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Hypothesis - a testable prediction, often implied by a theory. Scientific method - a five-step process for empirical investigation of a hypothesis under conditions designed to control biases and subjective judgments. Empirical investigation - an approach to research that relies on sensory experience and observation as research data. Independent Variable - a stimulus condition so named because the experimenter changes it independently of all other carefully controlled experimental conditions. Random presentation - a process by which chance alone determines the order in which the stimulus is presented. Dependent variable - the measured outcome of a study; responses of the subjects in a study. Experiment - a kind of research in which the researcher controls all the conditions and directly manipulates the condition, including the independent variable. Controls - constraints that the experimenter places on the experiment to ensure that each subject has the exact same conditions. Random assignment - each subject the same sample has an equal likelihood of being chosen for the experimental group of an experiment. Correlational study - a type of research that is mainly statistical in nature. Double-blind study – an experimental procedure in which both researchers and participants are uniformed about the nature of the independent variable being administered. Institutional Review Board (IRB) - a committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment for ethics and methodology. Mean - the measure of central tendency most often used to describe a set of data calculated by adding all the scores and dividing by the number of scores. Median - a measure of central tendency for a distribution, represented by the score that separates the upper half of the score in a distribution from the lower half. Range - the simplest measure of variability, represented b the difference between the highest and lowest values in a frequency distribution. Standard deviation (SD) - a measure of variability that indicates the average difference between the scores and their mean. Normal distribution - a bell-shaped curve, describing the spread of a characteristic throughout a population. Correlation - a relationship between variables, in which changes in one variable are reflected in changes in the other variable—as in the correlation between a child’s age and height. Correlation coefficient - a number between -1 and +1 expressing the degree of relationship between two variables Replicate - in research, this refers to doing a study over to see whether the same results are obtained. As a control for bias, replication is often done by someone other than the researcher who performed the original study. Survey – a quasi-experimental method in which question are asked to subjects. Personal bias – the researcher allowing personal beliefs to affect the outcome of a study. Naturalistic observation – a research method in which subjects are observed in their natural environment. Expectancy bias – the researcher allowing his or her expectations to affect the outcome study. Correlational study - a type of research that is mainly statistical in nature. Longitudinal study – a type of study in which one group of subjects is followed and observed for an extended period of time. Hindsight bias - the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.