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REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA Public Administration Country Profile Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM) Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) United Nations September 2007 All papers, statistics and materials contained in the Country Profiles express entirely the opinion of the mentioned authors. They should not, unless otherwise mentioned, be attributed to the Secretariat of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of material on maps in the Country Profiles do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Table of Contents Table of Contents........................................................................................... 1 Colombia ...................................................................................................... 2 1. General Information ................................................................................... 4 1.1 People.................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Economy .............................................................................................. 4 1.3 Public Spending ..................................................................................... 5 1.4 Public Sector Employment and Wages....................................................... 5 2. Legal Structure .......................................................................................... 6 2.1 Legislative Branch.................................................................................. 6 2.2 Executive Branch ................................................................................... 6 2.3 Judiciary Branch .................................................................................... 7 2.4 Local Government.................................................................................. 7 3. The State and Civil Society .......................................................................... 8 3.1 Ombudsman ......................................................................................... 8 3.2 Civil Society and NGOs ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 4. Civil Service .............................................................................................10 4.1 Legal basis...........................................................................................10 4.2 Recruitment .........................................................................................10 4.3 Promotion............................................................................................11 4.4 Training...............................................................................................11 4.5 Remuneration ......................................................................................11 4.6 Gender................................................................................................11 5. Ethics and Civil Service ..............................................................................13 5.1 Corruption ...........................................................................................13 5.2 Ethics..................................................................................................12 6. e-Government ..........................................................................................15 6.1 e-Government UNPAN Link.....................................................................15 7. Links .......................................................................................................16 7.1 National sites .......................................................................................15 7.2 Miscellaneous sites................................................................................15 1 Colombia Argentina Click here for map of Latin America and the Caribbean Government type Republic Independence 20 July 1810 (from Spain) Constitution: 5 July 1991; amended many times Legal system Based on Spanish law; a new criminal code modeled after US procedures was enacted into law in 2004 and is gradually being implemented; judicial review of executive and legislative acts Administrative divisions 32 departments and 1 capital district*; Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlantico, Bogota*, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Cundinamarca, Guainia, Guaviare, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Quindio, Risaralda, San Andres y Providencia, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes, Vichada Source: The World Factbook - Colombia Source: The World Factbook - Colombia 2 Colombia is located in the northwestern region of South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the North by the Atlantic Ocean, through the Caribbean Sea; and to the west by Panama and the Pacific Ocean. Besides the countries in South America, the Republic of Colombia is recognized to share maritime borders with the Caribbean countries of Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic and the Central American countries of Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica. In contrast to the usual pattern found in Latin America, Colombia has had a long history of civilian rule and control over the armed forces. Since gaining independence from Spain in the early nineteenth century, Colombia