Download Name: 8th Grade Midterm Review Semester 1 2015

Name:________________________
8th Grade Midterm Review Semester 1 2015
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
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1. Plains Native Americans relied on buffalo for food, shelter, and clothing.
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2. At the Sand Creek Massacre, about 200 Sioux were murdered as army troops opened
fire after the Sioux had surrendered.
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3. The Ghost Dance represented a way for Native Americans to return to the reservations.
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4. In 1881, Helen Hunt Jackson wrote a book that told of the destruction of native culture.
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5. Stockholders face fewer risks than owners of private businesses because they can lose
only the money they have invested in a company.
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6. The Knights of Labor limited membership to skilled laborers, so their bargaining power
was greater than other unions.
____
7. Violence at workers’ demonstrations, such as the one in Haymarket Square in Chicago,
made Americans see unions as radical.
____
8. In the late 1800s, many immigrants came to the United States from Africa.
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9. Immigrant aid societies helped new arrivals with clothing, housing, and language classes.
____ 10. Some nativists experienced prejudice and bias, and many had trouble learning English.
____ 11. Some people believed that the new immigrants would not be able to assimilate because
they were too different from native-born Americans.
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Directions: Use the map to answer the following questions.
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1. The rail line that provided the most direct route from San Francisco to Cheyenne was the
A Kansas Pacific.
C Union Pacific.
B Atlantic and Pacific.
D Southern Pacific.
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2. What is significant about the points where the Goodnight-Loving Trail and the Chisholm Trail ended?
A They both ended in large cities with large markets for cattle.
B They both ended in Oklahoma, where cattle herds were processed for western markets.
C They both ended in the South, where population density was high.
D They both ended at railroads that shipped cattle to eastern cities.
The Transcontinental Railroad
New York merchant Asa Whitney proposed building a
transcontinental railroad in 1844. For more than a decade, his idea
was ignored.
Later, as the United States expanded and people flocked to
California to seek gold and silver, the government realized a
transcontinental railroad was necessary. The Pacific Railroad Act
was passed, granting railroad companies ten square miles of land
next to every mile of track they laid.
Leland Stanford and three of his partners in California formed the
Central Pacific and won the right to help build a transcontinental
railroad. Workers for the Central Pacific laid tracks that stretched
eastward from Sacramento, California. Meanwhile, workers for the
Union Pacific laid tracks that stretched westward from Omaha,
Nebraska.
In 1869, those two tracks met at Promontory, Utah. Now people
could travel by rail from coast to coast.
Use the information in the box and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following questions.
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3. How did the federal government help with the construction of railroads?
A It hired Stanford and his partners to build a transcontinental railroad.
B It sent people to the West to look for gold and silver.
C It gave railroad companies land in the West.
D It organized the Union Pacific Railroad to help the Central Pacific lay tracks.
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4. What role did Leland Stanford play in the construction of the railroad?
A He was the first person to propose building a transcontinental railroad.
B He planned the route of the railroad from Omaha to Sacramento.
C He convinced the government to give companies land for laying railroad tracks.
D His company laid tracks for the western part of the transcontinental railroad.
Use the map and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following questions.
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5. Based on the maps, which conclusion seems most accurate?
A Native American groups willingly gave up much of their land.
B Native American land loss was often accompanied by fighting and battles.
C The signing of treaties help protect Native American land from settlers.
D The Dawes Act gave more reservation land to native Americans.
Use the chart and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following questions.
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6. What belongs in the empty box?
A Roundups, cattle drives, and the cattle boom come to an end.
B Cattle ranchers start raising animals other than cattle.
C Railroads become more important for transporting cattle to eastern markets.
D People on the Plains turn from cattle ranching to farming.
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7. Which phrase best describes most cattle ranches after the 1880s?
A farther away from railroad lines
B smaller, with cattle eating home-grown feed
C located near cattle trails and cow towns
D much larger, with cattle grazing on prairie grass
Use the chart and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following questions.
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8. Which innovation listed on the chart helped solve problems caused by limited water resources?
