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PSYCHOLOGY SECTION 1 Time- 1 hour 85 Questions Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. 1. Sigmund Freud believed that dream analysis was a useful device for a. Decreasing repression b. Subliminating the id c. Strengthening the superego d. Displacing instinctual forces e. Gaining insight into unconscious motives 2. The psychological effects of alcohol are powerfully influenced by the user’s a. expectations b. success in developing a social network c. agility d. intelligence quotient (IQ) e. brain dopamine level 3. 4. 5. Researchers find that there is a significant, positive correlation between the number of hours students sleep and their grades. The researchers would be justified in concluding that a. Earning good grades causes people to sleep more b. Sleeping more causes students to perform better in school c. Students who earn good grades tend to sleep more than those who do not d. More sleep has a beneficial impact on students’ grades e. Sleep deprivation has no impact on school performance Painkilling substances produced by the brain are known as a. Cortisols b. Endorphins c. Glucocorticoids d. Pheromones e. Hormones 6. In terms of the effect on the central nervous system, alcohol is most accurately classified as which of the following types of drug? a. Depressant b. Narcotic c. Psychoactive d. Stimulant e. Hallucinogen 7. Hunger and eating are primarily regulated by which of the following? a. Androgens b. Estrogens c. The hypothalamus d. The kidneys e. The medulla oblongata 8. During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering from which of the following conditions? a. Sleep apnea b. Narcolepsy c. Insomnia d. Night terrors e. The REM rebound effect 9. In a normal distribution of test scores, the percentage of scores that fall at or below the mean score is a. 17.5 b. 25 c. 50 d. 66.6 e. 95 10. Damage to the occipital lobe would most likely affect a person’s a. Balance b. Ability to develop plans c. Vision d. Fine motor movements e. Language processing Curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. This drug is an example of an a. Antagonist b. Agonist c. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) d. Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) e. Excitatory neurotransmitter [1] Questions 11-12 refer to the situation described below. 15. A researcher surveyed social adjustment in the same group of 20 people from early childhood trough adulthood. In this example, the group of 20 people surveyed was the study’s a. Sample b. Population c. Operational definition d. Control group e. Randomization In an experiment designed to determine whether watching violent scenes on television increases the frequency of aggressive behavior in children, one group of subjects saw a nonviolent cartoon and another group saw a violent cartoon. In the play period that followed the viewing of the cartoons, researchers observed the two groups of children together and counted instances of aggressive behavior. 11. The control group in the experiment is the group that a. The researchers thought would be most aggressive b. Performed the larger number of aggressive acts c. Performed the smaller number of aggressive acts d. Watched the violent cartoon e. Watched the nonviolent cartoon 16. The place in the retina where the optic nerve exits to the brain is called the a. Lens b. Sclera c. Fovea d. Blind spot e. Aqueous humor 17. Synesthesia is a phenomenon that has been estimated to occur in only a few people in a million. Because of its rarity, researchers are likely to choose which research method to study it? a. Naturalistic observation b. Correlational study c. Survey research d. Case study e. Experimental research 12. The dependant variable in the experiment is the a. Amount of aggressive behavior exhibited by the children b. Amount of time that each child spent interacting with the other children c. Group in which each child was originally placed d. Violent cartoon e. Nonviolent cartoon 18. When a person is suffering from severe pain, the type of drug that will best help alleviate that pain is a. An opiate b. An amphetamine c. A depressant d. A hallucinogen e. A stimulant 13. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all a. Hormones excreted by the endocrine glands b. Secretion of the exocrine glands c. Drugs used in the therapeutic treatment of memory disorders d. Enzymes involved with the degradation of interneuron signals e. Neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse f. Positive and negative reinforcement 19. For most people, which of the following is an activity based in the right hemisphere of the brain? a. Muscular control of the right hand b. Simple spatial reasoning c. Arithmetic reasoning d. Language comprehension e. Speech 14. Gestalt psychology is concerned primarily with understanding which of the following? a. Learning b. Motivation c. Development d. Sensation e. Perception 20. People who are color blind are most likely to have deficiencies in their a. Rods b. Cones c. Lens d. Optic nerve e. Occipital lobe [2] 21. Which of the following is true of behaviorism? a. It was formulated to account for cognitive development b. It is rooted in Sigmund Freud’s view of the importance of early experiences c. It focuses on the development of thought processes and knowledge d. It holds that development is largely a product of learning e. It emphasizes the dominance of heredity over environment 26. The primary effect of the myelin sheath is to