Download Ch. 18 The Cold War - Streetsboro City Schools

Ch. 18 The Cold War 1945-1989
Mr. Judd
Content Standards
18. The United States and the Soviet Union became superpowers and competed for global influence.
19. Treaties and agreements at the end of World War II changed national boundaries and created
multinational organizations.
After the Axis Powers were defeated in World War II, the differences between the United States and the Soviet Union
came to the front. Stalin still feared the capitalist West, and Western leaders still had a great fear of communism. Throw
in the fact that both sides had atomic weapons by 1949 and it should not surprise us that the two countries were
headed for a showdown. From the end of World War II until 1989, the United States and the Soviet Union will be
involved in a war, not a direct or physical one, but one of ideas and beliefs. This was called the Cold War.
Below are two major conferences that occurred at the end of World War II that set the stage for future conflict between
the United States and the Soviet Union. Read pages 362-363 in the text and fill in the chart.
Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)
1.
Who are the three
gentlemen in the above
photograph (left to
right)?
What should be done
with the Eastern
European nations?
(Nations along the
Soviet Union border)
What other issues were
discussed and
tentatively agreed
upon?
Potsdam Conference (July 1945)
Roots of the Cold War: “Ideas” (Ideological Differences)
2
Complete each sentence in the table by trying to explain how this idea could be defended (you don’t necessarily have
to believe in it!)
Communism
Equality of Outcome
Capitalism
Equality of Opportunity
Rich people should be forced to share their
wealth with those less fortunate, because….
People should be free to earn as much (or as little)
money as they are able, because…
Nationalization
Privatization
Factories and other property should be
owned by the people on behalf of all the
people, because…
Factories and other property should be owned by
individuals and companies, because…
Dictatorship
Democracy
Voter should be allowed to choose between
communist candidates, because…
Voters should be able to choose anyone of any
party, because…
Censorship
Free Press
The press should never criticize a communist
government, because…
The press should be free to criticize the
government, because…
Social Conformity
Social Non-Conformity
Individuality should never be promoted,
because….
Individuality should be encouraged among people in
society, because…
Money
Economic
System
Property
Elections
Political
System
Press
Individual
Rights
Social
Mobility
Cold War: Superpowers Face Off
3
As you read Lesson 1 in the textbook (Pgs. 368-372), take bullet point notes to explain how each of the following actions
or policies led to the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union.
1. Truman Doctrine
2. Marshall Plan
3. Policy of Containment
4. Blockade of Berlin
5. Formation of North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO)
6. Soviets detonate first atomic bomb (1949)
7. Launching of Sputnik I
8. East Germans were escaping Communism
by fleeing into West Berlin
Europe During the Cold War
4
Label the countries correctly and use the key provided to color code the countries NATO or Warsaw Pact. Also label
the Iron Curtain. Use the maps on Pg. 371 and Pg. 367 for help.
See “A Wall in Berlin” on Pg. 372 in text to answer the following question.
Q. What events in Berlin led to the construction of the Berlin Wall? See the inserted map of Berlin and outline the
Berlin Wall where you think it belongs.
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From Revolution to Reform in China
5
China: The Great Leap Forward to the Cultural Revolution
6
One of Mao Zedong’s goals was to MODERNIZE China. The plan was
known as The Great Leap Forward. According to Mao, China would do
two things. First, she would increase her food production in order to
end FAMINES. Second, she would increase the production in HEAVY
INDUSTRIES such as steel, mining, tractor production, etc.
In order to accomplish this, peasants were forced to work longer hours
and take no days off. They worked on farms that were owned
collectively. This means that the government owned the farms for the
people. All crops that were grown on the collective farm belonged to
the government. In order to increase heavy industry, thousands of
"back yard -factories" were created to produce iron and steel. Like the peasants, workers in factories were forced to put
in longer hours in order to produce more goods.
During The Great Leap Forward, there was a major increase in food and heavy industrial production. However, by 1958,
the program fell apart because the country was trying to do too much too fast. Mao was blamed for the failure of The
Great Leap Forward. He believed that the people had lost their revolutionary spirit which brought the communists to
power in 1949. As a result, in 1966, Mao started the Cultural Revolution which ran for two years. During that period of
time, many youths who supported Mao and Communism formed groups called the Red Guards. They took control of the
country trying to destroy old thoughts, old customs and old habits. In addition, they supported Mao and his attempts to
change China. Eventually the Red Guards and their revolution turned violent, as they took on factory workers, peasants
and people who had ideas different from their own. Schools throughout China were closed and the country was in
TURMOIL. Eventually, in 1968, the Cultural Revolution ended, but not before the future of communism was guaranteed.
QUESTIONS: Answer the following .
1. What were the two goals of the Great Leap Forward?
2. How did Mao Zedong plan to accomplish these goals?
3. Why did the Cultural Revolution take place?
4. What role did the Red Guards play in the Cultural Revolution? (Pg. 375 in text)
5. How did the Cultural Revolution change China?
The Ideas of Mao Zedong: Analyzing a Primary Source
7
The following selections are from the Thoughts of
Chairman Mao. For many years, Chinese peasants and
workers learned to read by studying the "Little Red
Book," the name given Mao's sayings by westerners.
