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PPT accompaniment for Carolina K-12’s lesson Women’s Rights in Iraq To view this PDF as a projectable presentation, save the file, click “View” in the top menu bar of the file, and select “Full Screen Mode” To request an editable PPT version of this presentation, send a request to [email protected] Warm-Up • IhavetraveledtoIraq. • Iammyself,orhaveaclosefriendorfamilymember, whoisMuslim. • MostofwhatIknowaboutIraqhascomefromwhat I’veseenonTV. • TheinformationthattheTVprovidesisalways accurate. AGREEDISAGREE Warm-Up • Therearemanystereotypesthatexistaboutpeople wholiveintheMiddleEast. • PeopleinIraqhavesimilarhopes,dreams,andfearsto peoplelivingintheUnitedStates. • WomenwhoareMuslimhavelessrightsthanwomen whopracticeChristianity. AGREEDISAGREE Women in Iraq Historically Enjoyed More Freedo ms • Throughoutmuchofrecenthistory,Iraqwasactuallyoneofthemost progressivecountriesintheMiddleEastforwomen,withIraqi womenhistoricallyenjoyingmorefreedomsthanthewomenof neighboringcountries. – Asearlyas1948,womenwereparticipatinginIraq’srevolutionarymovement againstBritishinfluenceandmonarchyinIraq. – The1959LawofPersonalStatus—whichcameintobeingthankstoa mobilizationbyIraqiwomenaftertheendofBritishcolonialrule—gavewomen equalrightstodivorce,restrictedpolygamy,prohibitedmarriagesunderage18 andensuredthatmenandwomenhadthesameinheritancerights. – Fromthe1950stothe1970s,Iraqiwomen couldlegallywork,study,marry,divorce,and wearwhattheywanted. – Asof1963,theWomen’sIraqiLeaguehadover 40,000members. DoesitsurpriseyoutohearthatwomeninIraq wereactuallygrantedmorerightsthanin otherMiddleEasterncountries? Whydoyouthinkitisoftenassumedthat womeninIraqhavealwayssufferedfroma lackofrights? Misunderstanding or Stereotyping Religions • Whichtypeofprayerismostfamiliarto you?Unfamiliartoyou? • Whydowesometimesjudge, stereotype,ormakegeneralizations aboutthatwhichisunfamiliar? Misunderstanding or Stereotyping Religions & Culture • Whichoftheseimagescontainpeopledressingin accordancewiththeirreligiousbeliefsorcultural practices? • Whichreligionsmayberepresentedinsuchdress? • Whichformsofdressareyoumostfamiliarwith? Whatsimilaritiescanyounotebetweenthatwith whichyouarefamiliarandtheotherimages? Understanding Islam • IslamisthepredominantreligioninIraqandtherestofthe MiddleEast. • IslamisthereligionarticulatedbytheQur’an,consideredby believerstobetheliteralwordofGod. • OnewhopracticesIslamisaMuslim,meaning"onewho submits[toGod].” • ThevastmajorityofMuslimsbelongtooneoftwomajor denominations,theSunni andtheShi'a. • Hijab isthetypeofheadcoveringtraditionallywornby Muslimwomen,butcanalsorefertomodestMuslim stylesofdressingeneral. • Muslimsdifferastohow"hijabdress"shouldbe enforced. Islam and Women OMankindreverence YourGuardian-Lord Whocreatedyou FromaSingleperson; Createdoflikenature Hismate,andfromthemtwain Scattered[likeseeds] Countlessmenandwomen • WhatisthispassagefromtheQur’ansaying? Islam and Women • Islamisnomoreorlessrepressivetowomenthanotherworld religions. • Islamisconsideredbymanyasaveryprogressivereligionfor women,sincemanyScripturesaddresstheequalityofwomen andmen. – AccordingtotheKoran,menandwomenareequalbeforegod,and bothsexesshareequalrightsandresponsibilitieswithinthefaith. – Islamseesawoman,whethersingleormarried,asanindividualwho