A mechanized reaper
C steel windmill
B harrow
D grain drill
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9. What is one way the government helped farmers settle on the Plains?
A through the development of the mechanized reaper
B through the introduction of barbed wire
C through the practice of dry farming
D through the passage of the Homestead Act
____ 10. The Battle of Wounded Knee signaled the
A beginning of many Sioux victories.
B end of the Indian wars.
C change in the government’s Indian policy.
D need for a bigger cavalry.
____ 11. The term “Wild West” described the idea that the West was a place with
A gun-slinging cowboys, exciting adventures, and big opportunities.
B big businesses such as mining and ranching.
C Native Americans who hunted buffalo and lived on reservations.
D dangerous wild animals and peaceful Native Americans.
____ 12. The transcontinental railroad
A led North.
B led South.
C connected the East with the West.
D was completed in the 1900s.
____ 13. The cattle industry in the West began when
A cowhands began to herd cattle on the Chisholm and Goodnight-Loving trails.
B longhorns that escaped from Spanish ranches formed stray herds.
C new railroads made it possible for ranchers to ship beef to both eastern and western
markets.
D the open range was fenced in by homesteaders and other settlers.
Directions: Use the quotation and your knowledge of social studies to answer the questions.
“If you tie a horse to a stake, do you expect he will grow fat? If
you pen an Indian on a small spot of earth and compel him to stay
there, he will not be contented nor will he grow and prosper.” —
Chief Joseph of the Nez Perces, 1879
____ 14. In this quotation, Chief Joseph is referring to the United States government policy of
A converting Native Americans to Christianity.
B extending railroads through western lands.
C the movement of Native Americans onto reservations.
D the outlawing of Native American ceremonies.
____ 15. In this quotation, Chief Joseph is asking that his listeners
A think about a comparison.
C answer two important questions.
B adopt the government’s position.
D think about the treatment of animals.
____ 16. A land rush in 1889 brought tens of thousands of settlers to
A South Dakota.
C Nevada.
B Idaho.
D Oklahoma.
____ 17. The Homestead Act encouraged people to move West because it
A established ranching towns for cattle drivers.
B offered free land to those willing to farm it.
C offered land to gold prospectors.
D promised protection from Native Americans.
____ 18. All of the following helped farmers push for higher prices and other economic reforms EXCEPT the
A Farmers’ Alliance.
C Dawes Act.
B National Grange.
D Populist Party.
____ 19. What did Native Americans hope to gain in return for agreeing to stay in one place?
A the right to be undisturbed on their land
C rights to mine gold and silver
B the return of the buffalo herds
D the passage of the Dawes Act
____ 20. Foreign immigrants to the West worked as all of the following EXCEPT
A cowhands.
C soldiers.
B railroad workers.
D miners.
____ 21. Which of the following groups of events that took place in some mining boomtowns is listed in the correct
order?
A merchants arrived, all of the ore was extracted from the mines, government officials
replaced vigilantes
B government officials replaced vigilantes, all of the ore was extracted from the mines,
merchants arrived
C all of the ore was extracted from the mines, merchants arrived, government officials
replaced vigilantes
D merchants arrived, government officials replaced vigilantes, all of the ore was extracted
from the mines
Directions: Use the graph to answer the following questions.
____ 22. Which statement about immigration to the United States is BEST supported by the information on the graph?
A Between 1894 and 1898, immigration increased dramatically.
B Between 1898 and 1902, immigration remained about the same.
C Between 1898 and 1906, immigration increased dramatically.
D Between 1910 and 1914, immigration decreased slightly.
____ 23. Which is the MOST likely inference that can be drawn from the trend shown on the graph for the years 1898
to 1914 in the United States?
A There was little demand for workers in the United States.
B There were no constitutional guarantees of religious freedom in the United States.
C Immigration to the United States was often discouraged.
D Factory workers were in great demand in the United States.
Use the table and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following questions.
____ 24. What did Henry Ford and the Wright brothers have in common?
A They made it easier for people to travel.
