Download Muscle Dissection (Cat)

Muscle Dissection (Cat)
DISSECTION INSTRUCTIONS
1. ENJOY THIS DISSECTION!!!
2. ABSOLUTELY NO PICTURES on social media on Instagram or Facebook these pictures are often misunderstood and
lead to complaints about and threaten the integrity of the course.
3. BEFORE you attempt to locate these muscles on the cat you must:
a. Print out or Save on your phone (note you may not want to touch your phone during dissection) the dissection
photos and bookmark the key dissection pages. Look at all muscles of the body region to be dissected BEFORE
beginning dissection. Make notes about locations on your dissection list to assist yourself in locating muscles
during dissection. http://cf.edliostatic.com/jLs7OJpWlYiLUgClb7NosYNtadxuApvD.pdf
b. Do some research...Read what your book has to say about the muscles or muscle groups for the body region
you will be focused on in class. Learn muscle names, locations, action (and origin and insertion for muscles
indicated in the list).
3. STUDY HINT- as you progress through dissection:
a. Use your favorite study technique you are comfortable with to learn muscle names, locations, action (and
origin and insertion when necessary).
b. Do your coloring in the same order we learn the muscles in class (color a few each night) and quiz yourself
using your coloring books and the cat dissection webpages. You will be tested on human diagrams/photos and
the cat specimen.
4. This is YOUR DISSECTION, not mine. You may ask me if the muscle you are holding is the ___ (name).
Muscles are all to be tied with White Yarn or Black Yarn. Then use the small sharp scissor to cut a slit in the TYVEX
label and tie a colored piece of yarn through the label. Use a pencil to write the name and action on the label and tie
on to the first piece of white yarn tied around the muscle BUT DO NOT TIE THE COLORED STRING DIRECTLY
AROUND THE MUSCLE. See the Demo Cats
DISSECTION HINTS:
a. Always safety & specimen care comes first: Read this
Some Dissection Safety Rules
1. If you wear contact lenses, these should be removed when working near chemicals or dissections. Contact lenses can
hold chemicals in the eye(s) increasing the potential damage in the event of an accidental splashing of chemicals into
the eye(s). Everyone should wear goggles.
2. Inform your teacher of any illness as a result of exposure to chemicals used in specimen preparation. Inform your
teacher if any chemicals splash onto the skin or into the eye. Wash at the sink or eye wash immediately.
3. Avoid contact with preservative chemicals. Wear surgical gloves.
4. Place specimens on brown paper towel in the dissection pan to protect your specimen from any mold spores that may
cling to the pan and for the ease of clean-up after dissection.
5. Handle mall probe, scalpel or razor blade (safety edged) with extreme care.
6. Always probe or cut away from your body and away from others.
7. Never ingest specimen parts or remove specimens/specimen parts from the classroom. Properly dispose of
dissected materials in the lab waste can.
8. CLEAN UP- Leave lab station EXACTLY as it was prior to dissection, FAILURE TO DO SO WILL RESULT IN
LOSS OF 5 POINTS PER DAY ON THE GRADED PORTION OF THE DISSECTIONS. DIVIDE these clean up
tasks among the lab members to insure that they are done.
* Give the specimen one quick spray of humectant from neck to toe on the ventral and dorsal sides. Remove the
specimen from the dissection tray and wrap in towel dampened with humectant. Place specimen into the inner plastic
bag, push all air out, rubber band the open end. Place this into the outer bag, push all air out, rubber band the open
end. Place bagged specimens into the plastic container in the cold storage room and tightly close the lid. Place your bin
on the bottom of the stack
* Throw the paper toweling from the lab tray into the lab waste container.
*Spray the dissection tray with disinfectant. Use clean white paper towels to dry it. Place dissection trays on top of
the stack of plastic bins. Disinfect, rinse and thoroughly dry your dissection tools and return them to your lab drawer.
Remove any debris from the sink and floor around your lab bench.
