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Download The SOLAR-JET Project - Alternative Fuels Worldwide
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The SOLAR-JET Project EU FP7-AERONAUTICS and AIR TRANSPORT Collaborative Project No. 285098 Key drivers for alternative fuels FP7-285098 Situation: Key drivers of change Task: Solar kerosene: production, performance, economics Approach: Inter-disciplinary team, integration of entire fuel chain Results: - World record of efficiency by material development - First-ever demonstration of the entire production chain - Identification of an alternative fuel path with potentially unlimited long-term technical production volume - Economic drivers and impact results ILA BERLIN – May 2014 2 Key drivers for alternative fuels FP7-285098 Limited fossil resources Climate change Growing mobility demand Key question: Which alternative fuel strategy offers the best solution for suitability, sustainability and scalability? Source: IATA, 2013 ILA BERLIN – May 2014 3 Situation today FP7-285098 Energy carrier Suitability GTL, CTL BTL Drop-in capable blend HEFA New bio-fuels LNG LH2 Electric power Drop-in capable blend Sustainability Scalability Fossil carbon release Commercial scale implementation Potentially low carbon emission Feedstock development, logistics and competition for bio-mass Potentially low carbon emission Feedstock development, logistics and competition for bio-mass Non-drop-in solution Non-fuel energy carrier, low specific energy Today: No alternative fuel meets all three criteria. ILA BERLIN – May 2014 4 Future perspectives FP7-285098 Energy carrier Suitability GTL, CTL Sustainability Scalability Fossil carbon release Commercial scale implementation BTL HEFA Drop-in capable blend New bio-fuels Potentially low carbon emission Large-scale production less restrictive than for biofuels SOLAR-JET (STL) LNG Fossil carbon release Existing infrastructure Non-drop-in solution LH2 Electric power Feedstock development, logistics and competition for bio-mass Distribution and storage Non-fuel energy carrier, low specific energy Potentially zero carbon emission Potentially scalable through diversity and large-scale plants ILA BERLIN – May 2014 5 Solar resource & land requirement FP7-285098 Area required for 100% substitution of European jet fuel demand High yield production 20 Mha required area for 100 % jet fuel substitution1 BTL (woody biomass)3 High energy conversion efficiency beyond photosynthetic limits Utilization of production areas with large solar resource 8% 0.7 % Large substitution potential 100% substitution at moderate land requirement! Mitigates land-use conflicts 1.7 Mha required area for 100 % jet fuel substitution1 STL (DNI 2000 kWh/m2) 1 3 European agricultural area (2005)2: 250 Mha EIA (2008), International Energy Annual 2006, 2 FAO (2010), ResourceSTAT-Land 2005 BHL (2010), The Bauhaus Inventory of Energy Crops; Mha: Million Hectare; DNI: Direct Normal Irradiation ILA BERLIN – May 2014 6 Solar resource & land requirement FP7-285098 Solar fuel production area (left) complementary to BTL fuels (right) No arable land required, high yields from formerly marginal land Little overlap with areas of rich bio-diversity Sources: Trieb, F. et al, Global Potential of Concentrating Solar Power, SolarPaces 2009 Riegel, F. and J. Steinsdörfer, Bioenergy in Aviation: The Question of Land Availability, Yields and True Sustainability, Proceedings of the 3rd CEAS Air&Space Conference 2011 ILA BERLIN – May 2014 7 Process overview FP7-285098 H2O CO2 Sunlight Syngas FT Work CxHy Heat O2 H2O/CO2 CO2/H2O capt./storage