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Cardiology
Chapter 5
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Cardiology
• The medical specialty that studies the
anatomy and physiology of the
cardiovascular system and uses diagnostic
tests, medical and surgical procedures, and
drugs to treat cardiovascular diseases.
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Figure 5-1
system.
Cardiovascular
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The Cardiovascular System
• A continuous, circular body system which
includes:
– the heart
– blood vessels
• Moves blood throughout the body which
transports:
–
–
–
–
Oxygen
carbon dioxide
Nutrients
wastes in the blood
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Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
• Heart
– A muscular organ that contracts at least once
every second to pump blood through the body
– Has an extensive electrical system that initiates
and coordinates its contractions
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Figure 5-2
Surface of the heart.
5-1
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Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
• Heart Chambers
– four chambers:
 Each small upper chamber is an atrium.
 Each large lower chamber is a ventricle.
– The septum, a central wall, divides the heart
into right and left sides.
– The inferior tip of the heart is the apex (comes
to a point).
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Figure 5-3
Chambers and valves of the heart.
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Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
• Heart Muscle - Myocardium
– Composed of cardiac muscle
– Responds to electrical impulses generated by a
node within the heart itself
– Contracts in a coordinated way to pump blood
–
– Thickest on the left side of the heart
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Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
• Thoracic Cavity
 Contains the lungs and the mediastinum, an irregularly
shaped central area between the lungs
– Mediastinum:
 contains the heart and parts of the great vessels
(aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava,
pulmonary arteries, and veins), as well as the thymus,
trachea, and the esophagus.
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Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
• Blood Vessels
– Vascular channels through which blood
circulates in the body
– Have a central opening or lumen through which
the blood flows
– Lined with endothelium, a smooth inner layer
that promotes the flow of blood
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Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
• There are three kinds of blood vessels in
the body, each performing a different
function:
– Arteries-carry oxygenated blood
– Capillaries-exchange O2 & CO2
– Vein-carry deoxygenated blood
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Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
• Arteries
– Large blood vessels that branch into smaller
arteries called arterioles.
– All share important characteristics and
functions:
 Carry blood away from the heart to the body or lungs
 Carry bright red blood that has a high level of oxygen
(exception: pulmonary arteries)
 Most lie deep beneath the skin
 All have smooth muscle in their walls
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Figure 5-7
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
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Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
• Capillaries
– Smallest blood vessels in the body
– The lumen of a capillary is so small that blood
cells must pass through in single file.
• Veins
– Capillaries merge to form small veins known as
venules, which then combine to form a large
vein.
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Figure 5-8
Valves in a vein.
5-1
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Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
• Aorta
– Largest artery in the body
– Receives oxygenated
blood from the left
ventricle of the heart
• Veins
– Superior and Inferior
Vena Cava
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Figure 5-11
Circulation of the blood.
5-1
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Figure 5-12
Conduction system of the heart.
5-2
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Physiology of a Heartbeat
• Two Heartbeat Phases
– Systole (contraction)
– Diastole (resting period between contractions)
– Normal sinus rhythm (NSR)
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Diseases
– Cardiomegaly
– Congestive heart failure (CHF)
– Myocardial infarction (MI)
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Figure 5-14
Peripheral edema.
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Diseases
• Blood Vessels
–
–
–
–
–
Aneurysm
Arteriosclerosis
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Hypertension (HTN)
Hypotension
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Figure 5-17
Aneurysm.
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Figure 5-17 (cont.)
Aneurysm.
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Figure 5-19
Severe atherosclerotic plaque in an artery.
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Diseases
• Blood Vessels
–
–
–
–
Peripheral artery disease (PAD)
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
Phlebitis
Varicose veins
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Figure 5-20
Severe varicose veins in the leg.
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Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures
• Diagnostic Heart Procedures
– Electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)
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Figure 5-22
Electrocardiography.
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Medical and Surgical Procedures
• Surgical Procedures
– Pacemaker insertion
– Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
(PTCA)
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Figure 5-31
Pacemaker.
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Figure 5-33
Stent.
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Abbreviations
AED automatic external
defibrillator
AMI acute myocardial infarction
BP blood pressure
MI myocardial infarction
NSR normal sinus rhythm
P pulse (rate)
PAD peripheral artery disease
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Abbreviations
CABG coronary artery bypass graft PVD peripheral vascular disease
(pronounced “cabbage”)
RA right atrium
CAD coronary artery disease
CHF congestive heart failure
CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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Abbreviations
ECG electrocardiography
EKG electrocardiography
HTN hypertension
SVT supraventricular tachycardia
TPR temperature, pulse, and
respiration
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