reservestherighttoownanddisposeofherownpropertyand earnings,andsheispermittedtoeitherkeepherfamilynameor adoptherhusband’swhenshemarries. Islam and Women Accordingtomany“Islamicfeminists,”Islamisactuallyavery progressivereligionforwomen,wasradicallyegalitarianforitstime, andremainssoinsomeofitsscriptures.TheycontendthatIslamic lawhasevolvedinwaysthatareinimicaltogenderequalitynot becauseitclearlypointedinthatdirection,butbecauseofselective interpretationbypatriarchalleadersandaminglingofIslamic teachingswithtribalcustomsandtraditions.Islamicfeministsnow seektorevivetheequalitybestowedonwomeninthereligion’searly yearsbyrereadingtheKoran,puttingtheScripturesincontext,and disentanglingthemfromtribalpractices. ~IsobelColeman,“Women,Islam,andtheNewIraq” WhatmessageisColemantryingtoconveyinthispassage? Interpretation of Islamic Law • • WhiletheQur’anhasabout80versesconcerninglegalissues,manyofwhich refertotheroleofwomeninsocietyandtoimportantfamilyissues (i.e.marriage,divorce,inheritance),otherday-to-dayissuesarenot addressedorareaddressedverybroadlyandthusareinterpreted. Sharia isthebodyofIslamiclawthatwasdevelopedbyreligiousscholars afterthedeathoftheProphetMuhammad. – Sharia ismeanttoprovidemoralandlegalguidancetoMuslimsandisbasedon theQur’anandtheSunna (recordedtraditionsorcustomsoftheProphet). – SinceSharia’s prescriptionsandprohibitionscanbebroad,theapplicationin practicevaries. – Islamicscholars(knownasulama)haveelaboratedsystemsoflawonthebasisof theserulesandtheirinterpretations. – Itisinsuchinterpretationswhereconservativepositionscanbeapplied,ora moremodernnotioncanbeapplied. Whatcanbeproblematicaboutsuchinterpretation(inall religions)? Interpretation of Islamic Law • InterpretationandtheimposingofconservativepositionsonIslam canresultinwomen’srightsbeinglimitedinsomecases: – Bothmenandwomenareexpectedtodressinasimple,modest,anddignified manneraccordingtoIslam,butthedressinsomeIslamiccountriesreflects localcustomsmorethanitdoesreligiousprinciple. – Likewise,thetreatmentofwomeninsomeareasoftheIslamicworldreflects culturalpracticesthatareinconsistentwith,ifnotcontraryto,authenticIslamic teachings. • WhileIslamicattitudesonthequestionofIslamandmodernnotions ofwomen’srightsvary,Islamicfeministsnowseektorevivethe equalitybestowedonwomeninthereligion’searlyyearsbyrereading theKoran,puttingtheScripturesincontext,anddisentanglingthem fromtribalpractices. • “ThewidespreadviewthatIraq’sviolence,sectarianism,and systematicerosionofwomen’srightsisinherenttoMuslimorIraqi culturejustisn’ttrue.“~NadjeAl-Ali,Iraqifeminist A Decline of Rights for Iraqi Women Over Recent Decades • EachdecadeinIraqseemstohavebecomeworsethantheprevious oneintermsofwomen’srights. • UndertheregimeofSaddamHussein,therightsaffordedtowomen wereprogressivelylimitedeachdecade. • WhiletherehavebeenpositiveoutcomesinIraqsincethe2003US invasion,unfortunatelywomen’srightshavecontinuedtodecline. • ManyIraqifeministsclaimthatwomenaredeniedmoreciviland socialrightsandbeenvictimtomoreabusesthantheyhaveinthe past60years. • Doesthissurpriseyou?Whyor whynot? The Rise of Saddam Hussein & the Baath Party • In1968,theBaathParty,underPresidentBakr,seizedpowerinIraq. • SaddamHussein,amemberoftheBaathParty,becameDeputy