has experienced only three intervals of military government. Despite the establishment of civilian rule in 1850, Colombia continues to face internal armed conflict and several unsuccessful attempts at negotiating peace, Colombia remains immersed in violence, with the state pitted against two well-armed guerrilla organizations, ELN (Ejército Popular de Liberación) and FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia), and fast growing paramilitary forces. Bereft of any meaningful political cause since the end of the Cold War, the irregular armed organizations have become deeply involved in kidnapping, drug trafficking and terrorism. The FARC and the paramilitary forces produce some 80 per cent of the world’s cocaine and the ELN is responsible for a large proportion of about 4,000 kidnappings committed every year in Colombia. On May 26th 2002, Colombians elected Álvaro Uribe to succeed President Andrés Pastrana, whose efforts to find a negotiated solution to the armed conflict with the FARC and ELN ended in failure. During almost four years of government peace efforts, which included the granting of a large demilitarized zone to the FARC and saw a number of peace initiatives launched by the international community, no progress could be made regarding respect for international humanitarian law, lasting ceasefires or viable negotiation agendas. Uribe was reelected president in 2006 and has continued his mandate to crack down on Colombian rebels. Instead, the irregular forces and Colombia’s military and police have grown in size and firepower and warfare has become more intense, spreading also to the cities. Moreover, a flawed counter-narcotics strategy has seen Colombia’s role in the drug trade increase, and tensions with bordering states, in particular Venezuela, have not been resolved. Source: International Crisis Group; www.crisisgroup.org/ 3 1. General Information 1.1 People Colombia Argentina Chile Population 1 a Total estimated population (,000), 2003 44,945,790 Female estimated population (,000), 2003 20,884,475 i 19,592 7,982 Male estimated population (,000), 2003 20,024,088 i 18,836 7,824 Sex ratio (males per 100 females), 2003 Average annual rate of change of pop. (%), 2000-2005 i 38,428 15,806 -- 96 98 1.5 1.17 1.23 Youth and Elderly Population b Total population under age 15 (%), 2003 30.3 27 27 Female population aged 60+ (%), 2003 7.5 vi 15 12 Male population aged 60+ (%), 2003 7.5 vi 12 10 88 86 i Human Settlements c Urban population (%), 2001 77.4 Rural population (%), 2001 22.6 i 12 14 Urban average annual rate of change in pop. (%), ‘00-‘05 2.24 1.35 1.48 Rural average annual rate of change in pop/ (%), ‘00-‘05 -0.5 -0.06 -0.72 Total school life expectancy, 2000/2001 -- 14.3i 13 1 Female school life expectancy, 2000/2001 -- 13 1 Male school life expectancy, 2000/2001 -- 13 1 i Education d i 15 i 13.5 ii iii Female estimated adult (15+) illiteracy rate (%), 2000 7.5 3.2 4.4 Male estimated adult (15+) illiteracy rate (%), 2000 7.7 3.2ii 4.1iii Employment 2 2 e Unemployment rate (15+) (%), 2000 43.63 i Female adult (+15) economic activity rate (%), 2000 33.54 i Male adult (+15) economic activity rate (%), 2000 53.88 i 15iv 7.9vi 1 iv vi 2 vi 2 44 iv 73 35 73 Notes: i 2005; ii 1991; iii 1992; iv Aged 10 years and over, Months of May and October, 28 urban agglomerations; v 1999, Aged 10 years and over, Excluding the rural population of Rondonia, Acre, Amazonas, Roraima, Par and Amap, Month of September; vi 2005, Total population aged 60= 1.2 Economy Colombia Argentina Chile 97.7 i 102,191 64,154 2,694 4,118 GDP 2 a GDP total (millions US$), 2002 2,673 i GDP per capita (US$), 2002 354,265 401,817 148,945 7,256 i 10,594 9,561 Value added in agriculture (% of GDP), 2005 12.5 11.1 8.8 Value added in industry (% of GDP), 2005 34.2 34.8 34.3 Value added in services (% of GDP), 2005 53.3 54.1 56.9 PPP GDP total (millions int. US$), 2002 PPP GDP per capita(int. US$), 2002 i Sectors b Miscellaneous c 322.6 10.7 4.4 Private consumption (% of GDP), 2003 -- 62.7 63.3 Government consumption (% of GDP), 2003 -- 11.4 11.4 GDP implicit price deflator (annual % growth), 2003 Notes: 1 United Nations Statistics Division: Statistics Division and Population Division of the UN Secretariat; b Statistics Division and Population Division of the UN Secretariat; c Population Division of the UN Secretariat; d1 UNESCO ; d2 UNESCO; e1 ILO; e2 ILO/OECD 2 World Bank - Data and Statistics: a Quick Reference Tables; b Data Profile Tables ; c Country at a Glance a 4 1.3 Public Spending Colombia Argentina Chile Public expenditures 3 i Education (% of GNP), 1991 2.4 Education (% of GNP), 2002-04 4.9 -- Health (% of GDP), 2003-2004 6.4 2.4ii 2.7 Military (% of GDP), 1990 2.2 1.3 3.6 b Military (% of GDP), 2004 3.8 1.3 3.3 b Total debt service (% of GDP), 1990 9.7 4.4 9.1 Total debt service (% of GDP), 2004 7.9 9.6 8.7 Health (% of GDP), 1990 Notes: i Data refer to the ministry of education only; ii 1.4 3.3 a 3.5 3.6 a 4.2 2.2 1999 1.4 Public Sector Employment and Wages Data from the latest year available Colombia 1991-1995 Colombia 1996-2000 251.0 .. Latin America & Caribbean average4 1996-2000 Excluding the Caribbean average4 1996-2000 Middle income group average4 1996-2000 0.69 0.74 0.59 0.69 0.74 0.59 0.58 0.58 1.20 .. .. 0.70 .. .. 0.30 0.34 0.37 0.46 2.16 2.16 3.61 .. .. 