a. Increase the velocity of transduction of the action potential along the axon b. Increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential across the synapse c. Facilitate the incoming stimulus signals at sensory receptors d. Reduce the amount of unused neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft e. Protect the terminal buttons of the neuron from destruction by the enzymes 22. A survey shows that children who have encyclopedias in their homes earn better grades in school than children whose homes lack encyclopedias. The researcher concludes that having encyclopedias at home improves grades. This conclusion is erroneous primarily because the researcher has incorrectly a. Failed to allow for experimenter bias b. Identified the independent variable c. Identified the dependent variable d. Inferred correlation from causation e. Inferred causation from correlation 27. An image projected to the left visual field of a split-brained patient will be processed in the a. Left visual cortex b. Right viisual cortex c. Right side of the left retina d. Left side of the right retina e. Sensory cortex 28. The mean will be higher than the median in any distribution that a. Is symmetrical b. Is not normal c. Is positively skewed d. Represents measures for a random sample e. Represents measures for a biased sample 23. All summer Thomas heard the sound of the icecream truck approaching before his brother Oscar hears it. Thomas most likely has which of the following? a. A lower absolute threshold for hearing than does Oscar b. A greater difference threshold for hearing than Oscar c. A deficit in a sensory system other than hearing d. A greater amount of experience with approaching ice-cream trucks than Oscar e. A tendency for confabulation 29. One criticism of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory of development is that it a. Emphasizes developmental changes in the oral and anal stages b. Views adult disorders as adjustments to the environment c. Views fear of loss as a motivating drive d. Is based on empirically unverifiable constraints e. Is based on ethnographic studies 24. A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth? a. Retinal disparity b. Linear perspective c. Motion parallax d. Relative size e. Texture gradient 30. Which of the following allows the examination of living brain tissue visually without performing surgery? a. Computerized axial tomography b. Stereotaxic examination c. Retrograde degeneration d. Biofeedback e. Ablation 25. In vision, transduction occurs within the a. Optic nerve b. Visual cortex c. Retina d. Lens e. Cornea 31. Which of the following parts of the brain is most active in decision-making? a. Reticular formation b. Corpus callosum c. Hypothalamus d. Cerebral cortex e. Pituitary gland [3] 32. Drawing a random sample of people from a town for an interview study of social attitudes ensures that a. Each person in town has the same probability of being chosen for a study b. An equal number of males and females are selected fro the interviews c. The study includes at least some respondents from every social class in town d. The study will uncover widely different social attitudes among the respondents e. The sample will be large enough even though some people may refuse to be interviewed 36. Studies of learning have shown that animals develop an aversion for tastes associated with a. Electric shock b. Extinguished associations c. Sickness d. Novel stimuli e. Starvation 37. An important difference between humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic psychologists believe in the importance of a. Learning b. Free will c. Determinism d. Biological instincts e. Unconscious processes 33. Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia? a. Acetylcholine b. Dopamine c. GABA d. Norepinephrine e. Serotonin 38. Which of the following is a circadian rhythm? a. The ebb and low of an individual’s emotions during a 24-hour period b. Jet lag experiences after an airline flight from Los Angeles to Tokyo c. A cycle of biological functioning that lasts about 25 hours d. The series if five stages that people go through during abnormal night’s sleep e. The systematic alternation between alpha waves and delta waves during the different sleep stages 34. The result of the evolutionary process that preserves traits that enhance the adaptation of an organism and suppresses the traits that do not is called a. Habituation b. Accommodation c. Natural selection d. Eugenics e. Species assimilation 39. A brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the a. Left frontal lobe b. Base of the brain stem c. Area of the hypothalamus d. Reticular activating system e. Somatosensory cortex 35. Which of the following research methods is being used if the same subjects are tested at two, four, and six years of age? a. Cross-cultural b. Longitudinal c. Cross-sectional d. Correlational e. Projective [4] 40. Which of the following scattergrams represents the data above? [5] 41. The general function of the bones in the middle ear is to a. Convert the incoming sounds from pounds per square inch to decibels b. Protect the cochlea c. Regulate changes in the air pressure of the inner ear d. Transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window e. Provide information to the vestibular system 46. Which of the following areas of the body has the largest number of sensory neurons? a. Back b. Foot c. Ear d. Lips e. Wrist 47. A double-blind control is essential for which of the following? a. A study comparing the