Download 452

Brief Response
• How were many American women changing?
• More personal freedom
• New inventions made housekeeping easier so
women had more free time for social activities.
• Younger women balked at rules of older society
• Women had more equality in relationships
• More jobs for especially single women.
The Harlem Renaissance
p. 452
Today’s goal
• African Americans moved from the South to
Northern cities in the early 1900s to escape
racism and find jobs.
– Great Migration
• Prolific African American artists created what
would be called the “Harlem Renaissance.”
• Others changed the nature of American
popular culture.
Zora Neal Hurston
• Writer
• Aggressive in the hard American literary field.
• Reflected the double challenge for Blacks in
America and her solution:
– “I do not weep at [being Negro]—I am too busy
sharpening my oyster knife (working to make my
life better)!”
James Weldon Johnson
• Poet and lawyer
• Executive Secretary of the NAACP
• Worked to affect legislation that improved
life for African Americans
• Also to end lynchings that were common at
the time in the South.
oratory
• The art of public speaking.
• Marcus Garvey was very skilled at it.
Marcus Garvey
• American of Jamaican descent.
• Very vocal about asserting Black Pride.
• 1914, began the Universal Negro Improvement Association.
– Used oratory, mass meetings, parades…..
– Promoted African American businesses
– Started the Back-to-Africa movement to build a free Black American
nation there; free from White oppression.
• Lost popularity when convicted of mail fraud and jailed.
• Many Blacks would not forget his main message of pride, economic
independence, and reverence for Africa.
• Malcolm X’ parents worked for him.
• Malcolm would continue Garvey’s message in his 1950s and 60s
activities.
Harlem Renaissance
• A literary and art movement celebrating
African American culture during the 1920s.
• Harlem itself was an overcrowded section of
New York City with many unemployed and
living in poverty.
Claude McKay
• Novelist, poet.
– From Jamaica
• Urged African Americans to resist prejudice
and discrimination.
• Wrote of….
– Ghettos
– Strain of being Black in a White-dominated
world.
• Cane.
Langston Hughes
• Writer, poet
• Described the difficult lives of working-class
African Americans
• Syncopated with tempo of jazz and the blues.
• Became the best known of the Harlem
Renaissance poets.
Paul Robeson
• Actor and singer
– Took up the struggle and indignities in the US:
• Racism
• Social justice
– Faced double prejudice when be became a
Communist and showed support for the Soviet Union.
• Travelled and lived in Britain and the Soviet
Union.
– Became world acclaimed.
– Reviled in the US by many, including the government.
Louis Armstrong
• Jazz trumpet player
– “Chicago” jazz sound
• Popular for his rhythm and improvisation.
• Also used a personal touch with the
audience.
• Soon left the bands he was with to start his
own career.
– Some say he was the biggest influence on the
direction of American jazz.
Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington
• Jazz pianist and composer
• Led a band in Harlem’s Cotton Club.
– Full, rich orchestrations, full of traditional and jazz
Black influences.
– All aimed at dancing.
• “Mood Indigo”, “Sophisticated Lady”, “Black
and Tan Fantasy”
Bessie Smith
• Blues singer
• Recorded for Black labels produced by the
major White record companies.
• 1927, the highest paid Black artist in the
world.
hwk
p. 453, analyzing effects
• A movement of millions of African Americans
to Northern cities greatly increased their black
populations,
• It also heightened racial tensions in the North
that sometimes resulted in discrimination and
violence.
p. 454, summarizing
• Garvey believed that African Americans
should build a separate society
• He preached a message of self-pride and he
promoted African American businesses.
p. 456, synthesizing
• They expressed their pride in African
American experience
• They celebrated their heritage and folklore.
p. 457, summarizing
• African Americans were outstanding in the
performing arts.
p. 457, 3, analyzing causes
• African Americans migrated north in large
numbers and found more equality and a
community that supported the arts.
• Mingling with Caribbean people and
Northerners (including immigrants) created an
unique cultural exchange and served as
inspiration for the arts.
p. 457, 4, forming generalizations
• African American performers had many fans
• Jazz quickly spread across the country (and
world) and became popular dance music.
p. 457, 5, drawing conclusions
• The Harlem Renaissance nurtured African
American pride
• It contributed great literature, drama,
painting, photography, and music to American
culture.
p. 459, 1, comparing
• Literature reflected elements of jazz music
(Hughes’ rhythmic poetry).
• Both exuberant, emotional, and
unconventional.
• Both marked by new styles and attitudes that
society reflected.
• Both became popular because of their fresh
and expressive perspectives.
p. 460, Main Ideas, 4
• Birthrate declined.
• More women went to work.
• Labor-saving devices provided more leisure
time.
p. 460, Main Ideas, 6
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•
•
•
Conformity
Materialism
Shallowness of middle-class values
Glorification of war
p. 460, Main Ideas, 7
• They showed a desire of African Americans to
– Escape inequality
– Fight injustice
– Improve their lives
Text work:
answer in 10 mins.
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p. 459, 1, comparing
p. 460, Main Ideas, 4
p. 460, Main Ideas, 6
p. 460, Main Ideas, 7
Study for your Exam
• Prepare your Cornell Notes