Download Introduction to SQL Server

Enterprise Database
Systems
Introduction to SQL Server
Technological Educational Institution of Larissa
in collaboration with Staffordshire University
Larissa 2007
Dr. Georgia Garani [email protected]
Dr. Theodoros Mitakos [email protected]
SQL
SQL, pronounced ‘Sequel’ or simply S-Q-L, is
a computer programming language that was
developed especially for querying relational
databases using a nonprocedural approach.
The term nonprocedural means that you can
extract information by simply telling the
system what information is needed without
telling it how to perform the data retrieval.
Transact-SQL or T-SQL is Microsoft's
implementation of the SQL language.
Procedural and
Nonprocedural
Nonprocedural
SELECT emp_last_name,
emp_first_name
FROM employee
WHERE emp_last_name =
'BOCK';
Procedural
intIndex = 1
DO WHILE intIndex <=
Count_Of_Rows
If emp_last_name =
'BOCK' Then
DISPLAY
emp_last_name,
emp_first_name
End If
intIndex += 1
LOOP
DATA
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Two types of data are stored within a
database.
User data: Data that must be stored by
an organization.
System data: Data the database needs to
manage user data to manage itself. This
is also termed metadata, or the data
about data.
DBMS Services
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•
•
•
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Data definition for defining and storing
all of the objects that comprise a
database such as tables and indexes
Data maintenance
Data manipulation
Data display
Data integrity
Data security Database backup and
recovery
SQL Server Versions
Edition
SQL Server
Standard
Edition
Description
Small-and medium-sized businesses without large
data center applications will find this edition best
fits their budget. It supports up to four CPUs and
2GB of random access memory.
SQL Server
Enterprise
Edition
Aimed at large companies This version provides
high availability and scalability. It can support up
to 32 CPUs and 64GB of random access memory.
SQL Server
Developer
Edition
This is like the Enterprise Edition, but for system
developers. It cannot be licensed for use in a
production environment.
SQL Server Versions Contd.
SQL Server
Desktop
Edition
This Edition has the SQL Server database engine,
but not all of the management tools or analysis
services. Database size for this edition is limited
to 2GB. It supports full application development
and deployment for small business applications.
SQL Server
This version has much of the functionality of the
2000 Personal Standard Edition. It can service small groups of
Edition
concurrent access users. It will run on desktop
Windows operating systems from Windows 98 to
Windows 2000 Professional Edition.
SQL Server
This runs on the Windows CE operating system
2000
for pocket PC devices.
Windows CE
Edition
SQL Server Features
Feature
Description
Internet
standard
support
SQL Server uses Microsoft's new .NET technology to support
data exchange across the Internet including new detailed support
for the extensible-markup language, or XML.
Scalability
SQL Server can be used to build very large, multiprocessor
systems.
Security
SQL Server's sophisticated security mechanisms control access
mechanisms to sensitive data through an assortment of privileges, for
example, the privilege to read or write specific information within
a database.
Backup and
recovery
SQL Server's sophisticated backup and recovery programs
minimize data loss and downtime if problems arise.
SQL Server Features Cont.
Space
SQL Servers automated space management
managemen capability makes it easy for a database
t
administrator to manage disk space for storage.
These capabilities also include the ability to specify
subsequent allocations on how much disk space to
set aside for future requirements.
Open
connectivity
SQL Server's open connectivity functionality
provides uninterrupted access to the database
throughout the day. It also provides open
connectivity to and from other vendors’ software.
Tools and
SQL Server provides a wide range of development
applications tools, end-user query tools, and support for thirdparty software applications that are used to model
business processes and data and to generate
SQL Query Analyzer
GUI can be used to:
 Create databases.
 Develop, test, and debug stored procedures.
 Run SQL scripts – these are miniature programs that contain
either DDL or DML commands or a combination of these
commands. An example would be a script to create a
database, and then populate the tables in the database with
data.
 Optimize system performance.
 Analyze query plans – these are the plans that the DBMS
generates for processing a query.
 Maintain and manage statistics concerning database
performance.
 Generate tune table indexes – the indexes are supposed to
improve system performance for data retrieval.
SQL Query Analyzer Contd.
SQL Query Analyzer Contd.
SQL Query Analyzer Contd.
SQL Query Analyzer Contd.
Creating a Database
When SQL Server is initially installed, five
system databases are generated. These are
named: (1) master, (2) model, (3) msdb, (4)
distribution, and (5) tempdb.
When you create a new database in SQL
Server, the DBMS uses the model database
as a template to create a new database.
The command to create a user database is :
CREATE DATABASE <database_name>
Note: You must have prior authorization from
your
system administrator to execute this
command.
Using a Database
After you have CREATED your
database(s) you must use the USE
command to select a database for
future processing.
You can type the USE command into
the Editor pane and execute it also.
USE Company;
The command(s) completed successfully.
Executing Scripts
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•
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Sometimes you need to execute a script
that contains a series of SQL statements.
The Editor pane can be used to create and
save a script
Simply select the Editor pane to make it
the active window, then use the toolbar
Save option and specify the location, file
name, and file format when the Save
Query dialog box displays.
You should use the default filename
extension of .sql when naming a script file.
Executing Scripts
Executing Scripts
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•
You can also open scripts and
execute them, even if they were
created with another text editor, such
as Microsoft Notepad or Word.
Select the Load SQL Script toolbar
button and when the Open Query File
dialog box displays, locate and select
the name of the file to be opened.
Executing Scripts
T-SQL Naming Rules
There are several rules for naming database objects
that must be followed:
Identifiers can consist of letters, digits, or the symbols #,
@, $, and _ (underscore).
Identifiers must be no more than 128 characters
The first character of an identifier must be either a letter (az, A-Z) or the #, @ or _ (underscore) symbol. After the first
character, you may use digits, letters, or the symbols $, #,
or _ (underscore).
Temporary objects are named by using the # symbol as the
first character of the identifier. Avoid using this symbol as
the leading character when naming permanent database
objects.
The @ symbol as the first character of an identifier denotes
a variable name. Avoid using this symbol as the leading
character when naming other database objects.
SQL keywords such as SELECT and WHERE cannot be
used as an identifier.