B They made it easier for people to do business.
C They allowed people to record highlights of their lives.
D They allowed people to stop using telegraphs.
____ 25. What advance was necessary before electricity could light entire cities?
A Morse code
C the power plant
B the transportation revolution
D the telegraph
American Federation of Labor — union formed by Samuel
Gompers in 1856; became the leading union in the United States
collective bargaining — union practice of negotiating with
management for workers as a group
Homestead strike — 1892 strike by steel mill workers in
Homestead, Pennsylvania; ended when the National Guard took
control of the plant and reopened it
Knights of Labor — union formed in 1869 that admitted women,
African Americans, immigrants, and unskilled workers; lost power
after the Haymarket Riot
Pullman strike — 1894 strike by railroad workers at a Pullman plant
near Chicago; ended when federal troops crushed the unions
Social Darwinism — philosophy that applied the “survival of the
fittest” idea to workers and the workplace
Use the information in the box and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following questions.
____ 26.
Which group of people was most likely to accept the ideas of Social Darwinism?
A union leaders
C unskilled workers
B factory owners
D steel mill workers
____ 27. Why did Pullman workers go on strike?
A Their wages had been cut.
B Their working conditions had become more dangerous.
C They no longer were allowed to ride on the trains.
D They were encouraged to do so by Samuel Gompers.
Use the chart and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following questions.
____ 28. Which statement best describes the relationship between the change in the labor force and the shifts in
population?
A Rural population shrank as the urban population grew.
B The population became more urban as the workforce became more industrial and
professional.
C The population became urban as the workforce became more agricultural.
D The workforce became more professional and less agricultural.
Use the graphs and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following questions.
____ 29. Between 1901 and 1910, which group made up a smaller proportion of arrivals to the United States than it had
between 1861 and 1870?
A people from Europe
C people from the Americas
B people from Asia
D people from Africa
____ 30. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, which region sent the most immigrants to the United States?
A southern and eastern Europe
C Mexico and Central America
B Asia and the Pacific
D northern and western Europe
Changes in Education After 1870
Item 1: States pass compulsory education laws.
Item 2: Most children attend school through at least the tenth grade.
Item 3: More public schools are built.
Item 4: Adult education is available.
Use the information on the chart and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following questions.
____ 31. How are items 1 and 2 on the chart related?
A Most compulsory education laws required students to stay in school through the tenth
grade.
B More schools needed to be built to house the increased number of students.
C Compulsory education laws applied to both children and adults.
D Few families obeyed the compulsory education laws.
____ 32. How did changes in education affect the American population?
A High school enrollment went down.
B More people began to read books and magazines.
C Almost half of American children attended school.
D The South built private schools in stead of public schools.
____ 33. Which of the following contributed to the growth of cities between 1860 and 1890?
A new technology such as electricity and steel
B migration of farmers from rural areas looking for jobs
C improved attractions such as department stores, museums, and professional sports teams
D all of the above
____ 34. Which of the following was NOT a way that government supported industrial growth after the Civil War?
A The federal government imposed high tariffs on imported goods.
B Congress gave land grants to railroads.
C The federal government limited the number of patents issued yearly.
D Congress gave subsidies to some businesses.
____ 35. All of the following factors contributed to the growth of newspapers in the late 1800s EXCEPT
A the newspapers’ use of more crowd-pleasing features.
B the newspapers’ focus on women’s rights issues.
C compulsory education.
D the growth of cities.
____ 36. A settlement house was a place where
A services were offered to the poor.
B immigrants first settled.
C reformers met to plan new housing.
D many families lived in tiny apartments.
____ 37. Steel was important to industrial growth after the Civil War because
A iron was no longer available.
B steel manufacturers could make a lot of money producing it.
C it could be made stronger and cheaper than iron.
D there were no other materials like it that could be used for building and industry.
____ 38. The purpose of writers who wrote realist literature was to
A describe life in foreign lands.
C write biographies.
B help people forget their troubles.
D show life as it really was.