ChairmanoftheRevolutionaryCommandCouncil. – ThispositionplacedhimassecondinpowerintheBaathParty – HewasinchargeofinternalIraqisecurity • By1973,HusseinwasVicePresidentofIraqunderPresidentBakr. • Throughoutthe1970s,Husseinconsolidatedhispower,placingmany familymembersandpeoplefromhishometowninimportant positionsintheIraqigovernmentandmilitary. – WhydoyouthinkSaddamHusseindidthis? The Rise of Saddam Hussein & the Baath Party • In1979,PresidentBakrresignedunderpressurefromHussein,who thenbecamepresident. • ImmediatelyafterHussein’ssuccessionin1979,hecalledaBaath Partymeetingandhadallofhisoppositionsystematicallymurdered. • Aspresident,Husseincontinuedtoreinforcehispowerbaseby enlargingsecurityforcesandemployingfamilymembersinthegovt. • Ithasbeenestimatedthatasof1984,50%ofIraqiswereeither employedbythegovernmentormilitaryorhadafamilymember whowas. WhateffectdoyouthinkthishadonIraq’s government? Life in Iraq Under Hussein’s Rule • With50%ofIraqisworkingforthegovernment,thepopulation wasintimatelyconnectedtoanddominatedbyHussein. • Hussein’sauthoritarianregimewasaterribledictatorshipthroughout whichmanyhumanrightsatrocitieswerecommitted. • Peopleweretorturedandterrorizedforovertwodecadesand hundredsofthousandsdiedasaresultofSaddam'sactions. – Saddamhadapproximately40ofhisownrelativesmurdered. – ThewarthatSaddamwagedagainstIraq(1980-88)left150,000to340,000 Iraqisand450,000to730,000Iraniansdead. – HewagedchemicalattacksonKurdishvillages,killingthousands.HumanRights WatchreportedthatSaddam's1987-1988campaignofterroragainsttheKurds killedatleast50,000andpossiblyasmanyas100,000Kurds. – In2001,AmnestyInternationalreported:"VictimsoftortureinIraqare subjectedtoawiderangeofformsoftorture,includingthegougingoutofeyes, severebeatingsandelectricshocks...somevictimshavediedasaresultand manyhavebeenleftwithpermanentphysicalandpsychologicaldamage." Women’s Rights Under Hussein’s Rule • WhileSaddamHusseincommittedmanyatrocities,initially someofhispolicieswereactuallyfavorabletowomen. – SaddamcreatedaWestern-stylesecular legalsystem,making IraqtheonlycountryinthePersianGulfregionnotruled accordingtotraditionalIslamiclaw(sharia) • Underthissystem,totheconsternationofIslamicconservatives, Saddam'sgovernmentdeclaredthatcitizenswereequalregardless ofsex,blood,language,socialorigin,orreligion. • Theconstitutiondraftedin1970guaranteedwomentherightto vote,attendschool,ownpropertyandrunforpoliticaloffice. • Womenheldhigh-levelgovernmentand industryjobs. • Asdecadespassedhowever,thestatusof womenunderHussein’srulebecameworse. 1970sWomen’s Rights Under Hussein’s Rule • 1970s: – DuringthefirstdecadeoftheBaathRegime(1970s)thegovt. promotedwomenenteringtheeducationsectorandlabor force. – Thiswasnot duetoanyprogressiveviewsonthepartofthe Husseinregime;itwascircumstantial.Iraqwasexperiencingan economicboomduringthistimeandthusmanyjobswerein needofbeingfilled.Since50%ofIraq’spopulationwerewomen, thegovernmentencouragedwomentowork. – Hussein’sspeechesinthe1970scontainmanyreferencestothe “goodIraqiwoman”beinganeducated,workingwoman. – Policieswerecreatedtohelpwomenbesuccessful,suchasfree childcare,transportationto/fromworkorschool,maternity benefits,etc. 1980sWomen’s Rights Under Hussein’s Rule Decline • 1980s: • – TheonsetoftheIran-IraqWar(1980-99)broughtaboutatougheningofthe