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RUSSIA
Brief History Summary
 862 – founding of Kievan Rus by_____________, the birth of what became the Russian
state
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 Mid-13 century – Mongol Horde invasion
 1480 – Moscow liberated from Tatar (Mongol) yoke
 1613 – Rurik dynasty ended, Romanov dynasty begins (ends 1917)
 1812 – Napoleon failed in his attempt to conquer Russia (after occupying Moscow)
 October 1917 –_____________________seized control (led by Lenin)
 1922 – USSR established
 1941-1945 – WWII (Great Patriotic War), Russia loses 1/6 of its population (~ 30 mln)
 Stalin’s purges – an additional 20 to 40 mln
 1985 – Gorbachev introduced _____________________________reforms
 1991 – USSR is formally dissolved, Yeltsin became the new president; CIS is formed
 2000 – Putin is elected president of Russia
POLITICAL FRAMEWORK
 SOVIET LEGACY
 Revolution (1905-1917)
 _______________________(majority) versus ____________________ (minority)
 The Red Army v. the White Army
 V.I. Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov)
 Capital: Petrograd to Moscow (1918)
FEDERATION/FEDERAL STRUCTURE
 USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) -1924
 SSRs, ASSRs, Autonomous Regions
 RUSSIFICATION
COMMAND ECONOMY
 An economy in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the state
and in which __________________________of the structure and the output prevails
 Features of the Soviet economy
 Production _____________________________________to _________________
 _____________________________of the republics
ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK
 CENTRALLY PLANNED (early 1920s)
 MAJOR OBJECTIVES
 Speed __________________________
 Collectivize _______________________
SOVIET LEADERS
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Lenin (1918 - 1927)
Introduced ___________________________
Replaced private with public ownership
Developed national economic plans
Established Soviet political structure based on _______________________________
Stalin (1927 - 1953)
 All assets ________________________________
 Creation of huge centralized state machine over all aspects of Soviet life
 Purges of dissidents (30-60 million)
 _________________________________ (sovkhoz)
 Concentration on heavy industry at expense of agriculture
Kruschev (1953 - 1964)
 Greater emphasis on agriculture
 Virgin Lands Program - pastures into irrigated wheat fields
 Ultimately led to ______________________________
Breshnev (1964 - 1982)
 Height of the __________________________
 _____________________________ Economy
 Economic stagnation (agriculture)
Gorbachev (1985 - 1991)
 Initiated ____________________________________
 PERESTROIKA
 Restructuring
 Intended to produce major changes to both the economic and political system
 ___________________: to catch up with western economies
 ___________________: reform of the Communist Party
 GLASNOST
 Policy of encouraging ___________________in both internal and external affairs
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COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION
(Conditions in 1990 & 1991)
A sharp _____________ in agricultural & industrial ______________________
 Economic output down by 4% in 1990 & 10-15% in first half of 1991
Intensification of ethno-cultural ______________________& ___________________
 Unity of the Soviet Union (macro) & unity of republics (micro) threatened
TRANSPORTATION
 Trans-Siberian Railroad (______________________)
 Baikal-Amur Line
 BAM railway line links central Siberian Russia with the Pacific.
 The BAM parallels the __________________________but passes north
rather than south of Lake Baikal. It is 1,928 miles (3,102 km) long, with
1,987 bridges. Its eastern terminus is Sovetskaya Gavan on the Tatar
Strait.
Inland Waterways
 Under-used, problematic flow and orientation
Marine Links
 Baltic, Black, and Caspian
Far East and Northern Sea
 CHALLENGING ENVIRONMENT
 VAST DISTANCES
 ARCTIC WINDS
 RESOURCE POTENTIAL
 PRECIOUS MINERALS
 _______________________
SIBERIA
COLD TEMPERATURES
___________________
METALLIC ORES
______________