Read the selections carefully and then answer the
questions that follow.
It is up to us to organize the people. As for the reactionaries in China, it is up to us to organize the people to
overthrow them. Everything reactionary is the same; if you don't hit it, it won't fall. This is also like sweeping the
floor; as a rule, where the broom does not reach, the dust will not vanish of itself.
A revolution is not a dinner party, or writing an essay, or painting a picture or doing embroidery; it cannot be so
refined, so leisurely and gentle, so . . . kind, courteous, restrained, and generous. A revolution is an insurrection, an
act of violence by which one class overthrows another.
We communists are like seeds, and the people are like the soil. Wherever we go, we must unite with the people,
take root and blossom among them. Communists should set an example in study; at all times they should be pupils
of the masses as well as their teachers.
We should pay close attention to the well-being of the masses, from the problems of the land and labour to those
of fuel, rice, cooking oil, and salt.... All such problems concerning the wellbeing of the masses should be placed on
our agenda. We should discuss them, adopt and carry out decisions, and check up on the results. We should help
the masses to realize that we represent their interests, that our lives are intimately bound up with theirs.
1. Who are the "reactionaries" Mao refers to in the first selection?
2. According to Mao, what is the goal of revolution?
3. According to Mao, what should the relationship be between Communist leaders and the masses?
4. To what people in China did Mao's ideas appeal most?
5. Why were Mao's ideas popular among these people?
Confessions of a Former Red Guard
8
The Cultural Revolution in China began 50 years ago. Recently, CNN published a piece by Chinese woman named Yu
Xiangzhen. The piece opens, “I have lived a life haunted by guilt.” That guilt is a result of having been a foot soldier in
Chairman Mao’s revolution in the 1960s when Yu was only in middle school:
On May 16, 1966, I was practicing calligraphy with my 37 classmates when a high-pitched voice
came from the school’s loudspeaker, announcing the central government’s decision to start
what it called a “Cultural Revolution.”
It was my first year of junior high, I was just 13.
“Fellow students, we must closely follow Chairman Mao,” the speaker bellowed. “Get out of
the classroom! Devote yourselves to the Cultural Revolution!”
What this meant in practice was students revved up with conviction that they were
serving the greater good going around tormenting anyone who seemed to be less
enthusiastic:
As Red Guards, we subjected anyone perceived as “bourgeois” or “revisionist” to brutal mental
and physical attacks.
I regret most what we did to our homeroom teacher Zhang Jilan.
I was one of the most active students — if not the most revolutionary — when the class held a
struggle session against Ms. Zhang.
I pulled accusations out of nowhere, saying she was a heartless and cold woman, which was
entirely false.
Others accused her of being a Christian because the character “Ji” in her name could refer to
Christianity.
Our groundless criticisms were then written into “big character” posters — a popular way of
criticizing “class enemies” and spreading propaganda — 60 of them in total, which covered the
exterior walls of our classroom building.
Not long after, she was sent to the cowshed — a makeshift prison for intellectuals and other
“bourgeois elements” — and suffered all kinds of humiliation and abuse.
Decades later Yu met with her former teacher and apologized for her past behavior. She asked what had happened to
her at the cowshed. The teacher replied “I was made to crawl like a dog on the ground.” That outcome was a lot better
than what would come later. CNN reports that by 1968, “people were publicly beaten to death every day during struggle
sessions; others who had been persecuted threw themselves off tall buildings.” Everyone lived in fear of running afoul of
the revolution’s edicts or of being singled out for persecution. The Cultural Revolution is a case study in anti-capitalist
delusion and the semi-religious fervor (and violence) that come with it.
1. Why do you suppose young people like the author got swept up in the Cultural Revolution?
2. The author referred to “class enemies.” What do you think she meant by that?
3. What happened to the teacher?
4. Do the Red Guards remind you of any other group of people we have studied in countries ruled by a dictator? Explain.
5. What was Chairman Mao's "real" reason for starting the Cultural Revolution?
7. Would you have wanted to join the Red Guards? Why? Why not?
Proxy Wars
9
Proxy War- (1) a war in which the powers in conflict use third parties as substitutes instead of
fighting each other directly. (2) A war instigated by a major power which does not itself
become involved.
Korea
List the series of
events that
transpired in this
country between
the United States
and the Soviet
Union.




How was the
conflict resolved?
Provide details.

After the dust
settled, what was
the “fall out” of
this conflict?




1945- The Soviet Union
and the U.S. agreed to
divide Korea into two
zones at the 38th parallel.
As U.S.-Soviet relations
grew worse, two separate
governments emerged in
Korea-Communist in the
north and antiCommunists in the south.
1950- Communist North
Korea invades South
Korea.
The U.S. (and other UN
nations) sends troops to
repel the invasion.
1953- An armistice (seize
fire) was signed.