6.05 Employment Civilian Central Government5 Sub-national Government5 Education employees Health employees Police Armed forces SOE Employees Total Public Employment (,000) (% pop.) (,000) (% pop.) (,000) (% pop.) (,000) -- .. 859.0 .. -- .. 228.0 .. -- .. 102.0 .. (% pop.) -- .. (,000) .. .. (% pop.) (,000) (% pop.) (,000) .. .. 67.0 68.0 -- -- 138.0 .. (% pop.) -- .. (,000) -- .. (% pop.) .. Wages Total Central gov't wage bill (% of GDP) 2.1 2.7 6.6 5.6 8.5 Total Central gov’t wage bill (% of exp) 17.0 14.8 20.3 19.7 21.6 Average gov't wage (,000 LCU) 17.8 14.7 Real ave. gov’t wage ('97 price) (,000 LCU) 19.3 14.8 1.8 2.0 4.2 Average gov’t wage to per capita GDP ratio 2.6 1.9 Source: World Bank - Public Sector Employment and Wages 3 UNDP - Human Development Report 2002 Data refer to total public expenditure on education, including current and capital expenditures. b As a result of a number of limitations in the data, comparisons of military expenditure data over time and across countries should be made with caution. For detailed notes on the data see SIPRI (2001). 4 Averages for regions and sub regions are only generated if data is available for at least 35% of the countries in that region or sub region. 5 Excluding education, health and police – if available (view Country Sources for further explanations). a 5 2. Legal Structure T he politics of Colombia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Colombia is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of congress, the Senate of Colombia and the House of Representatives of Colombia. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Source: U.S. Department of State - Background Notes 2.1 Legislative Branch Bicameral National Congress consists of Senate and Chamber of Representatives women in parliament: Senate: 12 out of 102 (11.8%); Chamber of Representatives: 14 out of 166 (8.4%).6 The Congress of Colombia consists of a 166-seat Chamber of Representatives and a 102-seat Senate. Members of both houses are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. Senators are elected on the basis of a nationwide ballot, while representatives are elected in multimember districts co-located within the 32 national departments. The country's capital is a separate capital district and elects its own representatives. Members may be re-elected indefinitely, and, in contrast to the previous system, there are no alternate congressmen. Congress meets twice a year, and the president has the power to call it into special session when needed. Source: La Camara/Composicion; www.camara.gov.co/ Fact box: Elections: Senate and Chamber of Representatives last held 12 March 2006. Political parties that won the majority votes in both houses of congress include Partido Liberal Colombiano, Partido Social de Unidad Nacional and Partido Conservador Colombiano 2.2 Executive Branch The Colombian Congress amended the constitution on October 19th 2005, which now allows presidents to serve up to two consecutive four-year terms instead of a single four-year term. Article 188 of the Political Constitution of Colombia describes the constituents and roles of the Executive Branch. The President of the Republic is head of the state, head of the government and supreme administrative authority. Fact box: Chief of state and head of government: President Alvaro Uribe Velez was reelected in May 28 2006 with 62% of the vote. The National Government is formed by the President of the Republic, the Vice-president of the Republic, the ministers of the office and the directors of administrative departments. The President of the Republic and the Minister or corresponding Director of Department, in each particular business, constitutes the Government. 6 Inter-Parliamentary Union - Women in National Parliaments 6 Source: Presidencia de la Republica/Funciones; web.presidencia.gov.co President Uribe was reelected with 62% of the vote in May 2006. In congressional elections in March 2006, the three leading pro-Uribe parties (National Unity, Conservative Party, and Radical Change) won clear majorities in both houses of congress. In late 2006, the Supreme Court began investigations and ordered the arrest of some members of congress for actions on behalf of paramilitary groups. Source: U.S. Department of State, Background Notes-Colombia 2.3 Judiciary Branch In 1991, the government set up five regional jurisdictions to handle narcotics, terrorism, and police corruption cases in which anonymous judges and prosecutors handle the major trials of narcotics terrorists.7 The judiciary system comprises a Constitutional Court, Supreme Court of Justice, Council of State, the Higher Judiciary Council, and superior and municipal courts. The Supreme Court in Bogotá is composed of 24 magistrates selected for lifetime terms by justices already in office. Guidelines and the general structure for Colombia's administration of justice are set out in Law 270 of March 7, 1996. The Supreme Court reviews state and municipality laws, frames bills to be submitted to Congress, and proposes reforms. It acts as an advisory board to the government and can veto decrees. It has original jurisdiction in impeachment trials and constitutional interpretation and appellate jurisdiction in ordinary judicial matters. The court is divided into four chambers—civil cassation, criminal cassation, labor cassation, and constitutional procedure. The judiciary branch has generated controversy dealing