IQ test scores of children from different educational systems b. A study of relationships among faculty members c. An experiment to determine the effect of a food reward in the bar-pressing rate of a rat d. Assessment of a treatment designed to reduce schizophrenic symptoms e. A survey of drug use among teenagers 42. The most distinctive characteristic of the experimental method is that it a. Studies a few people in great depth b. Studies subjects in their natural environment c. Is an efficient way to discover how people feel d. Seeks to establish cause-effect relationships e. Provides a chronological basis for reaching conclusions 48. Which of the following therapeutic approaches is most likely to be criticized because it does not treat the underlying cause of the disorder? a. Cognitive b. Behavioral c. Biological d. Psychoanalytical e. Phenomenological 43. Martin fell off his skateboard and badly bruised his elbow. He immediately began rubbing the area around the bruise until the pain subsided. This method of reducing pain can be explained by which of the following? a. Gate-control theory b. Opponesnt-process theory c. Trichromatic theory d. Expectancy theory e. Phantom pain 49. Which of the following is a brain-imaging technique that produces the most detailed picture of brain structure? a. EEG b. MRI c. PET d. CAT e. EMG 44. For most people, speech functions are primarily localized in the a. Right cerebral hemisphere b. Left cerebral hemisphere c. Occipital lobe d. Corpus callosum e. Cerebellum 50. Stimulation of portions of the left temporal lobe of the brain during surgery will cause the patient to a. See lights b. Lose the sense of smell c. Jerk the left arm d. Extend the tongue e. Hear sounds 45. Which of the following will NOT increase behavioral and mental activity? a. Cocaine b. Caffeine c. Benzedrine d. Amphetamines e. Barbiturates [6] 51. The role of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is to a. Facilitate the body’s fight-or0flight response b. Prepare the body to cope with stress c. Promote rapid cognitive processing d. Prompt the body to use its resources in responding to environmental stimuli e. Establish homeostasis after a fight-orflight response 56. The thalamus processes information for all of the following sense EXCEPT a. Smell b. Hearing c. Taste d. Vision e. Touch 57. Leadership, job satisfaction, and employee motivation are all studied in which of the following psychological disciplines? a. Human factors psychology b. Industrial-organizational psychology c. Community psychology d. Counseling psychology e. Experimental Psychology 52. When a pair of lights flashing in quick succession seems to an observer to be on light moving from place to place, the effect is referred to as a. Stroboscopic movement b. The phi phenomenon c. Autokinetic motion d. Binocular vision e. Induced displacement 58. According to the ethical guidelines set by the American Psychological Association (APA), which of the following is true of psychological research in which animals are used as objects? a. It must not involve the use of surgical procedures b. It is no longer permitted by the APA without special authorization c. It should conform to all APA ethical guidelines for animal research d. It must be limited to investigations that use correlational procedures e. It may not be conducted by psychologists who do not have a license 53. Which of the following occurs when a neuron is stimulated to its threshold? a. The movement of sodium and potassium opens across the membrane creates an action potential b. The neuron hyperpolarizes c. Neurotransmitters are released from the dendrites d. The absolute refractory period of the neuron prevents it from responding e. The neuron’s equilibrium potential is reached 59. The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called a. Accommodation b. Adaptation c. Conduction d. Convergence e. Consonance 54. REM sleep, generally an “active” state of sleep, is accompanied by which of the following paradoxical characteristics? a. Slowed heart rate b. Slowed respiration rate c. Lowered blood pressure d. Lowered muscle tone e. Reduced eye movement 55. When struck by light energy, cones and rods in the retina generate neural signals that then activate the a. Parietal lobe b. Ganglion cells c. Bipolar cells d. Ciliary muscles e. Optic Nerve Fibers 60. A research design involves two randomly assigned groups of participants. One group receives a onetime treatment, and the other does not. Later, the two groups are compared to see whether the treatment had an effect. Psychologists call this kind of research a. A correlational study b. An experiment c. A case study d. A survey e. A cross-sequential study [7] 61. A psychotherapist who believes that deviant behavior can be traced either to genetic anomalies or to problems in the physical structure of the brain most likely subscribes to which of the following views of abnormality? a. Cognitive b. Behavioral c. Biomedical d. Sociological e. Psychoanalytical 67. In treating a patient for depression, Dr. Pratt focuses on changing the ways in which the patient interprets events. Which type of therapy is Dr. Pratt using? a. Cognitive b. Self-efficacy c. Biomedical d. Learning e. Psychodynamic 68. Which of the following systems produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones in the body? a. Circulatory system b. Endocrine System c. Limbic System d. Sympathetic nervous system e. Parasympathetic nervous system 62. The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the