*Clean up the work area by spraying the table top with disinfectant spray and wiping it with white paper toweling. Dry
the table top with a clean white paper towel. Place used paper towels in a lab waste container.
* Check that all your materials are back in your draw and that the lab bin on top of the station contains one dissection
atlas, one copy of cat dissection pictures, one roll of laboratory tape, one sharpie marker, one red charcoal pencil and
two copies of this dissection guide.
*Lastly...Remove your gloves and throw them into the lab waste container. Wash your hands.
b. Proper dissection involves very careful separation of one muscle from another, completely freed from the
surrounding muscles from ORIGIN to INSERTION.
c. Observe the muscle group carefully…look for the direction the fibers are running, look for the whitish
normal cleavage line between two muscles by pulling in different directions on the adjacent muscles,
d. Use the blunt mall probe (you will rarely if ever use or need a scalpel) to break through the connective
tissue between two muscles, they should not appear ragged. The probe should be able to run smoothly
and completely from origin to insertion.
e. Keep up with the class pace. If you get behind, plan on the ENTIRE lab group coming in during lunch OR
after school (See the calendar teacher for after school appointments) to catch up.
HAP Muscle Word Bank
Due to time constraints this semester only do the highlighted MUSCLES ON THIS LIST which also
must be FOUND ON THE HUMAN DIAGRAMS TOO...NOT JUST ON THE SPECIMEN!!!!! YOU
WILL BE TESTED ON HUMAN DIAGRAMS and SPECIMEN. THIS LIST WILL SERVE AS YOUR
STUDY GUIDE FOR THIS UNIT! The other muscles should be drawn on your full size human
poster.
You will be responsible for Identification and HUMAN action of each muscle (given in parenthesis)
on this list. You will be responsible for a few selected muscles’ origins and insertions (indicated in
the list)
Students who are not actively dissecting should be either coloring along in the coloring book or
working on the same muscle on the Human Sized Poster. ROTATE activities each day, that
includes clean up.
**Origins and Insertions: If you are asked to look up the human origin and human insertion then you will be
tested on this for specific muscles.
SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES (THOSE THAT CAN BE FOUND WITHOUT TRANSECTING ANOTHER MUSCLE)
DEEP MUSCLES (THOSE THAT CAN BE FOUND ONLY AFTER TRANSECTING ANOTHER MUSCLE) you most likely
will not be dissecting deep muscles due to time constraints.
Locate and identify the muscles in this order. Read the entire muscle description and directions BEFORE you
begin. Corresponding Human muscle diagrams and charts Ch 10 Tables 10.1-10.17
Part 1: Muscles of the hind limb of cat. Corresponding lower extremity human muscle diagrams and charts Ch 10
Tables 10.14-10.17.
___ 1. **biceps femoris (hamstring- orange) (extends thigh at hip and flexes knee) LOOK UP THE HUMAN
ORIGIN AND INSERTIONO= ___________________ I= ___________
___ 2. semitendinosus (hamstring- aqua) (extends thigh at hip and flexes knee)
___ 3. sciatic nerve ...LOCATE AND TIE IT (NO TAG NEEDED, NOT A MUSCLE)
___ 4. sartorious (purple) (abducts the thigh and flexes leg (cross legs))
___ 5. tensor fasciae latae (red) ( flexes and abducts thigh)
___ 6. "I.T. BAND" LOCATE AND TIE IT (NO TAG NEEDED, NOT A MUSCLE). Iliotibial tract information: If the
hip abductors are weak, then the ITB is being overworked. The ITB does not have an insertion that offers a
favorable mechanical advantage. In fact, it is at a considerable disadvantage for the purpose of hip and leg
abduction activity. Therefore when the hip abductors are weak, the tensor fascia latae must contract harder and
over a longer period of time thus straining the ITB.