Concentration Thermochemistry Gas storage FT Combustion Most process steps already proven on an industrial scale Lowest technology readiness level for thermochemical conversion and CO2 capture from air ILA BERLIN – May 2014 8 Feedstock provision FP7-285098 Seawater desalination Flash distillation: Evaporation from salt water Energy requirement ~ 35 kWh m-3 Reverse osmosis: Applied pressure inverts osmotic diffusion process Energy requirement ~ 2-3 kWh m-3 Carbon capture http://bmet.wikia.com/wiki/Reverse_Osmosis_Unit Capture technologies based on chemical and physical absorption, physical adsorption, membrane technology and cryogenic separation www.climeworks.com/capture_process/ articles/capture_process.html ILA BERLIN – May 2014 9 Concentration of solar energy FP7-285098 Upper process temperature (≈1800 K during reduction) defines required power input and concentration ratio Adequate concentration systems Solar towers Solar dishes http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~wang30y/csp/ParabolicDish.html http://www.dlr.de/sf/de/Portaldata/73/Resources/images/juelich/STJ_max.jpg ILA BERLIN – May 2014 10 Solar thermochemical syngas production FP7-285098 Two-step solar thermochemical process to produce syngas Reduction with oxygen depleted purge gas at high temperatures (≈1800 K): CeO2 → CeO2-δ + δ/2∙O2 Reoxidation with steam and/or carbon dioxide at lower temperatures (≈1000 K): CeO2-δ + δ ∙H2O → CeO2 + δ ∙H2 CeO2-δ + δ ∙CO2 → CeO2 + δ ∙CO Syngas is a precursor for solar kerosene CeO2-δi Oxidation ≈1000 K Reduction ≈1800 K CeO2-δf ILA BERLIN – May 2014 11 Solar thermochemical syngas production FP7-285098 Two-step solar thermochemical process to produce syngas Reduction with oxygen depleted purge gas at high temperatures (≈1800 K): CeO2 → CeO2-δ + δ/2∙O2 Reoxidation with steam and/or carbon dioxide at lower temperatures (≈1000 K): CeO2-δ + δ ∙H2O → CeO2 + δ ∙H2 CeO2-δ + δ ∙CO2 → CeO2 + δ ∙CO Syngas is a precursor for solar kerosene H2 and/or CO Chueh et al., High-Flux Solar-Driven Thermochemical Dissociation of CO2 and H2O Using Nonstoichiometric Ceria, Science 330, pp. 1797 (2010) ILA BERLIN – May 2014 12 Impressions from the lab at ETH Zurich FP7-285098 By courtesy of Prof. Steinfeld, ETH Zürich ILA BERLIN – May 2014 13 Fischer-Tropsch conversion FP7-285098 Gas-to-liquid plants already in largescale operation today (e.g. Pearl GTL in Qatar) Modular setup of long tubes filled with catalyst Jet fuel production: Co-based catalyst operating at ~200°C Conversion of syngas to hydrocarbons Main reaction: 2n + 1 H2 + nCO ↔ Cn H 2n +2 Side reactions produce alkenes, alcohols, carbon dioxide, hydrogen + nH2 O ILA BERLIN – May 2014 14 Impressions from the lab at Shell, Amsterdam FP7-285098 ILA BERLIN – May 2014 15 Fischer-Tropsch products FP7-285098 Light product (liquid hydro- carbons, H2O) Hydrocracked waxes (incl. jet fuel) Heavy product (waxes) ILA BERLIN – May 2014 16 Next steps towards implementation FP7-285098 Demonstrate SOLAR-JET fuel production with real sunlight Scale-up of SOLAR-JET reactor technology Further improve solar-thermochemical energy conversion efficiency Design of pre-commercial pilot plant ILA BERLIN – May 2014 17 Acknowledgement SOLAR-JET team FP7-285098 Christoph Falter Oliver Boegler Dr. Christoph Jeßberger Dr. Valentin Batteiger Dr. Andreas Sizmann Daniel Marxer Philipp Haueter Dr. Philipp Furler Dr. Jonathan Scheffe Prof. Dr. Aldo Steinfeld Parthasarathy Pandi Dr. Patrick Le Clercq Dr. Joanna Bauldreay Prof. Dr. Donald Reinalda Prof. Dr. Hans Geerlings Justine Curtit Dr. Martin Dietz ILA BERLIN – May 2014 18 SOLAR-JET team