____ 39. John D. Rockefeller would MOST likely agree with which of the following?
A Railroad companies should not grant rebates to important customers.
B Monopolies encourage competition in the free market.
C Customers should not be pressured to buy products from a single company.
D Competition in the marketplace is costly for business owners.
____ 40. With which of the following statements would a nativist agree?
A “Immigrants must search for opportunity in the United States.”
B “Immigrants help to make this country a better place to live.”
C “Immigrants need to help each other adapt to life in the United States.”
D “Immigrants steal jobs from people who were born in this country.”
____ 41. Why did states improve public education after the Civil War?
A to ensure that people knew their civic duties
B to develop an educated work force
C to ensure that workers were obedient
D to create a moral society
____ 42. Thomas Edison’s research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, was called an “invention factory” because it
A revolutionized manufacturing by producing electricity.
B created hundreds of inventions, such as the light bulb and the phonograph.
C used the assembly line and mass production to create inventions.
D helped improve working conditions in factories.
Completion
Complete each statement.
1. The name settlers gave to the Great Plains describing its climate was _____________________.
2. Towns that grew near mines were called _______________________.
3. The _____________________ was a rich vein of gold found in the Sierra Nevada in 1859.
4. Some people __________________ to the United States from other countries to work on the railroads.
5. __________________________ is a ghost town in Nevada that was once a booming mining center.
6. __________________________ led to a boom in the cattle industry as Texans found a way to ship cattle to
markets in the East and West.
7. Cowhands were ________________________-paid laborers known for staying calm in the face of danger.
8. The myth of the “______________________” came from the idea that the West was a place of adventure.
9. Harsh weather and an economic ____________________ helped bring about an end to the Cattle Kingdom.
10. The increase in western farming after the Civil War was promoted in part by ________________________.
11. Many _________________________ fought to defend their deeds to land in the Southwest as other settlers
moved in.
12. ___________________________ were formed to provide a social and educational outlet for farmers, many of
whom lived in isolation.
13. The Populist Party pushed for ____________________________ such as an income tax and an eight-hour
work day.
14. The ____________________________ sped up the pace of business even more than the telegraph had.
15. The invention of the ______________________________ in 1868 changed office work.
16. In 1903, __________________________ tested a flying machine at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
17. Through _______________________, Henry Ford made it possible for more people to own cars.
18. Inventions such as the elevator and stronger steel made it possible to expand cities by
building ________________________________.
19. Overcrowding, poor sanitation, and the deaths of many babies were some of the
problems faced by people living in ____________________________________.
20. Theaters, orchestras, art museums, zoos, public gardens, professional sporting events,
and _______________________ were some of the attractions cities offered.
21. ________________________ was the most popular professional sport in the United States.
Matching
Match each item with the correct statement below:
A
B
C
D
Sitting Bull
vaquero
Abilene
Helen Hunt Jackson
E
F
G
H
Comstock Lode
Chisholm Trail
Promontory
reservation
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1. reformer who wrote A Century of Dishonor
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2. land set aside for Native Americans to live on
____
3. town in Utah where the two parts of the transcontinental railroad were joined
____
4. Mexican cowhand
Match each item with the correct statement below:
A
B
C
D
assembly line
free enterprise
anarchist
yellow journalism
E
F
G
H
entrepreneur
rebate
assimilation
collective bargaining
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5. practice in which unions negotiate with management for workers as a group
____
6. the sensational reporting style of some newspapers during the late 1800s
____
7. the process of becoming part of another culture
Essay
1. Explain the purpose and effects of the Dawes Act.
2. How did the cattle boom change life in the West?
3. Describe the difficulties faced by miners during the gold and silver booms in the west.
4. Examine how the movement of settlers to the West affected the Native American way of life. Analyze the
attempts of the Native American groups and the United States government to settle disputes between Native
Americans and settlers, giving at least two examples that support your main idea.
5. What were two causes of the growth of industry in the late 1800s and early 1900s?
6. What are one cause and one effect of the growth of cities?
7. What was one effect of more people being educated in this time period?