___ 7. gracilis (lavender) (adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates thigh when walking, flexes knee)
___ 8. adductor MAGNUS (in cat is adductor FEMORIS- lt. green) (complex actions: anterior part adducts, medially
rotates and flexes thigh; posterior part synergist to hamstrings thigh extension)
___ 9. adductor longus (dk. green) (adducts, flex, medially rotates thigh)
___ 10. pectineus *ID ON HUMAN DIAGRAMS ONLY DO NOT TIE ON THE CAT (dk. blue) (adducts, flexes,
medially rotates thigh)
___ 11. iliopsoas * ID ON HUMAN DIAGRAMS ONLY DO NOT TIE ON THE CAT ...(yellow) (prime mover thigh
flexion, flexing trunk on thigh "taking a bow")
___ 12. vastus medialis (quadriceps- black) ( extend knee, stabilizes knee joint)
___ 13. vastus lateralis (quadriceps- goldenrod) (extends knee stabilizes knee joint)
___ 14. vastus intermedius ID ON HUMAN DIAGRAMS ONLY DO NOT TIE ON THE CAT (quadriceps- white)
(extends knee)
___ 15. rectus femoris (quadriceps- pink) ( extend knee and flex thigh at hip) LOOK UP THE HUMAN ORIGIN AND
INSERTION O= ___________________ I= ___________
___ 16. semimembranosus (hamstring- tan) ( extends thigh at hip and flexes knee)
___ 17. tibialis anterior (red) (prime mover of dorsiflexion and inverts foot) LOOK UP THE HUMAN ORIGIN AND
INSERTION O= ___________________ I= ___________
___ 18. extensor digitorum longus (lt. blue) (prime mover of toe extension)
___ 19. fibularis/peroneus longus (yellow) (plantar flex and evert foot helping to keep the foot flat on the ground)
___ 20. flexor hallucis longus * ID ON HUMAN DIAGRAMS ONLY DO NOT TIE ON THE CAT (aqua) (plantar flex
and invert foot flexes great toe (hallux)
___ 21. tibialis posterior (white) (prime mover of foot inversion, plantar flexes foot and stabilizes medial longitudinal
arch of foot when roller skating)
___ 22. soleus (dk. green) (plantar flexes foot, important postural muscle when walking, running, dancing)
___ 23. tibial branch of sciatic nerve LOCATE IT AND TIE IT
___ 24. flexor digitorum longus (rose) (plantar flexes, inverts foot and flexes toes to "grip" the ground when walking)
___ 25. plantaris (dk. blue) (synergist to knee flexion and plantar flexion)
___ 26. gastrocnemius (part of Triceps surae- gray) (plantar flexion and flex knee with dorsiflexed foot) LOOK UP
THE HUMAN ORIGIN AND INSERTION O= ___________________ I= ___________
___ 27. calcaneal tendon (achilles)… LOCATE AND TIE IT (NO TAG NEEDED, NOT A MUSCLE).
___ 28. caudofemoralis (Cat only...no human homologue SO DOES NOT APPEAR ON HUMAN DIAGRAM, tie with name
only, no action- brown)
___ 29. gluteus maximus l (dk. blue) (extends abducts thigh, powerful in standing up from sitting position, climbing
stairs )
___ 30. gluteus medius (lt. blue) (abducts and medially rotates thigh, important in stabilizing pelvis when walking so
that foot clears the floor when stepping forward)
___ 31. gluteus minimus * ID ON HUMAN DIAGRAMS ONLY DO NOT TIE ON THE CAT (brown)
Part 2: Muscles of the trunk. *NOTE Abdominal wall muscles are very thin and you could perforate the abdominal
sack, work carefully! Corresponding human muscle diagrams and charts Ch 10 Tables 10.4-10.9. (all muscles must
be on Human Poster, except cat muscles)
USE WINDOWING TECHNIQUE- WATCH Mrs. Carother’s demonstration before attempting abdominal wall or
anterior chest muscles!
