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RUSSIA Brief History Summary 862 – founding of Kievan Rus by_____________, the birth of what became the Russian state th Mid-13 century – Mongol Horde invasion 1480 – Moscow liberated from Tatar (Mongol) yoke 1613 – Rurik dynasty ended, Romanov dynasty begins (ends 1917) 1812 – Napoleon failed in his attempt to conquer Russia (after occupying Moscow) October 1917 –_____________________seized control (led by Lenin) 1922 – USSR established 1941-1945 – WWII (Great Patriotic War), Russia loses 1/6 of its population (~ 30 mln) Stalin’s purges – an additional 20 to 40 mln 1985 – Gorbachev introduced _____________________________reforms 1991 – USSR is formally dissolved, Yeltsin became the new president; CIS is formed 2000 – Putin is elected president of Russia POLITICAL FRAMEWORK SOVIET LEGACY Revolution (1905-1917) _______________________(majority) versus ____________________ (minority) The Red Army v. the White Army V.I. Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) Capital: Petrograd to Moscow (1918) FEDERATION/FEDERAL STRUCTURE USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) -1924 SSRs, ASSRs, Autonomous Regions RUSSIFICATION COMMAND ECONOMY An economy in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the state and in which __________________________of the structure and the output prevails Features of the Soviet economy Production _____________________________________to _________________ _____________________________of the republics ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK CENTRALLY PLANNED (early 1920s) MAJOR OBJECTIVES Speed __________________________ Collectivize _______________________ SOVIET LEADERS Lenin (1918 - 1927) Introduced ___________________________ Replaced private with public ownership Developed national economic plans Established Soviet political structure based on _______________________________ Stalin (1927 - 1953) All assets ________________________________ Creation of huge centralized state machine over all aspects of Soviet life Purges of dissidents (30-60 million) _________________________________ (sovkhoz) Concentration on heavy industry at expense of agriculture Kruschev (1953 - 1964) Greater emphasis on agriculture Virgin Lands Program - pastures into irrigated wheat fields Ultimately led to ______________________________ Breshnev (1964 - 1982) Height of the __________________________ _____________________________ Economy Economic stagnation (agriculture) Gorbachev (1985 - 1991) Initiated ____________________________________ PERESTROIKA Restructuring Intended to produce major changes to both the economic and political system ___________________: to catch up with western economies ___________________: reform of the Communist Party GLASNOST Policy of encouraging ___________________in both internal and external affairs COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION (Conditions in 1990 & 1991) A sharp _____________ in agricultural & industrial ______________________ Economic output down by 4% in 1990 & 10-15% in first half of 1991 Intensification of ethno-cultural ______________________& ___________________ Unity of the Soviet Union (macro) & unity of republics (micro) threatened TRANSPORTATION Trans-Siberian Railroad (______________________) Baikal-Amur Line BAM railway line links central Siberian Russia with the Pacific. The BAM parallels the __________________________but passes north rather than south of Lake Baikal. It is 1,928 miles (3,102 km) long, with 1,987 bridges. Its eastern terminus is Sovetskaya Gavan on the Tatar Strait. Inland Waterways Under-used, problematic flow and orientation Marine Links Baltic, Black, and Caspian Far East and Northern Sea CHALLENGING ENVIRONMENT VAST DISTANCES ARCTIC WINDS RESOURCE POTENTIAL PRECIOUS MINERALS _______________________ SIBERIA COLD TEMPERATURES ___________________ METALLIC ORES ______________