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Brief Response • How were many American women changing? • More personal freedom • New inventions made housekeeping easier so women had more free time for social activities. • Younger women balked at rules of older society • Women had more equality in relationships • More jobs for especially single women. The Harlem Renaissance p. 452 Today’s goal • African Americans moved from the South to Northern cities in the early 1900s to escape racism and find jobs. – Great Migration • Prolific African American artists created what would be called the “Harlem Renaissance.” • Others changed the nature of American popular culture. Zora Neal Hurston • Writer • Aggressive in the hard American literary field. • Reflected the double challenge for Blacks in America and her solution: – “I do not weep at [being Negro]—I am too busy sharpening my oyster knife (working to make my life better)!” James Weldon Johnson • Poet and lawyer • Executive Secretary of the NAACP • Worked to affect legislation that improved life for African Americans • Also to end lynchings that were common at the time in the South. oratory • The art of public speaking. • Marcus Garvey was very skilled at it. Marcus Garvey • American of Jamaican descent. • Very vocal about asserting Black Pride. • 1914, began the Universal Negro Improvement Association. – Used oratory, mass meetings, parades….. – Promoted African American businesses – Started the Back-to-Africa movement to build a free Black American nation there; free from White oppression. • Lost popularity when convicted of mail fraud and jailed. • Many Blacks would not forget his main message of pride, economic independence, and reverence for Africa. • Malcolm X’ parents worked for him. • Malcolm would continue Garvey’s message in his 1950s and 60s activities. Harlem Renaissance • A literary and art movement celebrating African American culture during the 1920s. • Harlem itself was an overcrowded section of New York City with many unemployed and living in poverty. Claude McKay • Novelist, poet. – From Jamaica • Urged African Americans to resist prejudice and discrimination. • Wrote of…. – Ghettos – Strain of being Black in a White-dominated world. • Cane. Langston Hughes • Writer, poet • Described the difficult lives of working-class African Americans • Syncopated with tempo of jazz and the blues. • Became the best known of the Harlem Renaissance poets. Paul Robeson • Actor and singer – Took up the struggle and indignities in the US: • Racism • Social justice – Faced double prejudice when be became a Communist and showed support for the Soviet Union. • Travelled and lived in Britain and the Soviet Union. – Became world acclaimed. – Reviled in the US by many, including the government. Louis Armstrong • Jazz trumpet player – “Chicago” jazz sound • Popular for his rhythm and improvisation. • Also used a personal touch with the audience. • Soon left the bands he was with to start his own career. – Some say he was the biggest influence on the direction of American jazz. Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington • Jazz pianist and composer • Led a band in Harlem’s Cotton Club. – Full, rich orchestrations, full of traditional and jazz Black influences. – All aimed at dancing. • “Mood Indigo”, “Sophisticated Lady”, “Black and Tan Fantasy” Bessie Smith • Blues singer • Recorded for Black labels produced by the major White record companies. • 1927, the highest paid Black artist in the world. hwk p. 453, analyzing effects • A movement of millions of African Americans to Northern cities greatly increased their black populations, • It also heightened racial tensions in the North that sometimes resulted in discrimination and violence. p. 454, summarizing • Garvey believed that African Americans should build a separate society • He preached a message of self-pride and he promoted African American businesses. p. 456, synthesizing • They expressed their pride in African American experience • They celebrated their heritage and folklore. p. 457, summarizing • African Americans were outstanding in the performing arts. p. 457, 3, analyzing causes • African Americans migrated north in large numbers and found more equality and a community that supported the arts. • Mingling with Caribbean people and Northerners (including immigrants) created an unique cultural exchange and served as inspiration for the arts. p. 457, 4, forming generalizations • African American performers had many fans • Jazz quickly spread across the country (and world) and became popular dance music. p. 457, 5, drawing conclusions • The Harlem Renaissance nurtured African American pride • It contributed great literature, drama, painting, photography, and music to American culture. p. 459, 1, comparing • Literature reflected elements of jazz music (Hughes’ rhythmic poetry). • Both exuberant, emotional, and unconventional. • Both marked by new styles and attitudes that society reflected. • Both became popular because of their fresh and expressive perspectives. p. 460, Main Ideas, 4 • Birthrate declined. • More women went to work. • Labor-saving devices provided more leisure time. p. 460, Main Ideas, 6 • • • • Conformity Materialism Shallowness of middle-class values Glorification of war p. 460, Main Ideas, 7 • They showed a desire of African Americans to – Escape inequality – Fight injustice – Improve their lives Text work: answer in 10 mins. • • • • p. 459, 1, comparing p. 460, Main Ideas, 4 p. 460, Main Ideas, 6 p. 460, Main Ideas, 7 Study for your Exam • Prepare your Cornell Notes