___ 1. Linea alba- not a muscle LOCATE AND TIE A SECTION (NO TAG NEEDED, NOT A MUSCLE) (fascia insertion
of obliques + transverse abdominis)
___ 2. external oblique (aqua) NOTE THE DIRECTION THE FIBERS RUN. It is immediately beside the rectus
abdominis. DO NOT GO TOO DEEP!! Carefully free it from the rectus abdominis and then gently pull it back so you
can see the deeper muscles. (flexes vertebral column, compresses the abdomen and laterally flexes and rotates
vertebral column when only one contracts)
___ 3.**rectus abdominis (purple) CAREFULLY lift the rectus abdominis on one side to the midline of the abdomen, DO
NOT peforate the abdominal wall! (flexes and rotates lumbar region of vertebral column; increases intra abdominal
pressure) LOOK UP THE HUMAN ORIGIN AND INSERTION O= ________________ I= ___________
___ 4. transverse abdominis (tan) NOTE THE DIRECTION THE FIBERS RUN. DO NOT GO TOO DEEP!! Carefully lift
a small 1/4 inch section of fibers and tie them. (compresses abdominal contents)
___ 5. internal oblique (lavender) (NOTE THE DIRECTIONS THE FIBERS RUN. DO NOT GO TOO DEEP!! Carefully
lift a small 1/4 inch section of fibers and tie them. (flexes the vertebral column, compresses the abdomen and
laterally flexes and rotates the vertebral column when only one contracts)
____6. Tendinous intersections * ID ON HUMAN DIAGRAMS ONLY DO NOT TIE ON THE CAT ... (creates the 6pack look in humans but is absent or hard to see in the cat)
____7. xiphihumeralis (Cat only...no human homologue SO DOES NOT APPEAR ON HUMAN DIAGRAM, tie with name
only, no action - black)
____8. pectoantebrachialis ( Cat only...no human homologue SO DOES NOT APPEAR ON HUMAN DIAGRAM, tie with
name only, no action - brown)
____9. pectoralis minor (dk. green) (moves scapula forward and downward)
____ 10. pectoralis major (lt. green) (primary arm flexor, and rotates the arm medially adducting against resistance
CLIMBING, THROWING, PUSHING AND IN FORCED INSPIRATION)
___ 11. subscapularis LOCATE ON HUMAN DIAGRAM ONLY DO NOT TIE ON THE CAT (prime medial rotator of
humerus assisted by pectoralis major; stabilizes shoulder joint by holding head of humerus in the glenoid cavity)
(white)
___ 12. external intercostals (elevate ribs during inspiration) (*To locate in the cat lift the xiphihumeralis & external
oblique and look between the ribs. DO NOT TIE ON THE CAT...JUST LOOK (to small too tie) (dk. blue)
___ 13. internal intercostals (depress ribs during forced expiration) (*To locate in the cat lift and reflect a few fibers
of the external intercostals. DO NOT TIE ON THE CAT...JUST LOOK (too small to tie) (lt. blue)
___ 14. serratus anterior (yellow) (abducts and rotates scapula upward such as when throwing a punch "boxer's
muscle") Separate each of the "fingers" of the serratus before tying the muscle.
