Geologist: University of Mysore.
4. Dohr.G. (1984): Applied Geophysics- English Book Depot.
5. Lowire. W. (1997) - Fundamentals of Geophysics. Cambridge Low price Editions.
6. Dobrin M.B.(1981) Introduction to Geophysical prospecting. McGraw – Hill
International Book Company.
7. Kearey.P and Brooks.M (1984) An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration- ELBS.
8. Hawkes H.E. and Webb. U.S - (1962)- Geochemistry in mineral Exploration. Harer &
Row.
9. Mason.B (1966); Principles of Geochemistry – Willey Toppan.
Books for Reference:
1. Burger. H.R. (1992)- Exploration Geophysics of the Shallow Subsurface: Prentice Hall
2. Robinson. E.S. and Coruh.C. (2002)- Basic Exploration Geophysics– John Wiley.
3. Gunter Faure. (1998) – Principles and applications of Geochemistry–prentice Hall.
4. Krauskope.B.K.- (1988) ;Introduction to Geochemistry.
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612
M.Sc., Geology
II YEAR – IV SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 7MGE4E2
ELECTIVE COURSE – V - HYDROGEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER
MANAGEMENT
Hydrogeology
Unit I
Hydrogeology: Introduction - Hydrgeological cycle: Occurrence: Ground water
occurrence in Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks – Vertical distribution of ground
water in hard rock regions – water bearing properties of rocks. Geological formations as
aquifers, types of aquifers. Movement of ground water– Laminar and turbulent flow. Darcy’s
law and its applications. Determination of permeability in laboratory and in the field.
Unit II
Groundwater detection: Surface methods: Geomorphological, Structural and
Biological evidences. Subsurface methods: Applications and limitations of Geophysical
methods in groundwater targeting – Detailed account of principles, field procedures, electrode
arrangements, instruments and interpretation of resistivity data. Brief study of electrical well –
logging method of ground water exploration.
Unit III
Well design and well development: Brief introduction about dug wells, tube wells,
jetted wells, infiltration galleries and collector wells. Design of tube well, well screening and
artificial packing – well development through pumping, bridging, surging with air, back
washing, acidizing – method of sealing of poor quality wells, sealing of top, intermediate and
bottom zones in tube wells. Fluctuations of ground water levels; causes and control, features
of Re-charge and discharge areas; Recharge methods and practices.
Unit IV
Pump Test: Methodology and need for pump test – testing of flowing wells: Theim’s
method, Jacob’s method, Chow’s method – evaluation of aquifer parameters through pump
test – estimation of water flow from vertical and horizontal well pipes – Hydraulic
conductivity and field methods for determining the hydraulic conductivity below the water
table. Ground water basins; data collection for basin investigations – water balance studies –
safe yield and over draft. Conjunctive use of surface and ground water reservoirs in India. Sea
water intrusion in coastal areas and its preservations. Ground water provinces of India.
Unit V
Water quality: Geochemical method of ground water exploration – quality of water in
various rock types – water quality parameters and their standards for domestic, industrial and
irrigation purposes. Physical test for determining water quality – chemical test for estimation
of water quality – graphical representation of water quality – diseases and virological aspects
of underground water and remedial measure.
613
M.Sc., Geology
Text Books:
1. Paul F. Hudak, 2005 - Principles of hydrogeology, CRC Press
2. Paul L. Younger, 2007, Groundwater in the environment: an introduction, WileyBlackwell
3. Tim Davie, 2008 - Fundamentals of hydrology, Routledge
4. Andrew D. Ward, Stanley Wayne Trimble, 2004, Environmental hydrology, Lewis
Publishers
5. Carla W Montgomery, 2010 - Environmental Geology, McGraw-Hill
6. Todd, D.K. 1959- Ground water Hydrology, Wiley
7. Tolman, C.F. - 1937, Ground water, McGraw Hill
8. Raghunath, H.M. - 1983 - Groundwater, Wiley Eastern
9. Davis, S.N. and Dewiest, R.J.M, 1966-- Hydrology, Wiley
10. Keller, E.A (1976).Environmental Geology. Charles E. Merril Publishers, New York
11. Lundgren, L (1986). Environmental Geology. Prentice-Hall Publishers, New Jersey
12. Strahler, N, and Strahler, A.H. - 1973 - Environmental Geosciences Wiley Eastern
13. Davis et.a1. - 1976 - Environmental Geoscience, Wiley Eastern
14. Howard, A.D &Irwin Remson (1978). Geology in Environmental Planning. McGrawHill Publications, New York
15. Coates, D.R (1985). Geology and Society. Cahpman and Hall Publishers, New York
16. Janet Watson (1983). Geology and Man - An Introduction to Applied Earth
Sceinces, George Allen and Unwin Publichers, London
17. Miller, G.T.Jr. (1994). Living in the Environment - Principles, Connections and
Solutions. Wadsworth Publishing Company, California.
18. Sinha and Pankaj Srivastava (2000). Earth Resources and Environmental Issues, ABD
Publishers, Jaipur
Books for Reference:
1. Meinzer.O.E - 1962 - Hydrology, Dover
2. Garg, S.P. - 1982 - Groundwater and Tube wells, Oxford and IBH
3. Fox, C.S. - 1949 - Geology of Water supply, Technical Press
4. Frederick Betz, J.R. - 1975 - Environmental Geology -Benchmark papers in Geology,
V.25, Dowden.
5. Abbott, P.C (2002). Natural Disasters, McGraw-Hill Publications, New Delhi
6. Montgomery, C.W (2000). Environmental Geology, McGraw-Hill Publications, New
Delhi
7. Valdiya, K.S (1987). Environmental Geology - Indian Context. Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi
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M.Sc., Geology