with political relations between jurists and the Government, and institutional confrontations with high level corporations. However, recent reforms that have taken place within the judiciary branch have increased citizen confidence in the judicial institution and have sought to promote the rights of the Constitution from a mere theoretical formulation into reality. Source: Información General; Government of Colombia www.ramajudicial.gov.co/csj 2.4 Local Government The Municipalities of Colombia are decentralized subdivisions of the Republic of Colombia. Municipalities make up most of the departments of Colombia with some 1,119 municipalities. Each one of them is led by a Mayor elected by popular vote and represents the maximum executive government official at a municipality level under the mandate of the governor of their department which is a representative of all municipalities in the Department. The municipalities of Colombia are also grouped in an association called the Federación Colombiana de Municipios (Colombian Federation of Municipalities) which functions as a union under the private law and under the constitutional right to free association to defend their common interests. Source: Federacion Colombiana de Municipios, www.fcm.org.co/ 7 Library of Congress Country Study-Colombia 7 3. The State and Civil Society 3.1 Ombudsman The Defensoría del Pueblo, representative of the Colombian Ombudsman Office, is an institution that acts within a framework to impel the effectiveness of democratic, participation and the implementation of pluralistic rights. The establishment of the functions defining the role of the Colombian Ombudsman Office is stated in Article 281 of the Political Constitution of 1991. Various functions of the Defensoría del Pueblo are listed below: • To observe and make recommendations to authorities and individuals involving threats or violations to human rights. To guard and promote the exercise of human rights. The Defensoría del Pueblo can inform Congress and make such recommendations and observations available to the public. • To make diagnoses of general economic, social, cultural, legal and political situations and the effects of the State’s actions on Colombian citizens. • To spread the knowledge of the Colombian Political Constitution, especially fundamental, social, economic, cultural, and collective the rights. • To demand, to oppose or to defend the request of any individual dealing with issues relating to human rights before the Constitutional Court. To interpose criminal actions in defense of the National Constitution, the Law, the general interest of the individual, before any jurisdiction, public servant or authority. Sources: Defensoría del Pueblo Rupublica de Colombia;www.defensoria.org.co/red/ 3.2 Civil Society and NGOs Participacion Ciudadana, a civil organization associated with the State, provides a scope in which Colombian citizens participate to defend their collective interests and promote activities in the public sphere. Below are the general objectives of Participacion Ciudadana. • • • • To obtain ample informed citizen participation with proposal capacity. To establish a framework that impels democratic principles that allow diverse representation and participation in the proposal of amendments to the Political Constitution of the State. To construct a country in which citizens are informed about the rights, duties, and guarantees that is granted to them by the national constitution. To support the formation of parliamentary space with social movements so as to strengthen the capacity that allows citizens permanent appropriation of democracy. To foment the participation and the presence of social movements and actors in political processes. Source: www.vicepresidencia.gob.bo/ParticipaciónCiudadana 8 The emergence of Organizaciones No Gubernamentales (Non-Governmental Organizations, NGOs) started in Colombia during the late 1950s. Around half of the NGOs that exist today were created between 1961 and 1980. With the aid of financial and technical support provided by religious and secular organizations from developed countries, NGOs have grown and expanded their areas of interest, as well as their organizational forms. The organizational process has become more complex with the creation of multiple networks, alliances with the public and private sectors, and the creation of confederations, including the Confederacion Colombiana de ONGs (CCONG). Source: CCONG; www.ccong.org.co/generales/federaciones.htm In 2007, there were 2,494 records for non-governmental organizations in the country, according to Aida (Accessible Information on Development Activities). Sources: Development Gateway; www.aida.developmentgateway.org/aida The democratic opening begun during the mid-1980s and the Constitution of 1991, in particular, have generated a favorable environment for the construction of that public institutionality and a broadening of pluralist and democratic participation of NGOs in the orientation and development of public policies in Colombia. The fragmented perception of the sector has slowly begun to change based upon this new Constitution and the process of increased autonomy of civil organizations in relation to the government and political parties. The re-structuring of the government, the establishment of participatory democracy, the deepening of decentralization, and the