___ 15.scalene (rose) (elevates first 2 ribs during inspiration; flex and rotate neck)
___ 16. diaphragm ID ON HUMAN DIAGRAMS ONLY DO NOT TIE ON THE CAT (primer mover of inspiration)
(brown)
___ 17. latissimus dorsi (orange) (arm extension and powerful arm adductor; medially rotates arm at shoulder and
depresses scapula " POWER STROKE IN HAMMERING, SWIMMING AND ROWING)
___ 18. Lumbodorsal fascia- LOCATE AND TIE A SECTION (NO TAG NEEDED, NOT A MUSCLE) (origin of latissimus
dorsi, external oblique on cat and human)
___ 19.**Errector Spinae (red) GROUP- cut a slit in the lumbodorsal fascia and life one strip of muscle to tie, this is
one of the three short strips of muscles *iliocostalis, *longissimus * spinalis that lie along the vertebra to extend
the vertebra/spine, it does not matter which strip you select as we are treating this group as if they were one
muscle. (extend the vertebral column when both sides contract, and flexes the vertebral column laterally when only
one side contracts) LOOK UP THE HUMAN ORIGIN AND INSERTION OF SPINALIS O=
___________________ I= ___________
____ 20. trapezius –(black) on a cat there are three sections: clavotrapezius, acromotrapezius and spinotrapezius
isolate and tie each section, write action on one of the three tags. (elevates, adducts and depresses scapula and
extends head)
___a. spinotrapezius
___b. acromiotrapezius
___c . clavotrapezius
___ 21.levator scapulae ventralis (gray) (elevates/adducts scapula)
____22. deltoid (goldenrod) on a cat there are three distinct muscles clavodeloid, acromodeltoid and spinodeltoid,
these correspond to the anterior, middle and posterior fibers of the human muscle. Isolate and tie each section,
write the action on one of the three tags. (arm abduction (all three parts working together and arm flexion if only
the anterior fibers are active and arm extension, if only the posterior fibers are active)
____a. spinodeltoid
____b.acromiodeltoid
____c. clavodeltoid (clavobrachialis)
___ 23. rhomboideus (pink) there are three in the cat capitis, major and minor; and two in the human Major and Minor.
Isolate capitis from major and minor on the cat, you can tie major and minor together, tie and tag both, write the
action on one of the two tags. (together they elevate, adduct and rotate scapula downward to "SQUARE THE
SHOULDER LIKE A SOLDIER" and rotate the glenoid cavity downward LIKE IN PADDLING A CANOE"
___a. rhomboid capitis
___ b. rhomboid minor & rhomboid major *may be tied as one because they are so closely fused in cat*
___ 24.supraspinatus LOCATE ON HUMAN DIAGRAM ONLY DO NOT TIE ON THE CAT (as part of the rotator
cuff muscles stabilizes shoulder joint to help prevent downward dislocation of humerus) (lt. green)
___ 25. infraspinatus LOCATE ON HUMAN DIAGRAM ONLY DO NOT TIE ON THE CAT (also part of the rotator
cuff muscles stabilizes shoulder joint) (dk. green)
Part 3: Face and Neck Muscles. Corresponding Human muscle diagrams and charts Ch 10 Tables 10.1-10.4
BE CAREFUL OF THE BLOOD VESSELS...DO NOT CUT OR DAMAGE THESE DURING THE NECK
DISSECTION!!! WORK AROUND THE BLOOD VESSELS. (all muscles must be on Human Poster, except cat
muscles)
___1. EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN and TRANSVERSE JUGULAR VEIN- ID AND TAG
___2. sternocleidomastoid *(red) NOTE: in the cat you will ID the sternomastoid only (prime mover of head flexion
(both sides contracting), rotation head when one side acting alone)
___3. mylohyoid (purple) (helps in swallowing to move tongue)
___4. digastric (pink) (opens mouth/depresses mandible)
___5. **masseter (black) (closes mouth/elevates mandible) LOOK UP THE HUMAN ORIGIN AND INSERTIONO=
___________________ I= ___________
___6. sternohyoid (lavender) (helps in swallowing to move tongue)
___7. **temporalis * ID ON HUMAN DIAGRAMS ONLY DO NOT TIE ON THE CAT...JUST LOOK ... (elevates and
retracts mandible) (aqua) LOOK UP THE HUMAN ORIGIN AND INSERTION O= ___________________ I=
___________
___ 8. orbicularis oculi * ID ON HUMAN DIAGRAMS ONLY DO NOT TIE ON THE CAT...JUST LOOK ... (closes
eye, blinking, squinting) (lt. blue)
___ 9.platysma * ID ON HUMAN DIAGRAMS ONLY DO NOT TIE ON THE CAT...JUST LOOK ... (Thin sheet of
muscle, depresses/lowers mandible, pulls lower lip down at the corner in a grimace) (yellow) * note: this muscle
may have been removed in the cat or may have been sliced to inject the latex dye.