state’spositiontowardswomen. – Ononehand,duetomenbeingawayfightingthewar,womenwereneeded evenmoretoentertheworkforceandfillthejobsmentypicallydid. – However,Hussein’smessagechangedduringthe80sandhebeganstatingthat awoman’srolewastobearchildren.Hisspeechesnowreferredtothe“good Iraqiwoman”asagoodmothertoasoldier. – In1985,Husseinstatedthateverywomanshouldhavefivechildrenandthe governmentactivelytriedtoincreasefertility.Forexample,massweddings wouldbesponsoredbythegovernment,wherehundredsofcoupleswouldbe marriedatonce. – Womenwerehavingandraisinglargefamiliesandworking;theywere expectedtobe“superwomen.” WhydoyouthinkHussein’smessagechanged? Ingeneralincasesofwar,"womencarriedtheconflictingdoubleburdenofbeing themainmotorsofthestatebureaucracyandthepublicsector,themain breadwinnersandheadsofhouseholdsbutalsothemothersof'futuresoldiers‘.” 1990sWomen’s Rights Continue to Decline • 1990s: – TheGulfWar/DesertStormtookplacefrom1990-1991 – EconomicsanctionswereimposedonIraqinaneffort togetHusseintocomply.Iraqwasblockedfromany outsideresourcesorassistance,exceptformedicineand,inhumanitarian circumstances,fooditems. – Thesanctions(whichlasteduntil2003)hadadevastatingimpactonIraqandhave beenconsideredthetoughest,mostcomprehensivesanctionsinhumanhistory.It hasbeenarguedthatthesanctionsincreasedchild-and-infantmortality,poverty, &sufferinginflictedontheIraqipeople. – InanattempttomaintainlegitimacyaftertheGulfWarandappeaseconservative patriarchalconstituenciesinIraq,Husseinbeganimplementinganti-woman legislation,suchasthe1990presidentialdecreegrantingimmunitytomenwho hadcommitted“honour"crimes. – Withthelegalizationofhonourkillings,Husseinfurtherunderminedwomen's rolesandtheirsocialstatusinthesociety. 1990sWomen’s Rights Under Hussein’s Rule • 1990s(cont.): – A60%unemploymentratedevelopedinIraqandaneconomiccrisis ensued,whichledtogreatersocialconservatism. – Hussein’sspeechesnowreferredto“goodIraqiwomen”asbeingthose whostayedhome.Thepreviousresourcesprovidedtowomenweretaken awayandwomenwerenowexpectedtostayhomeandkeephouse. – Duetothevariousconflictsandwars,70%offamiliesinIraqnowhad womenastheheadofthehousehold.Thus,toavoidpoverty,women wereoftenforcedintobeggingorprostitutiontocarefortheirlarge families. – Achangeinwomen’sdresscodeoccurredin1990s,withwomenexpected todressmoreconservatively. Women’s Rights in Iraq Part II “Theadvanceofwomen’sright sandtheadvanceoflibertya reultimatelyinseparable.” President George Bush, 3/14/04 2003 - Invasion of Iraq • • • • • • March20,2003markedthebeginningoftheIraqWar (alsoknownasOperationIraqiFreedom),aninvasionled bytroopsfromtheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdom. Priortothewar,theUSandUKclaimedthatIraq'salleged possessionofweaponsofmassdestruction(WMD)poseda securitythreat. Afterinvestigationfollowingtheinvasion,theUS-ledIraqSurveyGroup concludedthatIraqhadendeditsnuclear,chemical,andbiologicalprograms in1991andhadnoactiveprogramsatthetimeoftheinvasion,butthatthe yintendedtoresumeproductioniftheIraqsanctionswerelifted. SomeUSofficialsalsoaccusedHusseinofharboringandsupporting al-Qaeda, butnoevidenceofanoperationconnectionwaseverfound. TheinvasionofIraqledtoanoccupationandthecaptureofHussein,who waslaterexecutedbythenewIraqigovernment. Violenceagainstcoalitionforcesandamongvarioussectariangroupssoon ledtotheIraqiinsurgency,strifebetweenmanySunniandShiaIraqigroups, andal-QaedaoperationsinIraq. 