FP7-285098 ILA BERLIN – May 2014 19 SOLAR-JET team FP7-285098 ILA BERLIN – May 2014 20 Contact and acknowledgment FP7-285098 Dr. Andreas Sizmann Head of Future Technologies and Ecology of Aviation Bauhaus Luftfahrt e.V. Lyonel-Feininger-Straße 28 80807 Munich GERMANY Tel.: Fax: +49 (0)89 307 4849-38 +49 (0)89 307 4849-20 [email protected] www.bauhaus-luftfahrt.net www.solar-jet.aero The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7/20072013) under grant agreement no. 285098 − Project SOLAR-JET. Bitte besuchen Sie uns am DLR Stand, please visit us at DLR booth: Halle 4, Stand 4301, Exponat 1 ILA BERLIN – May 2014 21 Appendix FP7-285098 ILA BERLIN – May 2014 22 Solar fuel pathways FP7-285098 Different solar fuels paths are technically feasible Potential economic advantages of solar-thermal fuel production: Utilizes the full solar spectrum Mirrors collect sunlight Potentially high conversion efficiency High process temperature Fast reaction kinetics No catalysts required for syngas production H2O CO2 Electrochemical Photochemical Thermochemical Photovoltaic or Concentrated Solar Power Photosynthesis Thermochemical redox cycles Artificial photosynthesis Electrolysis H2 CO Syngas (H2/CO) Fischer-Tropsch ILA BERLIN – May 2014 CxHy 23 Syngas production FP7-285098 Syngas production at arbitrary H2-to-CO ratio P. Furler et al., Energy Environ. Sci. 5, 6098-6103, 2012 ILA BERLIN – May 2014 24 Syngas production - CO2 splitting efficiency FP7-285098 𝛈solar-to-fuel,average = 1.73 % 𝛈solar-to-fuel,peak = 3.53 % Energy in syngas Solar radiation at reactor facet P. Furler et al., Energy & Fuels, 26, 7051-7059, 2012 ILA BERLIN – May 2014 25 Compressor station at ETH FP7-285098 Collect gases from solar reactor CO2, CO, H2, Ar Compress gases in two stages to 150 bar Ship gas bottle to Shell in Amsterdam Dedicated compressor station with security precautions due to flammable and toxic gases ILA BERLIN – May 2014 26 Fischer-Tropsch product distribution FP7-285098 Probability of chain growth can be adjusted through temperature, syngas composition, catalyst composition, pressure 2n + 1 H2 + nCO ↔ Cn H 2n+2 + nH2 O For the production of jet fuel: α ≥ 0.9, i.e. longer-chained hydrocarbons are produced Products are treated to increase the share of jet fuel wiki.gekgasifier.com ILA BERLIN – May 2014 27 Feedstock provision: Water FP7-285098 Water demand: 3-4 litres for 1 litre liquid fuel Seawater desalination & pipeline transport: State-of-the-art desalination: 2-3 kWh/m3 Pipeline transport: 3,3 kWh/m3 (500 km, 500 m altitude, 75 cm diameter) Comparison: Energy content of 1 litre fuel 10 kWh Moderate amounts of water Cheap & feasible both in terms of cost & energy required for provision ILA BERLIN – May 2014 28 Feedstock provision CO2 FP7-285098 Near future: CO2 is frequently used in many industries Sources: By-product e.g. from Ammonia, Methanol, Ethanol production Mid-term future: Utilize CO2 from flue gas capture Long term future: Develop truly sustainable CO2 supply Sources: Biomass, Water bodies, Carbon air capture ILA BERLIN – May 2014 29 SOLAR-JET fuel economics FP7-285098 ILA BERLIN – May 2014 30 SOLAR-JET fuel economics FP7-285098 ILA BERLIN – May 2014 31 SOLAR-JET fuel economics FP7-285098 Economics dominated by large investment cost Mainly for heliostat field (mirrors) Energy conversion efficiency decisive A total path efficiency of ~10% is required for economic viability Production cost estimates: 1.85 $/l (Kim 2012) SOLAR-JET estimate: 1.3 – 3.1 $/l (2035) Source: Kim, J. et al, Energy Environ. Sci., 2012 7 $/gge correspond to 1.85 $/litre ILA BERLIN – May 2014 32