___ 10. buccinator * ID ON HUMAN DIAGRAMS ONLY DO NOT TIE ON THE CAT...JUST LOOK ... (compresses
cheek to suck in on a straw) (orange)
___ 11.frontalis * ID ON HUMAN DIAGRAMS ONLY DO NOT TIE ON THE CAT...JUST LOOK ... (raises eyebrows;
wrinkles forward as in surprise) (lt. green)
___12.corrugator supercilli * ID ON HUMAN DIAGRAMS ONLY DO NOT TIE ON THE CAT...JUST LOOK ... (pulls
eyebrows together and wrinkles forehead in a frown) (dk. green)
__ 13. zygomaticus major & minor* ID ON HUMAN DIAGRAMS ONLY DO NOT TIE ON THE CAT...JUST LOOK
... (raises corners of mouth to smile) (rose)
___ 14. orbicularis oris * ID ON HUMAN DIAGRAMS ONLY DO NOT TIE ON THE CAT...JUST LOOK ... (closes
and protrudes lips as in kissing or whistling) (dk. blue)
Part 4: Upper Extremity Muscles. Corresponding Human muscle diagrams and charts Ch 10 Tables 10.9-10.13.
Forearm muscles are difficult to dissect due to a tough fascia sheath. (all muscles must be on Human Poster,
except cat muscles)
___ 1.**triceps brachii (purple) all three heads: lateral/long/medial- isolate and tie individually, write action on one of
the three tags (forearm extensor) LOOK UP THE HUMAN ORIGIN AND INSERTION OF LATERAL HEAD O=
___________________ I= ___________
___a lateral head of triceps
___ b. long head of triceps
___c. medial head of triceps
___ 2. epitrochlearis (dk green) Cat only...no human homologue SO DOES NOT APPEAR ON HUMAN DIAGRAM, tie
with name only, no action
___ 3. brachialis (pink) (forearm flexor to lift ulna when biceps lifts the radius)
___ 4. ** biceps brachii (dk blue) (flexes elbow joint while it supinates forearm when it rotates the radius)
UP THE HUMAN ORIGIN AND INSERTION FOR LONG HEAD O= ____________ I= ________
LOOK
___ 5. brachioradialis (red) If the cat was skinned carefully, then this very thin muscle is present and identifiable
because of the vein and artery that runs its length. (syneregist to forearm flexion when forearm partially flexed
and pronated)
___ 6. Retinaculum- TIE ONLY (NOT A MUSCLE, NO TAG NEEDED) consists of a group of heavy connective fibers in
the tissues of the wrist. It connects the lateral margin of the radius (shorter forearm bone) with the inside border
of the ulna (longer forearm bone) and with certain bones of the wrist. The retinaculum gives off branches of
connective tissue to the underlying wrist bones, creating a series of sheath-like compartments through which the
tendons of the extensor muscles pass to the wrist and fingers.
___ 7. extensor carpi radialis longus (yellow) (extends and abducts hand, in a cat this muscle may often be fused with
the extensor carpi radialis brevis *tie them together)
___ 8. pronator teres (orange) (pronates forearm)
___ 9. **flexor carpi radialis (lt blue) (flexes and abducts the hand)
INSERTION O= ___________________ I= ___________
LOOK UP THE HUMAN ORIGIN AND
___10. palmaris longus (lavender) ( weak wrist flexor) Put on Human Poster only.
___ 11. flexor carpi ulnaris (black) (powerful flexor of wrist; also adducts hand)
___ 12. Flexor pollicis longus * ID ON HUMAN DIAGRAMS ONLY ... (flexes pollex) (lt. green)
___ 13. extensor digitorum (communis) (gray) (it has four tendons, trace them to the digits. It extends the digits)
___ 14. extensor digitorum lateralis (tan) (Cat only...no human homologue SO DOES NOT APPEAR ON HUMAN
DIAGRAM, tie with name only, no action)
___ 15. **extensor carpi ulnaris (goldenrod) (has a shiny tendon. extends the wrist) LOOK UP THE HUMAN ORIGIN
AND INSERTION O= ___________________ I= ___________