greater importance of the private sector in social service provision have all contributed to the greater visibility of NGOs. Although the new Constitution and the opening of public democratic spaces for the participation of NGOs established conditions for a more vibrant civil society, the leverage of a political caste pledged to constitutional counter-reformation, the influence still held by clientelism, and the political violence prevailing all across the country have created a huge counter-weight against the potential for change opened by these developments. To consolidate democracy in the midst of the crossfire between guerrilla movements and paramilitary groups, whose most frequent victims are NGO leaders and civilians, and to generate a renewal of political traditions are an increasingly complex and risky undertaking, but an unavoidable alternative for the country’s reconstruction and its ability to face the social and economic challenges of the new century. Source: Defining the Nonprofit Sector: Colombia; www.jhu.edu/ccss/Publications/pdf/colombia.pdf 9 4. Civil Service 4.1 Legal basis In the Constitutional charter of 1991, Chapter II on the Public Function articulates the basic outlines pertaining to the regulation and development of civil service employment. The Chapter states that all the services generated from the public sector - which are remunerated with money pertaining to the public treasure must fulfill the specific goals and objectives of the position and perform within its detailed structural function. These tasks are regulated by the Law that corresponds according to the sector in which its position is located (executive, legislative or judicial branch, central or decentralized organization, etc.) or in the regulation of the organ or public organization that encompasses it. Under constitutional amendments, the government enacted a career civil service law in 1958 and put it into effect by executive decree (Law Number 19) in 1960. Law Number 19 and subsequent decrees established the Commission of Administrative Reform to study ways to reorganize the executive branch and the National Civil Service Commission to centralize the government's personnel policies by establishing a professional civil service through oral and written examinations. Sources: Carta Administrativa http://www.universia.net.co 4.2 Recruitment The National Civil Service Commission (CNSC) outlines the recruitment process which is carried out in compliance with Law 909 / 2004 for public service. Article 1 of Law 909; Companies must be structured so that the responsibilities of each position are clearly delineated. Hiring for such positions must be carried out in a transparent and fair process in which the person with the most appropriate capabilities for the specific position can apply. Oral and written examinations also complement the recruitment process. Source: Carta Administrativa http://www.universia.net.co 4.3 Promotion Promotion is based on merit and the capacity of an employee to carry out his/her functions with excellence. The exceptional employee must be able to demonstrate contributions to the position that exceeds the minimum requirement. Levels of expertise and experience also contribute to the promotion of civil service employees. Source: La Comisión Nacional del Servicio Civil; www.cnsc.gov.co/ 4.4 Training The government created the Higher School of Public Administration (Escuela Superior de Administración Pública-- ESAP) to train middle- and upper-level bureaucrats by offering a four-year college program, as well as graduate courses in public 10 administration, urban planning, international relations, and other fields relevant to government service. Law Number 19 also sought to complement the civil service by developing national planning and long-term programs through the creation of the National Council for Economic Policy and Planning (Consejo Nacional de Política Económica y Planificación--CNPEP) and the Administrative Department of Planning and Technical Services (Departamento Administrativo de Planificación y Servicios Técnicos-DAPST). The DAPST's mission was to formulate long-term development plans and create long-range programs of public investment. These administrative reforms created the conditions for developing a technically competent bureaucracy and served to standardize procedures, elevate the role of planning, and provide some administrative consistency. Source: La Comisión Nacional del Servicio Civil; www.cnsc.gov.co/ 4.5 Remuneration The salaries of near 90% of civil service officials - including the managerial level- are between US $100 and $1000 as of 2003. The earnings of nearly 75% of these officials are under $550 per month. These figures are much lower then those in the private sector, for which the state has a difficulty in recruiting and maintaining welltrained professionals. Source: UNPAN Colombia; unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups.html 4.6 Gender Formally the Colombian constitution prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender. Colombian women have the same literacy rate as men do (92 percent) and their participation at all levels of the educational system is equal to that of males, including university education. Yet that equality does not extend to employment opportunities in either the public or private sector. Unemployment is higher for women, and