2003 - Invasion of Iraq • • • • • WomeninIraqhavesufferedandbravely enduredthroughoutitshistoryofdictatorship, war,sanctions,etc. Initiallyafterthe2003invasion,Iraqsawa collapseofnormal,everydaylife. ThewidescaledestructionoftheIraq's infrastructure(i.e.sanitation,watersupply,and electricity)asaresultofwarandsanctions negativelyimpactedwomen. Tosurvive,womenhadtoassumeextraburdens anddomesticresponsibilitiesinsociety,as opposedtotheirmalecounterparts. Forexample,whenlootingandlawlessnesswere rampant,itwaswomenwhowouldmobilizeand cleanupthelootedschoolorcareforpatients attheabandonedhospital. Increase in Violence • • Asrepressiveattitudesagainstwomenhavere-emerged, atrocitiesagainstwomenhaverisen. Since2005,violenceagainstIraqiwomenhasincreased. – ThroughouttheUSoccupation,manywomenhavebeeninjuredinviolence relatedtoareabombardments,randomshootings,genderspecificviolence, verbal&physicalharassmentduringrandomhousesearchesandcheckpoints. – Mothers/wivesofsuspectedinsurgentshavereportedbeingharassed,with accountsoftortureandrape. – Variousrulesregardingwomenhavebeenenforced,suchasprohibitingthem fromworkingordriving. – Inlate2004,classroomsatBasrahUniversitywereseparatedbygender;sucha stepwaspreviouslyunheardof. • WomenarealsobeingusedtomakeastatementagainsttheWestand imperialism– (i.e.,attitudessuchas“WeinIraqwillnotbeliketheWest– we willcontrolourwomen”,whichleadtoviolenceagainstIraqiwomen.) Hijab in Iraq – The Veil • Theveil(alsoreferredtoashijab)playsamajorroleinMuslimcultureformany womeninIraq. – Somewomenchoose towearhijabforreligiousreasons. – Forotherwomen,theveilhaslostitssignificancebutisahabit/traditionthattheyfind difficulttodiscardandthuschoose tocontinuewearing. – Therearealsomanywomenwhodonotwearhijabbychoice,andwouldratherdress inamoremodernfashion. • However,accordingtoIraqifeministYanarMohammed,since2003"Iraqiwomen havebeenbrutallyattacked,kidnappedandintimidatedfromparticipatinginthe Iraqisociety…WarandoccupationhavecostIraqiwomentheirlegalstandingand theireverydayfreedomofdressandmovement". – Varioussectariangroupshavethustakenituponthemselvestoenforce thewearingofhijabinaviolentway,takingawaywomen’schoice. – ManyIraqiwomen,duetotheirfearofbeingrapedandharassed,are havingtowearnotonlyaveilbutalsocompleteblackdressinordernot toattractattention. – In2004,leafletsweredistributedregardingconservativedress requirementsforwomen;theyweretoldtheymustwearhijab. “Honour Killings” • • Aso-called“honorkilling”occurswhenafamilyfeelsthattheirfemalerelative hastarnishedtheirreputationbywhattheylooselyterm“immoralbehavior”. Thisperceiveddishonorisnormallytheresultof: – dresscodesunacceptabletothefamily(notwearing hijab,wearingmake-up,etc.) – wantingoutofanarrangedmarriageorchoosingto marrybyownchoice – beingsuspectedofhavingengagedinpremaritalsex – beingthevictimofsexualviolenceorbeingsuspected ofbeingsuchavictim(i.e.,rape,incest,etc.) • WomeninIraqarekidnappedforsexualexploitation.Whilemanyare murdered,thoserapedandreleasedarenotnecessarilysafesincethe responseofsomefamilieshasbeentokillher. • Thepersonchosenbythefamilytocarryoutthemurder(usuallymale:a brother,father,cousin,husband,etc.)brutallyendstheirfemalerelative'slife