a. Suprachiasmatic nucleus b. Cerebellum c. Limbic system d. Medulla e. Hippocampus 63. Damage to which of the following brain structures may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear? a. Hippocampus b. Thalamus c. Cerebellum d. Hypothalamus e. Amygdala 69. The brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the a. Hippocampus b. Hypothalamus c. Medulla d. Reticular formation e. Cerebellum 70. As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of a. Motion parallax b. Retinal disparity c. Size constancy d. Continuity e. Common fate 64. Rafael has a sleep disorder for which he takes medically prescribed amphetamines. For which of the following sleep disorders is Rafael most likely being treated? a. Sleep apnea b. Narcolepsy c. Insomnia d. Circadian rhythm sleep disorder e. Somnambulism 71. The tendency to develop a positive attitude toward a product that has been advertised repeatedly in the media is referred to as a. Impression management b. The Purkinje shift c. The mere exposure effect d. Reaction formation e. Subliminal suggestion 65. Balance is influenced by the a. Cochlea b. Basilar membrane c. Eardrum d. Auditory nerve e. Semicircular canals 66. Visual acuity is best in the a. Lens b. Iris c. Pupil d. Fovea e. Cornea [8] 72. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the neural chain of events set in motion by an environmental stimulus? a. Receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors b. Receptors, efferent neurons, interneurons, afferent neurons, effectors c. Interneurons, effectors, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons d. Effectors, interneurons, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons e. Effectors, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons, interneurons 77. The reversible figure above illustrates the Gestalt organizing principle of a. Proximity b. Figure-ground c. Closure d. Common fate e. Simplicity 73. In order to yield information that is generalizable to the population from which it was drawn, a sample must be a. Made up of at least 30 members of the population b. As large as possible c. Normally distributed d. Representative of the population e. Made up of at least 50 percent of the members of the population 78. A student’s test score of 86 is at the 42nd percentile. This means that this students has a. Received the 42nd highest score b. Answered 86 percent of the test items correctly c. Scored the same as or higher than 42 percent of her fellow students d. Scored the same as 42 of her fellow students e. Scored the same as or higher than 58 percent of her fellow students 74. The correlation between two measures obtained on a group of individuals is graphically represented as a a. Bar graph b. Normal distribution c. Histogram d. Scatterplot e. Frequency polygon 79. Photoreceptors relay visual information to the brain through which of the following cells? a. Trigeminal and vestibular b. Ganglion and vestibular c. Bipolar and vestibular d. Bipolar and Schwann e. Bipolar and ganglion 75. The factors chiefly responsible for interpersonal attraction include a. Proximity and similarity b. Contrasting values c. Similar tendencies to dominate or submit d. Similar attitudes toward authority e. Shared attributional biases 80. Which part of the nervous system is most immediately activated by sudden fear? a. Parasympathetic b. Sympathetic c. Neostriatum d. Somatic e. Cortical 76. John B. Watson is best known as the founder of a. Behaviorism b. Functionalism c. Rationalism d. Structuralism e. Mechanism 81. An individual who drinks alcohol daily finds it necessary to drink increasing amounts to achieve the state of well-being attained in the past. This individual is showing a. Withdrawl symptoms b. Alcohol- induced psychosis c. State-dependant learning d. Alcohol tolerance e. Delirium tremens [9] 83. Which of the following is true of the frequency distributions shown in the graphs above? a. Distribution A has more variation than distributions B and C b. Distribution B has more variation than distributions A or C c. Distribution B and distribution C have the same variation d. The standard deviation of distribution A is infinite e. The standard deviation of distribution B is zero 84. Brain damage that leaves a person capable of understanding speech but with an impaired ability to produce speech most likely indicates injury to which of the following? a. The basal ganglia b. Wernicke’s area c. The substantia nigra d. Broca’s area e. The inferior colliculi 82. Which of the following is the best interpretation of Solomon Asch’s findings, pictured above, concerning conformity in perceptual judgments? a. The larger the group, the greater the conformity of group members b. The smaller the group, the greater the conformity of group members c. Conformity increases as group size increases to about four persons d. Conformity decreases as group size decreases to about four persons e. There is no relationship between group size and conformity 85. Jason is attending a parade that features the local high school band. Jason’s friends Brent plays the trombone in the band. It is difficult for Jason to hear Brent play at the parade. Which of the following would best allow Jason to hear Brent’s trombone? a. Sensory adaptation b. Selective attention c. Perceptual constancy d. Weber’s law e. Functional fixedness END OF SECTION 1 IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION. DO NOT GO ON TO SECTION II UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. [10]