Download Plant Book of Notes

 Multi-cellular Eukaryotes
 Cell Wall
 Chlorophyll for
photosynthesis
 ALGAE
 Become less dependent on water
& More resistant to sun rays =
cuticle
 More capable of conserving
water = vascular tissue
 More capable of reproducing
without water = seeds
 Non – Vascular = Plants that lack specialized transport
tissues
 Vascular = plants that have specialized transport
tissues
 Bryophytes
 Ferns
 Gymnosperms
 Angiosperms
 Life cycle depends on water for reproduction – Non -
Vascular
 NO SEEDS
 Ex = Moss
 SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
 SEEDS
On
CONES
 Vascular
 Flowering Plants
 Bear Seeds within a layer of
tissue
 Vascular
 All Vascular Consist of:
Roots
Stems
Leaves
 Dermal
 Vascular
 Xylem –
Carries Water
 Phloem –
Carries Food
and Nutrients
 Ground
 Tap Root (ex: carrot)

Fibrous Root (ex: grass)
 Roots grow from the Root Cap
 Leaves are
responsible for
capturing light
energy and
harvesting it to
perform
photosynthesis
 Energy flow through the ecosystem allows life to
exist.
 Some organisms produce their own food as
energy, such as autotrophs (producers)
 Some convert sunlight into food by the process of
photosynthesis. Ex: plants, algae
 Some convert chemicals into food by the process of
chemosynthesis. Ex: sulfur bacteria in deep sea.
 Energy is stored in food as chemical energy.
 Organisms that cannot produce their own
food must eat to get energy, and are referred
to as heterotrophs, or consumers.
 All organisms use the process of cellular
respiration to obtain the energy from food.
 Some of the released energy is used right
away in metabolic activities. Most of the
energy is stored in packages called ATP for
later use.
 Inside of
chloroplasts
which are located
in cells of the
green parts of
plants
 What is photosynthesis?
 Photosynthesis is the process by which: Plants
(producers) use light energy and transform it
into chemical energy (food)
light
TAKE IN
AND USING
water
carbon dioxide
PLANTS
(producers)
chlorophyll
MAKE
oxygen
glucose
light
6CO2 + 6H2O
6O2 + C6H12O6
chlorophyll
ATP = adenosine triphosphate
ADP = adenosine diphosphate
 ADP + P  ATP (stored energy)
 Energy from food can be stored in the bonds that bind a
phosphate to the ADP molecule.
 ATP  ADP + P (energy released)
 Stored energy is later released when the bond breaks
between the ADP and P.
Energy is stored in ATP
Stored energy
Released energy
(created by cellular
respiration)
(used for cellular activities)
Plants appear GREEN
because they reflect this color
of light
(and they absorb red, orange,
and violet)
Compounds that absorb and reflect wavelengths of light
are called pigments.
Photos courtesy of flowerpictures.net and picturesof.net
Why do we see colors???
What do we call the compounds that absorb and
reflect wavelengths of light?

pigments
Which pigment reflects the green wavelengths
thereby making plants appear green?

chlorophyll
Where would we find chlorophyll?

chloroplasts
 Intensity of light
 high light, high rate
 Carbon dioxide concentration
 high CO2, high rate
 Temperature
 A certain range works best, too hot or
too cold affects the work of enzymes
 Remember:
 Autotrophs use photosynthesis to make food.
 Heterotrophs AND autotrophs use cellular respiration
by then taking that food and breaking it down to get
the energy out. This energy is used for growth,
development, reproduction, healing, and the many
other things that living things need energy for.
 Plants (autotrophs) usually use photosynthesis during
more during the day respiration more
heavily at night.
Where do
we find
chloroplasts?
 Transpiration – loss of
water through leaves
 Guard Cells – Change the
size of the stomata to
control amount of water
released.

This takes place in
STOMATA which is a
pore-like opening
 Take place in
CONES
 Pollen Cones –
MALE
(produce male
gametophyte)
 Seed Cones –
FEMALE
(produce female
gametophyte)
 Pollination happens
when the pollen is
RELEASED from male
 Fertilization happens
when the pollen grains
land near ovule
 Pollination happens when POLLEN lands on
STIGMA
 Fruit – any seed that is
enclosed within its
embryo wall
 FLESHY –
surrounding is fleshy

DRY –dry outside
 Early growth stage
of plant embryo
 Steps:
1. Absorbs water
2. Seeds open from
swollen tissue
3. Young root
emerges & grows
 Vegetative
Reproduction
 Includes production
of new plants from
horizontal stems, from
planters &
underground roots
 Benefits: doesn’t
involve pollination
 2 methods:
horizontal stems,
planters &
underground roots
 Plant Propagation – horticulturist use cutting,
grafting or budding to make identical copies of a
plant
 BENEFITS - produce offspring from seedless
plants
 3 FORMS –
 Cutting – cut from plant, place in special soil
 Grafting – stem out from parent, placed on plant
that has stable root for a strong root system
 Budding – buds used to place on stock
 Hormones – control of plants pattern of growth &
development & plant response
 Auxins – stimulate cell elongation
 Cytokinins – stimulate cell development & growth of
lateral buds, cause dormant seeds to sprout
 Gibberillins (1) –dramatic increase in size of plant, part
in stem & fruit
 Ethylene (1) – stimulate to ripen fruit, dying leaves, &
flowers
 Gravitropism – response to gravity
 Phototropism – response to light
 Thigmotropism – response to touch
 Photoperiodism – response to light &
darkness
 Winter dormancy – photosynthetic
pathway turned off
 Leaf abscission – losing leaves during
colder months
 3 ways plants adapt to
life in water
Seeds that float
2. Grow quick
3. Shoots grow above
water
1.
 Submerged in Water:
 No Cuticles to Prevent Water Loss
 Reduced Roots
 Chloroplasts are restricted to the upper portions
 Salty Conditions:
 Specialized cells that pump salt out
 Desert Plants:
 Extensive roots
 Reduced leaves
 Thick stems
 Poor Soil:
 Carnivores
 Parasites
 Growth on other plants
 Shade Tolerance and a
way of extracting
nutrients
 Fight Insects
 Defend themselves
against insects attack by
manufacturing
compounds that have
powerful effects on
animals