those employed tend to be in inferior positions. Law 581 of 2000 created mechanisms so that women might have adequate and effective participation in government. In maximum decision-making posts and other directive posts at the national, departmental, and municipal level, women have the right to a minimum of 30 percent of the positions. The government has set up a Presidential Council for Women's Equity, within which is an Observatory of Matters of Gender (OAG). The OAG reported that while 53 percent of Colombian adults were female, women occupied only 46 percent of national ministries, 6 percent of departmental ministries, and 7.5 percent of municipal ministries in 2002 - 2004. Women held 12 percent of the national senate seats and 11 percent of the national house seats. Source: Freedom House; www.freedomhouse.org/ 11 5. Ethics and Civil Service 5.1 Corruption 2005 CPI Score relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by business people and country analysts and ranges between 10 (highly clean) and 0 (highly corrupt). Corruption Perceptions Index 2005 CPI Score Surveys Used Standard Deviation High-Low Range Number Inst. 90 percent confidence range Rank Country 1 Highly clean 9.7 8 0.3 9.2 - 10.0 4 9.5 - 9.9 55 Colombia 4.0 8 -- -- -- 3.4 – 4.6 133 Highly corrupt 1.3 8 0.7 0.3 - 2.2 6 0.9 - 1.7 Source: Transparency International - Corruption Perceptions Index 2005 Surveys Used: Refers to the number of surveys that were used to assess a country's performance. 17 surveys were used and at least 3 surveys were required for a country to be included in the CPI. Standard Deviation: Indicates differences in the values of the sources. Values below 0.5 indicate agreement, values between 0.5 and c. 0.9 indicate some agreement, while values equal or larger than 1 indicate disagreement. High-Low Range: Provides the highest and lowest values of the sources. Number Institutions: Refers to the number of independent institutions that assessed a country's performance. Since some institutions provided more than one survey. 90 percent confidence range: Provides a range of possible values of the CPI score. With 5 percent probability the score is above this range and with another 5 percent it is below. The results of a survey 'Perception of Integrity and Institutional Performance' carried out by the Colombian Government and the World Bank in 2001 show that corruption is a problem in the country. Among other conclusions, the survey found that 70 percent of the public officers that were interviewed considered that corruption is one of the main characteristics of the political system in Colombia. Likewise, a high proportion of the sample said that approximately 50 percent of the official contracts involve bribery, for an average amount of 19 percent of the total cost of the contract. However, the most important result of this survey as it relates to the specific interests of the project is that the perception of corruption is more significant at the municipal level, in which all the indicators exceed the negative averages of the entities both at national and departmental levels. The corruption in contractual procedures in the local governments is very high and has influence on the loss of transparency and integrity of the institutions at that level. Corruption has also been prominent in election campaigns. Sources: UNODC; www.unodc.org/unodc/corruption_projects_Colombia.html 5.2 Ethics In 2000, the government created the Presidential Program to Fight against Corruption (Programa Presidencial a Lucha Contra Corrupcion--PPLCC). The first strategic target of this plan was to form ethical values among public servants. The components of this initial strategy are to diffuse ethics methodologies through public 12 forums, and design an assembly program that strengthens ethical principles and values among public servant managers. Source: "Programa Presidencial de Lucha contra la Corrupción"; República de Colombia, Junio 2000 13 6. e-Government 6.1 e-Government UPAN link: The UN e-Government Readiness Knowledge Base provides extensive data and information on eGovernment Readiness and e-Participation and is frequently updated. The country profile for Colombia on this database can be found at the following website: http://www.unpan.org/egovkb/ProfileCountry.aspx?ID=37 14 7. Links 7.1 National sites Authority Topic President http://www.presidencia.gov.co Government http://www.gobiernoenlinea.gov.co/ Federal Senate http://www.senado.gov.co/ Chamber of Representatives http://www.camara.gov.co/ Judiciary http://www.ramajudicial.gov.co/ Civil Service Commission http://www.cnsc.gov.co/ Ombudsman www.defensoria.org.co/red/ Municipal Government http://www.fcm.org.co/ 7.2 Miscellaneous sites Institution Topic Centro Latinoamericano de Administración Para el Desarrollo (CLAD) http://www.clad.org.co Development Gateway http://www.developmentgateway.org/countryprofile/... European Union (EU) http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/body/country/... Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) http://www.iadb.org Organization of American States (OAS) http://www.oas.org Unit for the Promotion of Democracy (UPD) (OAS) http://www.upd.oas.org United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) http://www.undp.org.co UNPAN http://www.unpan.org/virtual_library-byregion.asp World Bank (WB) http://www.worldbank.org/co 15