Download Classification

CLASSIFICATION
5.5.1 Outline the binomial system of nomenclature.
 Classification
 Taxonomy – the science of
 Carolus Linnaeus (18th century) –
began the modern use of
o
o
Each organism is given a two word name
in Latin – this becomes its
classified organisms based on
and
5.5.1 Outline the binomial system of nomenclature.
o
Scientific names are always written in
o
Advantages to using scientific names:
•
•
•
•
Latin language does not change
scientific names are recognized by scientists throughout the
world regardless of native language
only one scientific name for each species
single species for each scientific name
5.5.1 Outline the binomial system of nomenclature.
o
Binomial nomenclature is written as:
• First word of the scientific name is the
•
•
•
Second word is the
ex. Canis familiaris
Genus name is always
species name is
Scientific names are
or
,
5.5.2 List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa – kingdom,
phylum, class, order, family, genus and species – using
an example from two different kingdoms for each level.
 Linnaeus’s classification
system has seven levels
 Each level is included
in the level above it.
 Levels get
increasingly specific
from kingdom to
species.
 as you move down
the hierarchy,
organisms become
more and more alike
(more closely related)
5.5.2 List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa – kingdom,
phylum, class, order, family, genus and species – using
an example from two different kingdoms for each level.
TWO EXAMPLES:
Taxa
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Human
Garden Pea
 Living things are first grouped into
the 6 major kingdoms

Kingdoms differ based on:
o
o
o
type of cell (
)
or
or
 The six kingdoms:

Kingdom Prokaryotae – Bacteria
o
Kingdom Eubacteria:
• Prokaryotic
• have cell walls made of
•
•
•
Unicellular
contains both
and
common bacteria
organisms
 The six kingdoms:

Kingdom Prokaryotae – Bacteria
o
Kingdom Archaebacteria:
• Prokaryotic
• cell wall with no peptidoglycan
• Unicellular
• contains both autotrophic and
heterotrophic organisms
•
•
*Methanogens produce methane (CH4) as a byproduct of cellular metabolism.
Live in swamps, marshes, rumen of cattle, gut of termites.
*Thermophiles live in extremely hot environments such as deep-sea hydrothermal
vents, inside volcanoes, and hot springs.
*Halophiles are “salt loving” and live in extremely salty environments such as salt
lakes and the Dead Sea.

Kingdom Protoctista (Protista):
o
o
o
o
o
Eukaryotic
some have
and
unicellular and multicellular
autotrophic and heterotrophic
Plant-like protists
Fungus-like protists
Animal-like protists

Kingdom Fungi:
o
o
o
o
o
Eukaryotic
cell wall made of
unicellular and multicellular
Heterotrophic

Kingdom Plantae:
o
o
o
o
o
Eukaryotic
cell wall made of
Multicellular
Autotrophic

Kingdom Animalia:
o
o
o
o
o
Eukaryotic
no cell wall
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
 Classification is based on common
ancestry


The more categories organisms share, the
more closely related they are (they will have
more characteristics in common)
If two species share many of the same
taxonomic categories, this indicates they
have a
 Cladistics is classification based on
common ancestry.
 Phylogeny is the
.
o Determined by studying evidence from living
species, fossil record, and molecular data
o Shown with branching tree diagrams
A
using cladistics.
 A clade is a
.
 Each species in a
clade shares some
traits with the
ancestor.
 Each species in a
clade has traits that
have changed.
is an evolutionary tree made
 Derived characters are
.
 basis of arranging
species in
cladogram
 more closely related
species share more
derived characters
 represented on
cladogram as
1 Tetrapoda clade
2 Amniota clade
3 Reptilia clade
4 Diapsida clade
5 Archosauria clade
FEATHERS &
TOOTHLESS
BEAKS.
SKULL OPENINGS IN
FRONT OF THE EYE &
IN THE JAW
OPENING IN THE SIDE OF
THE SKULL
SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE
EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID
FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS
DERIVED CHARACTER
 Nodes represent
the
CLADE
1 Tetrapoda clade
.
2 Amniota clade
3 Reptilia clade
4 Diapsida clade
 Clades can be
identified by
5 Archosauria clade
FEATHERS AND
TOOTHLESS
BEAKS.
SKULL OPENINGS IN
FRONT OF THE EYE AND
IN THE JAW
.
OPENING IN THE SIDE OF
THE SKULL
SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE
EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID
NODE
FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS
DERIVED CHARACTER
 Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness.
 Molecular data may confirm classification based on
physical similarities.
 Molecular data may lead scientists to propose a new
classification.

is usually given the last word by scientists.