to“cleansethefamilyoftheshameshebroughtuponthem.” “Honour Killings” • AccordingtocalculationsbytheUN,overfive thousandwomenaremurderedeachyearinthe nameofhonor– thatis13womeneveryday. – Itisdifficulttogetexactnumbers,sincemanyofthesemurdersgounreportedan dtheperpetratorsunpunishedduetotheactsbeing“justified”inthenameof familyhonor. • InitsreportsonhumanrightsinIraq,theUNAssistanceMissionfor Iraqhasregularlyhighlighted“honourkillings”asoneofIraq’smost serioushumanrightsabuses. • Ithasurgedthejudiciarytosendaclearsignalthatthekillingof womento“protecthonour”willnotbetolerated. Iraq’s New Government • • • • WiththeoverthrowofSadaam HusseininMarch 2003,Shiiteleadersmadeitclearthatthey expectedthe“newIraq”tobeanIslamicstate. Thismeantthatratherthanfollowingsecularlaw(lawsnotpertainingto religion),Iraqwouldbegovernedbysharia (Islamicreligiouslaw). Rememberthathowsharia playsoutforwomen’srightsislargelybased uponinterpretation.Manyfeministsthusbelievethenewconstitutionin Iraq,withitsfoundationinIslamicsharia lawbutmoreimportantlybased ontheagendaofthosegoverning,hasresultedinwomenlosingtheciviland socialrightsguaranteedtomen. Forexample,inDecember2003,theconservativeIraqiGoverningCouncil (appointedbytheUS)decidedtoabolishthePersonalStatusLaw. – Resolution137,whichcanceledIraq’sexistingfamilylawsandplacedsuchissuesunderthe rulesofsharia – TheResolutionwasveryvagueandimpliedthateachIslamiccommunitycouldimposeits ownrulesonissuessuchasmarriage,divorce,andotherimportantfamilymatters • WhydoyouthinkResolution137worriedwomen’sgroups? Representation of Women • IntheSpringof2004,aDelegationofIraqiWomennoted thatwomenhadbeeninstrumentalinkeepingthecity togetherthroughoutwarandsanctionsanddemanded representationinthenewgovernment. • Thewomenlobbiedforaquotarequiring40%representationinallof Iraq’sgovernmentinstitutions,theyweregranted25%. – Whilesuchrepresentationisastepintherightdirection,inpracticeitisnot implementedonalllevelsofgovernment. – Likewise,Iraqiwomen’sactivistshavequestionedwhothewomen representativesactuallyare. – Initially,therepresentativeswerethewivesanddaughtersofconservativemale politicians;mosthadneverbeeninvolvedinpoliticsbeforeandwerenot concernedaboutwomen’srights. – DuringthefirstyearstheywerepartofParliamentthewomen representativesliterallyfollowedtheleadofmalevoters. – However,somewomenrepresentativeshavestartedtodeveloptheirownviews andchallengemalepoliticians. – Howdoesa25%representationofwomen’inIraq’sgovernmentcompareto representationofwomenintheUSgovernment? Voting • As“democracy”wasimplementedinIraq,imagesofsuccess,suchas womencastingvotesinIraq’selections,wereshownaroundthe world. • However,manyIraqifeministsmaintainedthatthiswasNOTthe beginningoftruedemocracy. • Theycontendedthatwomenvotingmayhavebeenasymbolof hope,butthatinactualitymanydidn’tknowwhoorwhattheywere votingfor. • WhatcanbedonetohelpIraqi womenbeeducatedvotersand ensuretheprinciplesofdemocracy arereached? Listen… IraqiWomenFaceGreaterDanger,FewerRights http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18518858 Progress • Women’sorganizationsstrivetohelpimprovetherightsof womeninIraqandassistthosebeingpersecuted. – TheOrganizationofWomen'sFreedomhassetupanetworkofwomen'sshelters, alongwithakindofIraqiUndergroundRailroad,toprotectwomenwhohavebeen abusedorbecometargetsof"honorkillings.