The 38th parallel
remained, and remains
today, the boundary line
between North Korea and
South Korea.
The Korean War
confirmed U.S. fears of
communist expansion.
U.S. adopts a policy of
massive retaliation- any
Soviet advance would be
met with nuclear bombs.
U.S. military alliances
were extended around
the world.
Cuba
Vietnam
Document Based Questions
10
Document 1
Document 1 Questions
1. Who are the two characters in this cartoon?
2. What appears to be going on in this cartoon? What
is interesting about the man’s teeth?
3. Look at the caption of the cartoon. What point is the
cartoonist making about the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Document 2 The threat of nuclear war was obvious in the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. This excerpt, from President
John F. Kennedy's speech to the American people, explains the U.S. position.
…We have unmistakable evidence that a series of offensive missile sites is now being built on that island... Cuba has
been made into an important strategic base by the presence of these long-range offensive weapons of sudden mass
destruction. This is an open threat to the peace and security of all the Americas. Our objective must be to prevent the
use of these missiles against this or any other country. We must secure their withdrawal from the Western
Hemisphere . . . I call upon Chairman Khrushchev to eliminate this secret and reckless threat to world peace.
4. What is the basis for President Kennedy's demand that the missiles be removed from Cuba?
Document 3 The Cuban missile crisis brought the United States and the Soviet Union to the brink of nuclear
war. It was, perhaps, the most frightening moment of the Cold War. This document focuses on Khrushchev’s
agreement to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba.
“I appreciate your assurance that the United States will not invade Cuba. Hence, we have ordered our officers to
stop building bases, dismantle the equipment, and send it back home….We must not allow the situation to
deteriorate, (but) eliminate hotbeds of tension, and we must see to it that no other conflicts occur which might
lead to a world nuclear war.”
---Letter from Nikita Khrushchev to President John F. Kennedy, October 28, 1962
5. What does the letter suggest about Khrushchev’s reaction to the crisis?
How did the Cold War Affect People’s Lives
11
“Russians" is a song by Sting released in 1985. The song is a commentary and plea that criticizes the then-dominant Cold War
foreign policy and doctrine of mutually assured destruction (MAD) by the United States and the Soviet Union.
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)- Mutual assured destruction or mutually assured destruction (MAD) is
a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more
opposing sides would cause the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender. It is based on the theory
of deterrence, which holds that the threat of using strong weapons against the enemy prevents the enemy's use of those
same weapons. The strategy is a form of Nash equilibrium in which, once armed, neither side has any incentive to initiate a
conflict or to disarm.
In Europe and America, there’s a growing feeling of
hysteria
Conditioned to response to all the threats
In the rhetorical speeches of the Soviets
Mr. Khrushchev said we will bury you
I don’t subscribe to this view
It would be such an ignorant thing to do
If the Russians love their children too
How can I save my little boy from
Oppenheimer’s deadly toy
There is no monopoly of common sense
On either side of the political fence
We share the same biology
Regardless of ideology
Believe me when I say to you
I hope the Russians love their children too
There is no historical precedent
To put the words in the mouth of the president
There’s no such thing as a winnable war
It’s a lie we don’t believe anymore
Mr. Reagan says we will protect you
I don’t subscribe to this point of view
Believe me when I say to you
I hope the Russians love their children too
We share the same biology
Regardless of ideology
What might save us me and you
Is that the Russians love their children too
Answer the following question based on the song “Russians” and your knowledge of the Cold War.
This song made me feel ____________________________ because _____________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
1. What is the first sound you hear? What is the last sound you hear? What might this mean?
2. Who do you think Mr. Khrushchev is? What is he threatening to do?
3. What is “Oppenheimer’s deadly toy?”
4. Name the two sides of the political fence.
5. What does “We share the same biology” mean?
6. Why isn’t a nuclear war “winnable”?
7. Do Americans love their children? Russians? What might happen to all children in a nuclear war?
Cold War Hotspot
12
Germany
Korea
Cuba
Vietnam
Pg. 371
Pg. 539
Pg. 529
Pg. 380
1. Draw the division between
East and West Germany.
1. Draw the division line
established in 1945.
1. Color Cuba RED.
2. Color East Germany RED
and West Germany BLUE.
2. Color North Korea RED and
South Korea BLUE.
2. Color America BLUE.
3. Label the city of Berlin.
3. Label the cities of
P’yongyang and Seoul.
3. Draw little BLUE ships
blockading Cuba.
1. Draw the division line
between North Vietnam and
South Vietnam.
2. Color North Vietnam RED
and South Vietnam BLUE.
3. Locate and color the
countries of Laos and
Cambodia. Color them a color
of your choice.
4. Label the cities of Hanoi
and Saigon.
China
Eastern Europe
Pg. 539
Pgs. 367 & 371
1. Color China RED.
2. Color the island of Taiwan BLUE.
3. Label the city of Beijing.
4. Label the neighboring countries.
1. Color E. Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania,
Bulgaria and Albania RED.
2. Color the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Belgium,
Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Greece, Turkey and
West Germany BLUE.