“Manyoftheemployeeshavehadto leavethecountryduetodeaththreats,buttheorganizationcontinuestofightfor women’srights. • Despitethreats,theIraqiWomen’sNetworkstillhasover80 women’sorganizationswhowork acrossethnicandreligious differencestoimprovetherights andlivesofIraqiwomen. Progress • • ThereareencouragingstoriesofprogressandhopecomingoutofIraq.Iraq’s infrastructureandeconomyisbeingrebuiltandhumanitarianassistanceand charitiesarepromotingthehealthandwell-beingofIraqipeople. TheUScanalsoplayaconstructiveroleinassistingIraqiwomen,suchas: – AidIraqiwomen’sgroups – SupportIraqibusinesswomen – SupporttheeducationofIraqiwomen(“femaleeducationmaybethebestwayto advancethestatusofwomen”) – AssistwithjudicialreforminIraq(i.e.,trainingjudges,especiallywomen,in modernIslamicjurisprudence) – Tohelpwomendefendtheirrights,educateIraqisaboutwhattheirrightsare– both underthenewConstitutionandsharia Whyisknowingwhatyourrightsareanimportantstepindefending yourself? Whichoftheabovedoyouthinkhasthemostpotentialinimprovingthe situationofIraq’swomen? Resources AudioRecordings WhatKindofLiberation?WomenandIraq:http://www.radioproject.org/archive/2009/0909.html StatusofWomeninIraq,PartI:Baghdad:http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3375003 IraqiWomenFaceGreaterDanger,FewerRights:http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18518858 IraqiWomen's-RightsActivistYanarMohammed:http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18183959&ps=rs InIraq,ActivistStrugglesasWomen'sRightsShrinkhttp://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10543975&ps=rs IraqiWomenFightforRightsinNewConstitution:http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4785286&ps=rs ConcernGrowsoverIraqi'HonorKillings‘:http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5043032 Articles ShatteringIllusions:WesternConceptionsofMuslimWomen:http://www.jannah.org/sisters/shatter.html AnIslamicPerspectiveonViolenceAgainstWomen:http://www.mwlusa.org/topics/violence&harrassment/violence.html WaveOfViolence’AgainstWomenInIraqUndercutsWhiteHouse’sClaimsOfSuccess: http://thinkprogress.org/2007/11/24/women-iraq/ Hiddenvictimsofabrutalconflict:Iraq'swomen:http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/oct/08/iraq.peterbeaumont FourArrestedinIraqHonorKilling:http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/05/18/iraq.honorkilling/index.html Thebattleagainstbrutality:http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/28/iraq-women-rights-us-news Wehavenotbeenliberated:http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2007/mar/06/iraqiwomensempowermentunder Women'srightsatriskinIraq:http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/01/16/MNG3S4BAUP1.DTL&type=printable Fightingforwomen'srightsinIraq:http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/06/26/pysk.mohammed/index.html TheTalibanizationofIraq:http://www.msmagazine.com/spring2007/taliban.asp RestoringPeace&HopetotheWomenofIraq: http://www.womenforwomen.org/global-initiatives-helping-women/help-women-iraq.php Saddamwasn'tafeminist.:http://www.opinionjournal.com/federation/feature/?id=110008230 Coleman,Isobel.“Women,Islam,andtheNewIraq.”ForeignAffairs.